Full text of "Byte Magazine Volume 09 Number 06 - Computers and Education"

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I

JUNE 1984 VOL. 9, NO. 6

$4.95 IN CANADA/C2.10 IN U.K.

A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION

0360-5280

THE SMALL SYSTEMS JOURNAL

COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION

On every desk, in lab and field

Introducing Macintosh.
What makes if tick. And talk.

Well, to begin with, 110 volts of
alternating current.

Secondly, some of the hottest hard-
ware to come down the pike in the last
3vears.

Tlx garden variet\
16-bit 8088
microprocessor.

Macintosh's 32-bit MC68000 microprocessor.

Some hard facts may be in order at
this point:

Macintosh's brain is the same blind
ingly-fast 32-bit microprocessor we gave
our other brainchild, the Lisa™Personal
Computer. Far more powerful than the
16-bit 8088 found in current generation
computers.

Its heart is the same Lisa Technology
of windows, pull-down menus, mouse
commands and icons. All of which make
that 32-bit power far more useful by
making the Macintosh™Personal
Computer far easier to use
than current generation
computers. In fact, if you can point with-
out hurting yourself, you can use it.

Now for some small talk.

Thanks to its size, if you can't bring the
problem to a Macintosh, you can always

bring a Macintosh to the problem. (It
weighs 9 pounds less than the most
popular "portable.")

Another miracle of miniaturization
is Macintosh's built-in 3V2 " drive. Its disks
store 400K— more than conventional 5'A "
floppies. So while they're big enough to
hold a desk full of work, they're small
enough to fit in a shirt pocket. And,
they're totally encased in a rigid plastic
so they're totally protected.

And talk about programming.

There are already plenty of programs to
keep a Macintosh busy Like MacPaint,™

a program that, for the first time, lets a
personal computer produce virtually any
image the human hand can create. There's
more software on the way from developers
like MicrosofCLotus™and Software
Publishing Corp., to mention a few

Macintosh automatically makes room MacPaint produces virtually any image
for your illustrations in the text. the human hand can create.

Microsoft's Multiplanfor Macintosh.

And with Macintosh BASIC, Mac-
intosh Pascal and our Macintosh Toolbox
for writing your own mouse-driven pro-
grams, you, too, could make big bucks
in your spare time.

You can even program Macintosh
to talk in other languages, like Yiddish
or Serbo-Croation, because it has a built-
in polyphonic sound generator \,
capable of producing

high quality Speech/' The Mouse itself

nr m s'r / Replaces typed-in

Or mUSlC computer commands with a

form of communication you
already understand —
pointing.

Some mice Ixive two
buttons. Macintosh Ixis
one. So it's extremely
difficult to push tlx
wrong button.

The inside
story —a
rotating ball
atui 'optical 'sensors
translate movements
of the mouse to Macintosh 's screen pointer
with pinpoint accuracy.

All the right connections.

On the back of the machine, you'll find
built-in RS232 and RS422 AppleBus serial
communication ports. Which means you
can connect printers, modems and other
peripherals without adding $150 cards.
It also means that Macintosh is ready to
hook in to a local area network. (With
AppleBus, you will be able to interconnect
up to 16 different Apple computers and
peripherals.)

Should you wish to double Mac-
intosh's storage with an external disk

9" high resolution
512x342 pixel
bit-mapped display.

Ultra compact, switching-type
power supply an "
video circuitry.

Battery for Macintosh's
built-in clock calendar.

Built-in handle for
getting carried away.

is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc. Aft
logo, MacPaint and Lisa are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft
is a roistered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Lotus is a trademark of
Lotus Development Corporation. For an authorized Apple dealer near you
call (800) 538-%96. In Canada, call (800) 268-7796 or
(800)268-7637.

Thanks to clever venting,
Macintosh requires no
intemalfan.

RS232, RS422AppleBus serial
communications ports for
printers, modems and other
peripherals.

Mouse connector.

External disk drive connector.

Polyphonic sound port.

Brightness
control.

128K bytes RAM.

Built-in 3 1
disk drive.

Keyboard connector —
a teleplxme-type jack you
already know how to use.

drive, you can do so without paying for
a disk controller card— that connector's
built-in, too.

There's also a built-in connector
for Macintosh's mouse, a feature that
costs up to $300 on computers that can't
even run mouse-controlled software.

One last pointer.

Now that youVe seen some of the logic,
the technology, the engineering genius
and the software wizardry that separates

32-bit Motorola
MC68000 microprocessor.

Macintosh from conventional computers,
we'd like to point you in the direction of
your nearest authorized Apple dealer.
Over 1500 of them are eagerly
waiting to put a mouse in your hand.
As one point-and-click makes perfectly
clear, the real genius of Macintosh isn't

Macintosh Is digital board —
the processing power of an
entire 32-bit digital graphics
computer in 80 square inches.

its 32-bit Lisa Technology, or its 3% "
floppy disks, or its serial ports, or its soft-
ware, or its polyphonic sound generator.

The real genius is that you don't
have to be a genius to use a Macintosh.

You just have to be smart enough
to buy one.

Soon there'll be just two kinds of people
Those who use computers. And ■*£>
those who use Apples. W.

'"CUVLK FAIN ITINO tSY KUDCK1 iinnci/ac,\.nvivAi\r ur

BYTE's New Look

The redesign of a magazine always re-
quires some adjustment by the reader,
and so we pondered the matter before
proceeding to change BYTE's ap-
pearance. In the end, we went ahead for
several reasons. We want to make BYTE
easier to read without making it less
technical. We want to include more in-
put and feedback from readers, to make
reviews easy to distinguish from feature
articles, to make review findings clearer
by using graphics, and to give some of
BYTE's most popular articles the best
possible setting.

Note that we have made no changes
for change's sake. There is much con-
tinuity. Robert Tinney, whom time only
improves, remains our cover artist. Our
new typeface, Novarese, has a classic
feeling, like that of our old Palacio, but
is more chiseled. Steve Ciarcia and Jerry
Pournelle still appear prominently in
major sections. The redesign, devel-
oped by McGraw-Hill's Joe Davis and
refined and implemented by Rosslyn
Frick, our new art director, keeps BYTE
clean and simple. We think the judicious
use of art and white space makes BYTE
more pleasing to the eye and not garish
or splashy.

The front of the magazine now in-
cludes an "Update" section where we
can bring important matters to your at-
tention. "Update" will contain, among
other things, corrections of errors in
previously published articles. Another
addition to the front is a few pages of
the most important items from "What's
New." You will also find up front "Ask
BYTE," "Book Reviews," "Clubs and
Newsletters," and "Event Queue."

We have included more reader input
and feedback by setting letters to the
editor in smaller type, by introducing
"Review Feedback" at the end of the
Review section, by introducing "Up-
date," by expanding the space for
responses to Jerry Pournell's popular
column (more on this below), and by

enlarging Steve Ciarcia's "Ask BYTE."

The four main sections of BYTE are
the Feature section, the Theme section,
the Review section, and the Kernel. The
distinguished artist Ivan Chermayeff has
done graphics to introduce the first
three of these sections. The Feature sec-
tion now comes first. This section pro-
vides a variety of previews and descrip-
tions of major new products and in-
depth articles on topics of interest to
sophisticated personal computer users.
This month we provide a close look at
the HP 1 10 portable, the second half of
Steve Ciarcia's blockbuster article on
building a Z8000 board for the IBM PC,
part 1 of an Ada primer, and other ar-
ticles including a preview of the in-
novative Macintosh Pascal and a clever
way of making FORTH work faster. We
have moved "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" to
the Feature section because Steve really
writes a major feature article each
month rather than a traditional column.
Next comes the Theme section, which
explores in depth a different subject
each month. This month's theme articles
discuss computers in education, with an
emphasis on their use at the university
level. Thanks to DEC, IBM, Apple,
Zenith, and other companies, personal
computers are now reaching campuses
in volume. Associate Editor Donna
Osgood's introduction to the Theme
section shows the variety of uses for
personal computers in universities,
schools, and outside the formal educa-
tional system.

The Review section follows the Theme
section. Reviews carry a slug on each
page identifying them as reviews. The
graphics in reviews of the Chameleon
Plus, Infoscope, and C compilers give an
indication of what to expect in BYTE's
future reviews. Note how the graphs in
the Chameleon review compare that
machine's features and performance
with two de facto standards— the IBM
PC and the Apple He. From now on, you
will see similar graphs for every system
(text continued on page 8)

IYTE • IUNE 1984

Wordstar Wordprocessing and SuperCalc 3" Spreadsheet with Graphics Free Through June, 1984

SEEQUA BELIEVES
PAYING IBM PRICES
FOR A PERSONAL COMPUTER
COULD MAKE ATRAMP
OUT OF ANYONE.

PRESENTING THE CHAMELEON BY SEEQUA FOR JUST '1995.

The Chameleon by Seequa lets
you run popular IBM software like
Lotus® 1-2-3™ and dBase II.® It gives
you a keyboard just like the IBM. A
disk drive like the IBM. And a bright
80x25 character screen just like you
know who. And it all comes complete
at a price that isn't at all like an IBM.

But the Chameleon's $1995 price
tag isn't its only advantage over its
famous competitor. The Chameleon
also has an 8 bit microprocessor that
lets you run any of the thousands of
CP/M-80® programs available. It
comes complete with two of the best

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

programs around, Perfect Writer™
and Perfect Calc.™ It's portable. And
you can plug it in and begin com-
puting the moment you unwrap it.

So before you spend all your
money on an IBM, consider the IBM
compatible Chameleon by Seequa.

It's a tool for modern times
that won't set you back a
fortune.

The Chameleon by

SEEQ UA

COMPUTER

CORPORATION

8305 Telegraph Road
Odenton, MD 21113

Chameleon shown with optional second disk drive.

To team more about Seequa or for the location of the Seequa dealer

nearest you, call (800) 638-6066 or (301) 672-3600.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

EDITORIAL

[text continued from page 6)
we review, making general month-to-
month comparisons much easier than
before.

After the Review section comes the
Kernel, a major new section that starts
with Jerry Pournelle's popular column,
includes "BYTE West Coast," and will
soon include "BYTE )apan" by William
Raike and a rotation of other columns
on important topics such as artificial in-
telligence and telecommunications. You
will find Bill Raike's name on the
masthead with those of other new con-
tributing editors who will help make the
Kernel a mainstay. Jerry Pournelle's fans
will have no trouble recognizing his col-
umn under its new title, "Computing at
Chaos Manor." What makes Jerry's
writing so popular is his unique way of
looking at things from Chaos Manor's
techno-cluttered halls. His writing was
originally entitled "The User's Column"
not because Jerry is a typical user, but

because in earlier days, Jerry was vir-
tually BYTE's only writer who was a
mere user— he didn't create compilers
and computers, he just used them. We
have renamed Jerry's column in recog-
nition of his individuality. Feedback to
Jerry's column now comes immediately
afterward in "Chaos Manor Mail."

"Programming Insights" (formerly
"Quickies"), "Technical Forums," "Ap-
plication Notes," "What's New," "Books
Received," and "Unclassified Ads"
round out the magazine (although we
may not have material in every category
every month).

To make it easier for readers to learn
something about our authors, we've
moved "about the author" information
to the front of each article. Look for it
near the bottom of the first or second
page of each piece.

The AIM Inquiry System

This month, BYTE inaugurates the first

Writing For BYTE

BYTE continues to solicit and publish articles and reviews that keep you informed about what's new
and important in microprocessor-based technology, and many of our articles are still written by you,
the people directly involved with the field we report on. Details on querying us about article, product-
review, and book-review ideas are listed below. We also welcome submissions (typed and double-spaced,
please) to our Letters to the Editor column. Please contact us, via the appropriate department
at: BYTE

POB 372 Hancock, NH 03449

(6031 924-9281

You may also want to call or write us (send a stamped, self-addressed business envelope) for our cur-
rent author guidelines.

Articles

Because our editorial needs are very specific and subject to change, we prefer receiving query letters
instead of completed articles. A query letter should contain one or two pages explaining the subject
to be covered, its importance to the BYTE reader, and the focus of the proposed article; it should
also contain a one- or two-page outline and a tentative first two pages of the proposed article. Query
letters should be addressed to the features editor.

If you send us a completed article, we need double-spaced printed versions of the main text (up
to 2 5 numbered pages) and all listings, figures, and tables; please label all items and place all captions
on a separate page. Photos should be 3 5 mm (or larger) transparencies or 5- by 7-inch (or larger)
prints. If possible, we would also like to receive magnetic copies of the text, listings, and tables on
Apple DOS. IBM PC, Kaypro. or 8-inch CP/M disks; we will pay an additional $20 for this. The files
should be standard ASCII text files and should not contain any nonprintable characters: we prefer
files that use carriage returns only at the end of each paragraph. You should also include a stamped, self-
addressed return envelope of the appropriate size. Address these to the features editor.

Product Reviews

We frequently need good product reviewers and sometimes accept unsolicited reviews. BYTE product
reviews must be fair, accurate, and comprehensive. Reviewers must have considerable experience in
the microcomputer field. Writing experience is preferred but not required, and reviewers must have
no financial connection to the company whose products are being reviewed. If you are interested in
becoming a BYTE reviewer, send a letter to our product-review editor stating what computer products
you own, what products you are interested in, and what writing experience you have.

Book Reviews

BYTE is always looking for qualified book reviewers. Submit queries and proposals accompanied by
a resume, writing samples, or a list of computer-related interests and expertise to the book-review
editor. Unsolicited book reviews also will be considered.

We pay competitive rates for articles and reviews and offer you the chance to share your expertise
with hundreds of thousands of BYTE readers. Your comments and submissions are always welcome.

electronic reader service processing
system for readers and advertisers of
computer magazines. Just as BYTE's
new design is intended to refine the
magazine and make it easier to read,
the new electronic inquiry system is in-
tended to modernize our reader inquiry
service and make it easier for you to get
information about products seen in
BYTE. This automated inquiry manage-
ment (AIM) system allows subscribers to
request information from advertisers by
using any Touch-Tone telephone. The
AIM system will trim the typical six-week
response time of the current reply-card
system to as few as seven days. Here's
how it works.

During the next three months, every
BYTE subscriber will receive by mail a
Subscriber Identification Card and ID
number. Using your unique number,
you can call the BYTE Reader Service
Computer and then key in your sub-
scriber number and the reader service
numbers from the ads in BYTE you'd like
more information about. When you're
finished, close the session with a special
ending code, and then watch your mail-
box for replies from the manufacturers
of products you've expressed an in-
terest in.

Complete instructions appear in your
copy of BYTE (if you've received your
identification number) on the page fac-
ing the traditional reader service card.
In this location you'll also find a form
to help you organize your AIM system
call before you make it.

If you did not receive your subscriber
identification number this month, yours
will be arriving in the next two months.
The AIM system is being brought to a
new one-third of our subscribers each
month for the (une-July-August period.

For those who live in an area without
Touch-Tone service, who are not sub-
scribers, or who prefer the traditional
reply method, we'll continue to provide
reader service reply cards.

— Phil Lemmons, Editor in Chief

The second BYTE Computer Show takes
place June 14-17 in the Ix>s Angeles
Convention Center. Subscribers are
especially welcome and receive a full-
day pass to exhibits and conferences for
$7.50. See you at the show PL.

8 BYTE • IUNE 1984

MICROBYTES

Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry

Franklin Unveils CX Series Computers

Franklin Computer Corp. has introduced a line of transportable computers. All are said to
be Apple II compatible; MS-DOS or CP/M options are available. The CX-1, with a 6502 pro-
cessor, 64K bytes of RAM, serial and parallel ports, a 7-inch display, and one disk drive,
costs $1425. The $1730 CX-2 adds a second disk drive. The $2049 CX-3 also adds a card
with a Z80 processor and 64K bytes of additional RAM, while the $2395 CX-4 adds an
8086 and 128K bytes of RAM.

The CX computers use a 12K-byte write-once memory (WOM) to store the operating
system, which is loaded from floppy disk after power-up: after this, the memory cannot be
written to until the machine is turned off and on again.

Hayes Enters New Field: Data-Management Software

Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc., best known as a maker of modems, has moved into
the software arena with its data-management system called Please. Not surprisingly, a
modem-communications link is part of the program. Please has extensive help screens to
ease learning and is written in assembly language for speed of execution. The menu-driven
program allows up to 999 characters per field and 99 fields (2000 characters total) per
record; the number of records per file is hardware limited. Hayes also sells application
templates for the program, including mailing list, membership, household records, and ap-
pointments. Please retails for $349; application templates are $29.95 each.

Videotex Capabilities Added to Micros

Several manufacturers have recently announced videotex capability for microcomputers.
Wang introduced the PC Viewdata Decoder, a $250 program for its Professional Computer.
Digital Equipment Corp. unveiled Pro/NAPLPS, a $195 program for its Professional 350 com-
puter. Sony showed a NAPLPS/ASCII terminal, the VDX-1000, as well as a videotex frame-
creation system. Avcor, in Toronto, announced a $100 cartridge enabling the Commodore 64
to act as a NAPLPS/ASCII terminal.

IBM announced PC/Videotex, software enabling the IBM PC, PC XT, or PCjr to act as a
videotex terminal. PC/Videotex will be available in October for $220 to $250. Network
Videotex Systems Inc. of Toronto is selling Quick-Pel, a $625 expansion card allowing the
IBM PC to function as a NAPLPS videotex terminal. TVOntario, also of Toronto, offers a
NAPLPS page/frame-creation system for the IBM PC for $1450.

Texas Instruments has developed a single-chip video-display processor that supports the
NAPLPS standard used for American videotex. TI's Advanced Video Display Processor is
software compatible with TI's popular 9918 video processor.

Wilcom Announces Telecommunications Device for IBM PC

Wilcom Inc., Roswell, GA, has introduced Asher, a telecommunications device for the IBM
Personal Computer. Asher includes an expansion card with a 300-bps modem, a telephone
handset, and MS-DOS software for memory partitioning, appointment scheduling, and card
file/speed dial functions. While several applications can be in memory simultaneously, they
do not execute concurrently. The Asher software uses 128K bytes in addition to the mem-
ory needed for other programs, so a minimum of 256K bytes is needed. Asher will be avail-
able this month for $795.

TeleVideo Personal Mini Uses IBM PCs as Workstations

TeleVideo Systems has introduced the Personal Mini, a 16-user computer that uses IBM-
compatible computers as intelligent workstations. The Personal Mini includes a 40-megabyte
hard disk and 80186 and Z80 processors. Microcomputers can be linked to the system using
a $99 interface card and cable; special "diskless workstations" are also available. TeleVideo
says users can run any PC-DOS or MS-DOS software on the workstations or can use any of
50 available multiuser software packages. The Personal Mini should be available this month
for less than $10,000.

{text continued on page 10)

JUNE 1984 • BYTE 9

MICROBYTES

(text continued from page 9)

Fourteen Firms Back Network Standard

Fourteen computer makers, communications firms, and manufacturers announced their sup-
port of a network based on the IEEE 802.4 broadband token bus standard. General Motors
and Boeing Computer Services signed an agreement pledging support of the standard and
promising to demonstrate a working network at the National Computer Conference next
month. Also participating in the demonstration will be IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Digital Equip-
ment Corp., Honeywell, NCR, Charles River Data Systems, Intel, Motorola, and others. While
the demonstration will be of a factory-floor network, 802.4 could also be used to network
personal computers. General Motors showed the network earlier this year at its technical
center in Warren, Michigan.

Epson and Commodore Show New Computers

Epson showed the PX-8, a new notebook computer, at the recent Hannover Fair in West
Germany. The computer includes 64K bytes of RAM, an 8-line by 80-column LCD, a micro-
cassette tape drive, a Z80-compatible processor, and the CP/M 2.2 operating system in
ROM. MicroPro announced that ROM-based versions of its application software programs,
including Portable WordStar, Portable Calc, and Portable Scheduler, are bundled with the
PX-8, which is not yet available in the U.S.

Although Commodore showed prototypes of several computers, it didn't announce details,
pricing, or availability dates for any of the products. The most talked-about machine was an
8088-based MS-DOS computer, reportedly based on Bytec's Hyperion. Commodore also
displayed a Z8000-based computer with dual floppy-disk drives, 256K bytes of RAM, and
the UNIX-like Coherent operating system. Commodore also showed the Commodore 16, a
scaled-down version of its 64.

Microrim Offers Conversational Query Language

Microrim Inc. has introduced a conversational query language for its R:base series of
database-management programs. The language, called CLOUT, allows a user to get database
information by using commands that resemble English-language questions. CLOUT requires
an IBM PC with at least 256K bytes of RAM and two double-density double-sided disk
drives; a hard disk is recommended. The $195 program works with PC-DOS, MS-DOS, BTOS,
and UNIX, using R:base, which costs $495.

Microrim also announced two new versions of R:base— the Model 6000 for multiuser sys-
tems and the Model 2000 for the IBM PCjr and other small systems.

NANOBYTES

IBM has developed an experimental 1-megabit dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)
chip using existing manufacturing facilities. The chip uses a silicon and aluminum metal
oxide semiconductor (SAMOS) technology. . . . Phoenix Software, Norwood, MA, is offering
its custom-written IBM-compatible ROM BIOS for MS-DOS to computer makers. Phoenix
says the code was written without any knowledge of IBM's BIOS and thus companies using
it should be free from lawsuits. . . . Holmes Engineering, Murray, UT, is offering the Portable
Micro Drive, a wafer tape drive for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 notebook computer.
The $370 unit can store up to 64K bytes on a tape cartridge and includes a rechargeable
battery. . . . Fujitsu America, San Jose, CA, announced a 671 -megabyte 14-inch Winchester
disk drive with a price of $7045 in quantities of 100. . . . Digital Equipment Corp. is now
offering an eight-user Micro/PDP-1 1 for about $20,000, including two terminals and a
printer. . . . Seequa Computer Corp., Odenton, MD, will use Tabor's 3'/4-inch disk drive in its
Seequa 325, an enhanced version of its Chameleon. Seequa is the first computer maker to
use the drive.

From Nikkei BYTE, Tokyo: Epson appears ready to unveil two hand-held computers, the
HC-80 and HC-88, with built-in Japanese-language processing functions. The high-resolution
LCD will show either 90 kanji (Chinese) or 640 English characters at a time. . . . Mitsubishi
and B-Con Systems are selling a kanji version of Microrim's R:base 4000 database software
for Japanese MS-DOS computers.

10 BYTE- IUNE 1984

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Now, translate your integrated soft-
ware into integrated hard copy, with
the TI OMNI 800™ Model 855
printer. So versatile, it combines let-
ter-quality print, draft-quality print
and graphics as no other printer can.
It prints letter-quality twice as fast
as comparably priced daisy wheel
printers, yet gives you characters just
as sharp, just as clear.
It prints rough drafts ten times faster
than daisy wheel printers . . . faster
than most any other dot matrix printer.
Only the TI 855 has snap-in font
modules. Just touch a button; change
your typestyle. The 855 gives you
more typestyles to choose from than
ordinary dot matrix printers. It
makes them quicker, cleaner, easier

to access than any other dot matrix

or daisy wheel printer.

The 85 5 's pie charts are rounder. . .

all its graphics are sharper than on
other dot matrix printers, because the
TI 855 prints more dots per inch. As
for daisy wheel printers. . . no graphics.

TheTI 855
Printer

The printer for all major PC's

For under $1,000 you get twice the
performance of typical dot matrix
printers. Or all the performance of a
daisy wheel printer, and then some,
for half the price.
So get the best of all printers, and
get optimum results from your inte-
grated software. With the TI 855.
See it at your nearest authorized
TI dealer. Or call toll-free:
1-800-527-3500. Or write Texas
Instruments Incorporated, P.O.
Box 402430, Dept. DPF-182BY,
Dallas, Texas 75240. m .

Texas ^r
Instruments

Creating useful products
and services for you.

OMNI 800 is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated
Copyright © 1984 Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2763-36

Dare to

TI makes the best software
perform even better.

When choosing a computer, there are
two important things to look for. Who
runs the best software — and who runs
the software bestl That's why we're staging
a dramatic country-wide side-by-side
comparison against IBM™ called "Dare
to Compare."

Come to a participating dealer and
take the "Dare to Compare" challenge.
You'll see first-hand how. . .

TI makes software
faster to use.

Take a closer look. See how we give you
more information on-screen than the
IBM PC? That way you'll spend less time
looking for data, and more time using it.
We also give you 12 function keys, while
they give you 10. Unlike IBM, we give
you a separate numeric keypad and cur-
sor controls. And that saves you both
keystrokes and time. We also isolated
the edit/delete keys to reduce
chance of making mistakes.

TI makes software
easier to use.

TI gives you up to 8 colors
on-screen simultaneously,
which makes separating
the data a lot easier. IBM
displays only 4. Our graphics
are also sharper. And easier
on the eyes.

////< '•

'i*'in\

IBM Personal Computer

And TI makes it easier to get your data
on-screen. Our keyboard is simpler — it's
more like the familiar IBM Selectric™
typewriter than the IBM PC keyboard is.

TI lets you see for yourself.

Right now, you can "Dare to Compare"
for yourself at participating TI dealers all
over the country. Stop in, present your
business card, put both machines through
their paces using the same software
titles, and see the difference for yourself.
We'll give you a TI solar powered calcu-
lator, free, just for taking our challenge*.
For the name of a participating dealer
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LETTERS

Controller Correction

1 recently ran into a problem with my Apple II
disk drive. I couldn't find a controller card that
wouldn't stop every two seconds while reading
in a text file longer than two sectors. This pause
was annoying because the disk drive sounded
like it was dying and it took me twice as long
to read the file.

I don't know how many companies and how
many of their controller cards have this prob-
lem, but I have experienced it twice. I asked
some people at the Hughes Apple Byter's Club,
with which I'm "affiliated, about this problem,
but nobody really knew what caused it. It has
been suggested to me that there may be a
POKE command that keeps the motor running,
but I have yet to find out if this is true.

My roommate noticed that while using an
Apple controller, the drive continued to run ap-
proximately Wi seconds after control had
returned to the user. I solved this problem by
increasing the size of the tantalum capacitor on
the threshold of the timer chip by about 10
microfarads. The capacitor controls the amount
of time the output line stays enabled on the
motor control. This allows the drive motor to
stay on a few milliseconds longer than before,
so DOS has a chance to finish transferring the
contents of the file buffers and return for more
data before the motor stops spinning. Other-
wise it would have to restart the drive motor
before it could resume reading. This is what
added the extra time it took to read in the file(s).

I hope this information will save your readers
some unnecessary frustration.

Chris A. Nielsen

Nielsen Engineering

2910 Seventh St.

Santa Monica, CA 90405

American as Apple Pie

The introduction of the Apple Macintosh com-
puter has been eagerly awaited by many home
and business computerists. The complete
description in the February BYTE ("The Apple
Macintosh Computer" by Gregg Williams, Feb-
ruary, page 30) is certainly impressive and I can
see many applications for the Macintosh. 1
would consider the Macintosh for those ap-
plications were it not for one negative factor.
The Apple computer has been, since its intro-
duction, one of the most popular computers,
regarded as American as apple pie. Now comes
the Macintosh computer and, lo and behold,
it uses a Sony storage medium. It seems to me
that if the United States is going to lead the
world in computer technology, it has to be in-
novative and responsible enough to develop

those leading technological products that make
it the world leader.

When I go look at television sets, video-
cassette recorders, cameras, etc., 1 find an
almost total predominance from the lapanese
manufacturers. This is appalling. What has hap-
pened to U.S. technology in these fields? It has
appeared that our technical excellence has
returned in the areas of computers and certainly
the world has looked to the U.S. for computers
in the past several years. If the American-as-
apple-pie computer suddenly incorporates
iapanese-supplied hardware, what is the next
step?

I, for one, have given up considering the Mac-
intosh computer for any application I have. I
will not contribute in any way to the furthering
of lapanese technology into the American com-
puter industry, and I think Apple Computer Inc.
deserves a failing grade for contributing to an
already substantial balance of payments deficit
with its Macintosh design. I hope the rest of the
computer-buying public will recognize this un-
American approach and express their reaction
at the computer store purchase counter.

David A. Nibbelin. P.E.

President. Variable Acoustics Corp.

2222 West Vickery Blvd.

Fort Worth. TX 76102

In the Rainbow Corner

I would like to comment on recent criticisms
of the DEC Rainbow that appeared in two
March articles (The User Goes to COMDEX,
1983," by lerry Pournelle, page 3 52, and
"Reviewer's Notebook," by Rich Malloy, page
213) and in a letter to the editor by Carter
Scholz (page 20) in the same issue. It was just
last month (February 1984) that the (then) editor
in chief of BYTE, Lawrence I. Curran, editor-
ialized on the drive to be compatible with IBM
equipment. Mr. Curran's point was that the com-
patibility craze might be stifling innovation that
usually arises from smaller companies. Now in
March, Messrs. Pournelle and Malloy criticize
the DEC Rainbow for not running IBM software
and for not having the IBM disk format, and
because it is not being cloned. Possibly they
should read the March editorial, because they
too seem to be caught up in the compatibility
craze.

Mr. Poumelle's article correctly grasps the ob-
vious, that the DEC Rainbow was never in-
tended to mimic the IBM, therefore it will not
run IBM software. Many initial purchasers of the
Rainbow (and 1 can assure Mr. Pournelle that
there are many Rainbow owners) were in-
dividuals who were already familiar with DEC
minicomputers. These people wanted a home

computer compatible with other DEC equip-
ment that also ran the popular commercial soft-
ware packages (the Rainbow emulates the
VT100 terminal, an industry standard that is
often cloned). In providing for the needs of the
initial market, DEC created a product superior
to the IBM. The screen resolution is better, there
are built-in communications and printer ports,
and space is provided for a second set of half-
height floppy-disk drives or a hard-disk drive.
I disagree with Mr. Pournelle about the key-
board, and I feel that it is superior to that of
the IBM and may be the best in microcom-
puters today.

Mr. Malloy makes some remarks about the
DEC that I feel are incorrect. He implies that
the Rainbow 100 Plus is required to format MS-
DOS disks. Rather, it is the version of MS-DOS
that determines whether the Rainbow will for-
mat MS-DOS disks. My regular Rainbow using
version 2.05 of MS-DOS formats disks perfect-
ly. The version 2.05 MS-DOS was a no-cost op-
tion with my computer, and it is supplied by
default with the 100 Plus computer. Mr. Malloy
also slighted the Rainbow because the Rainbow
100 Plus looks like the 100 except for a plastic
sticker. This is a cheap shot: DEC'S Plus option
to the Rainbow is merely an addition of the
hard-disk drive, hardly requiring a change in the
processor enclosure. I recall Mr. Pournelle
discovering that he had the IBM PC XT mother-
board only after he had removed the cover and
inserted his own memory chips ("Chaos Manor
Gets Its Long-Awaited IBM PC' February, page
113).

The Digital Classified Software (DCS) needs
some clarification. The DCS program ensures
that the software is adapted to the Rainbow
hardware and special-function keys. The DCS
program also requires DEC to provide software
support. I can't imagine calling IBM in San Jose
to ask about Lotus 1-2-3, yet this is the service
DEC provides. DEC is providing hardware and
software support from one source, a trend I find
comforting. Also, third-party software is now
available; in fact, I saw a DEC booklet (at the
local computer store) listing hundreds of in-
dependent (nonauthorized) vendors providing
programs on Rainbow-compatible disks. Even-
tually software will provide translation links be-
tween disk formats that all manufacturers (IBM,
DEC, Tandy, etc.) fail to provide.

Finally, I would like to state that the Rainbow
is a capable home and business computer that
has sufficient and improving software. (Don't be
fooled, all the biggies provide software for the
Rainbow.) The Rainbow was never intended to
be a hacker's machine and Mr. Scholz should
never have purchased one. The Rainbow has
sufficient slots for extra memory, a superb
{text continued on page 16)

BYTE- IUNE 1984

GetAHeadStart
OnTheOtherGuys.

HeadStart Features:

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Disk Storage: 5(K1K to 1MB I unformatted ) on a 3 >'.•"
Micro-Disk

Display: ]2"ldiagonal)P31 phosphor, non-glare screen.
25 lines x 80 or 132 columns.
Keyboard: [X'tachahle with 105 total keys. An
optional portable version snaps onto the front screen
area for easy transportability.

Disk Operating Software: 'CP M 80 for 8 bit.
"MS MS for 16 bit. IAN [X)S for multi-user 8 or 16
bit operation.

Networking: Up to 255 HeadStart VPL's may be con-
nected via coaxial interface into one of 2 optional data
storage systems.

Interfaces: One RS449. RS232 compatible serial port
One Centronics compatible parallel printer port Kxtemal
data bus. Coaxial communications interface. External
disk I'O interface.

Optional Data Storage Systems: 2 models available. A
HIM R. 5 V system is expandable to 20M B, A 50MB. 8"
system (25MB lixed. 25MB removable) is expandable
to 200MB.

'CP M is a registered trademark <>f Digital Research.
"MS IXtS is a registered trademarkuf Micmsiift

Intertec's HeadStart is the
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And the most expandable (it's
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Instead of three bulky compo-
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cabinet With HeadStart, it's all in the
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HeadStart's small but powerful
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And HeadStart's small size per-
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own easy-carrying handle. A portable
keyboard option is also available.

How Fast Is Fast?

HeadStart's RAM Disk, an elec-
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Depress a key and you get a
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And HeadStart is incredibly power-
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Because HeadStart is designed to
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HeadStart is available in three
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intertec

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IUNE 1984 'BYTE

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Best Price In U.S. lor IBM PC or Clones

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HARDWARE

Hayes 1200 Modem $495

CDC D/S D/D Disk Drives $229

Anchor Signalman 1200baud Modem .$285

STB Graphics Board $325

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Epson, Okidata Printers Call

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LETTERS

(text continued from page 14)

graphics board and a second storage medium

(floppy or hard disk). Recall that the I/O ports

are already installed and not sold as extras. The

Rainbow has filled the needs of this nonhacker

with good installation and software

documentation.

Cameron T. Murray

Department of Polymer Science

and Engineering

University of Massachusetts

Amherst. MA 01003

As far as reviews are concerned, BYTE has no
bias either for or against DEC or any other com-
pany. We are concerned with how well a prod-
uct works, how much software is available for
that product, how readily available that software
is, and how easy it is to turn that product into
an even better product. IBM PC compatibility
is desirable only because it provides a tremen-
dous amount of readily available software and
hardware peripherals. For a long time. Rainbow
software was not available in local computer
stores. And there are still few readily available
third-party hardware peripherals for it. If. in a
year's time, you can buy third-party hardware
for the Rainbow at your local computer store,
then the Rainbow will be a much stronger
machine.

—Richard Malloy

Senior Technical Editor

BYTE Magazine

Having just received the March issue of BYTE
and, obviously, not having seen the April issue
for which you have scheduled a review of the
DEC Rainbow, I would like immediately to com-
ment on the letter from Carter Scholz, lest other
readers get a misleading impression of this
machine.

Mr. Scholz admits to 50 hours of intensive use.
Having obtained my machine in February 1983.
1 have over 1650 hours of experience with it
in connection with my consultancy business—
a figure I feel sure must exceed even that of
most reviewers of any one machine. To that ex-
tent, I suggest that my comments may have
more than ordinary validity.

The observation that the documentation is
"wretched" is, at the least, an overstatement.
It is true that screen formatting and the use of
function keys are not covered, which certainly
is regrettable. With one exception— the manual
for the LA 50 printer, which, I readily admit, is
appalling— the documentation is perfectly
sound and helpful.

Mr. Scholz may not have wished to make an
outlay for the technical manuals; but I had
nothing but the most courteous cooperation
and help from DEC'S Canadian Customer Sup-
port Center when, at an early stage, 1 too had
to raise screen-formatting and function-key
questions.

DEC has not claimed that "thousands" of
CP/M and CP/M-86 disks can be run on the Rain-
bow. As their Guide to Personal Computing points
out, the machine can run a "very wide selec-
tion" of the "thousands" of software programs
available on CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS. At
the beginning there was a shortage of available

programs because of the then-new disk format;
today there are several hundreds of software
packages available, the great majority of which
are from third-party vendors and are not part
of the "DEC-approved" program. Even the
problem of nonavailability of DEC'S distinctive
disks— except from DEC— is no longer a prob-
lem, and most of the major disk manufacturers
have added the Digital RX50 format to their
lines at reasonable prices.

As one who can claim extensive experience
with the Rainbow. I cannot speak too highly of
a machine that is a real joy to use, and I would
hate to have readers draw unfavorable conclu-
sions on the basis of Mr. Scholz's inaccurate
letter. 1 might add that the only hardware prob-
lem 1 have had was with the LA 50 printer which,
due to a faulty chip, packed up after about three
months. Under warranty, it was replaced in
about four hours. (Incidentally, this printer, bear-
ing the Digital logo, is considerably more ver-
satile than the look-alike model produced by
the same manufacturer.)

Tom Walker

Fortsask lnfodata Ltd.

Box 3026

Fort Saskatchewan

Alberta T8L 2T1

Canada

As a DEC Rainbow user for over a year. I've
learned to ignore most of what I read in the
computer trade press about the product. Rarely
are the facts in order. If other products were
comparably reported, the computer trade press
would have earned a reputation comparable to
that of the computer salesperson.

Of course, after a year, I'm happy to see the
product mentioned at all. Please accept my
sincere gratitude for printing the words "DEC
Rainbow'— and for promising (as you always
have) to review it.

But your March issue was somewhat mis-
guided, and I'd like to set the record straight.

Although Chaos Manor is one of my favorite
haunts, Jerry Pournelle's reaction (from afar) to
the DEC keyboard was hardly responsible jour-
nalism (and his disclaimer at the beginning of
the article doesn't justify that). |See "The User
Goes to COMDEX. 1983," March, page 3 52.|

The test of a keyboard is daily use. Seven
people have used the Rainbow keyboard at our
weekly magazine for a year. They universally
acknowledge it as a work of art. Sure it's
unconventional— so is a Ferrari. The point of
doing ergonomic research, as DEC did for its
personal computers, is to find out how things
ought to be designed, not how they have been
designed. Despite its unique design, it is easy
to learn the keyboard. Within one session,
almost all of us had accustomed ourselves to
its enhancements.

Specifically, I found Mr. Pournelle's complaint
about the Shift and Return keys ridiculous. The
Shift key measures the same travel as a Selec-
tric Shift key (I regularly use both without
trouble adapting), and the Return key is large
and easily located. The Compose Character key
is a very handy user-defined key in many word-
processing programs, and it is easily learned
(text continued on page 18)

B YTE • JUNE 1984

"We bought an

IBC Middi Cadet
because no other
system could do

thei

Sue Kardas

Director of Career Training

Burlington Area Vocational-Technical Center

"When the Burlington Area Vocational-
Technical Center needed a multi-user system
for student training, we considered many
multi-user systems, but in demo after demo
there was too much of a user delay,

Then IBC contacted us, and offered to
demonstrate the Middi Cadet's multi- user
capabilities -we were skeptical, but we gave
it a try.

First, the Middi Cadet ran 9 users doing word
processing without any delays. As a second
test, we had the Middi operating 3 terminals
each on word processing, accounting and
BASIC programming. Again, no user delay.
This was the multi-user, multi-tasking system
we had been looking for.

With the Middi Cadet, we got a higher speed
Z80B processor, a very fast hard disk drive
and enough memory to do the job (512K
Bytes].

On top of that, we felt that we got a very
good price from an excellent vendor. Our
system was delivered and installed two
weeks later. Since then we've been so pleas-
ed with the Middi that we're planning to buy
another. With two systems providing 18 sta-
tions we will be equipped to offer training in
all aspects of information processing."

The Middi Cadet is a 10 user system that in-
cludes a 6MH Z , Z80B CPU; 256 to 512K Bytes
of RAM memory; a 20 MB, 5 1 /4" hard disk
drive and a one megabyte 5 1 /4" floppy disk
drive.

For more information on the Middi Cadet,
see your local IBC dealer.

To locate the dealer nearest you, call or
write:

OUTSIDE THE USA

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WITHIN THE USA

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Circle 371 for Dealer inquiries. Circle 372 for End-User inquiries.

IUNE 1984

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LETTERS

{text continued from page 16)
by a touch-typist. Obviously. Mr. Pournelle didn't
look closely enough to notice the dip in the F
and ] keys— a more subtle and successful "hom-
'ng" device than some other keyboards that
distinguish the home row.

Carter Scholz's letter in the same issue raised
more serious points. First of all, "wretched" is
an irresponsible description of the documen-
tation, hardly earned by a missing bottle of
screen cleaner (which was supplied with the first
monitors). I frankly don't find the errors he
seems to have run across.

Second, my prejudice may be that I can't take
BASIC seriously, but we have formatted the
screen very easily in dBASE II. Turbo Pascal, and
assembly language.

Third, he fails to distinguish between disk for-
mats and software. The machine can read sev-
eral disk formats (Robin, VT180. Rainbow, IBM
8 and 9 sector) and hundreds of programs off
the shelf (not counting RCP/M software), and
with additional software can read many more
disk formats.

Mr. Scholz intimates a use for the machine
quite different from that for which it was de-
signed. And his representation of DEC'S
software-classification program (which we think
of as insurance against uninstallable or im-
mature products) and disk format (400K is an
enhancement over 320K in my book, not "per-
verse") is libelous.

Let me explain what this "collage of impres-
sive features with limited utility" did for my
company in the last year:

• It typeset 45 magazine pages of insur-
ance-company statistics using Multiplan and
transmitted them to our typesetter using
nothing more than the communications
parameters in ROM and the operating-
system commands.

• It stepped in to typeset our stories when
our typesetter went down.

• It scheduled and billed our advertising,
then it took over the scheduling, billing, and
circulation maintenance of our directory.

• It estimated and billed all our commer-
cial printing.

• This year it replaced our ledger, no mean
achievement for an "immature product"
with little utility.

DEC understands us. We want an appliance
that gets specific jobs done and doesn't break
down. If we have a question (even about pro-
gramming function keys), we want a number to
call with a prompt and courteous answer at the
other end. DEC delivers that at a very low cost.

In fact, any intelligent cost analysis of their
formatted quad-density disk offering proves it
is competitively priced. Again and again we find
(with rare exception) DEC on our side.

Finally, Mr. Scholz appears as naive about the
stock market as he is about the business world.
As all Rainbow users have come to know, the
wheels of justice grind slowly, but they grind
exceeding small.

Well, I'm still looking forward to your review
{text continued on page 22)

Ordinary modems cant do what

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and human voices (remember those?).
It also automatically adjusts for rotary
or Touch Tone phone systems and
shows you what's happening right
on your computer screen .

Even problems aren't problems.

An advanced microprocessor in
QuadModem can automatically spot
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QuadModem is the complete intelligent
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Plus right now, we'll include an
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And to round it out, you can add
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If you expect your computer to
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QUADRAM

*^^"* An Intelligent Systems Company

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ARCHITECTURE.

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If Query

More on Scoping Your Data

Dear Steve,

1 just read the December 1983 "Ask BYTE,"
and on page 560 you seem to give some bad
advice to Mr. Chuck Gollnick of Pullman, Wash-
ington, regarding the use of an oscilloscope to
determine the data rate, parity, and stop-bit
characteristics of data coming from an RS-232C
port.

Specifically, you recommend the use of a
character with lots of consecutive Is to deter-
mine the data rate. This would work great if RZ
signaling was used. But RS-232C uses NRZ-L sig-
naling; what is thus needed is a character with
alternating Is and 0s to make it possible to see
distinct opposite-polarity pulses. For example,
the character 01010101 = U would be useful.

1 have successfully determined the stop-bit
characteristics of Baudot signals from a radio-
teletype interface using an oscilloscope by

watching the display for extra-length bits. If you
see a bit 1.5 times longer than the shortest one
seen, you know it is 1.5 stop bits. By slowing
the sweep so that one or two characters are
seen on the display, you may also be able to
come up with the stop-bit characteristics.

Robert French
District Heights, MD

You are correct. The transmission of alter-
nating is and Os will simplify the measurement
of data rate using an oscilloscope. A series of
Us is a good choice. Your method of determin-
ing stop-bit characteristics is sound and should
work on an ASCII signal (7 data bits) as well as
the Baudot (5 data bits). Thank you for your cor-
rection and clarification.— Steve

Cleaning Disk Drives

Dear Steve,

1 recently noticed the large number of ads for
disk-drive cleaners. This sparked two questions
I'd like to have answered. How much attention
do disk drives require, and what type of cleaner
is best for them? Thank you for your help.

Brian Gragg
Claremont. CA

The iron-oxide coatings used on most disks
are somewhat abrasive. The in-out motion of
the read/write head of the disk drive against this
rotating medium produces a self-cleaning ac-
tion and minimizes the buildup of oxide and
dirt. Unless a poor-quality medium is used,
head cleaning is not required often and can be
accomplished with a cotton swab and some
isopropyl alcohol, as well as the many head-
cleaning disks available. Some head<leaning
disks are quite abrasive and should be used on
an as-needed basis rather than at regular in-
tervals—Steve

E-Z Color In Kuwait

Dear Steve,

I plan to buy the E-Z Color Graphics Interface
for my TRS-80 Model 1. 1 am not certain, how-
ever, whether it can be used with a TV set here
in Kuwait because the TV system here is based
on the PAL color system and not the NTSC as
in the United States. Can the composite-video
output from the TMS9918A chip be fed to a
UHF modulator and the modulated RF to a
256-line PAL color TV set?

If the TMS9918A is not suitable to drive a PAL
system, is there a similar chip that could be
substituted in your E-Z Color Graphics Interface
project in the August 1982 BYTE, "High-Reso-
lution Sprite-Oriented Graphics," page 57?

Thank you for your time and assistance.

M. I. Saleem
Safat, Kuwait

The Texas Instruments TMS9918A Video Dis-
play Processor used in the E-Z Color Graphics
Interface is designed for a composite-video out-
put to the NTSC format and is not compatible
with a PAL TV system. A similar chip, the
(tot continued on page 64)

62 B YTE • IUNE 1984

f^^Wj

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Pt . .

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OKIDATA

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1UNE 1984 -BYTE 63

ASK BYTE

(text continued from page 62)
TMS9929A. is pin compatible except for four
pins and outputs luminance and color-
difference signals that can be combined
through a video encoder (such as the National
Semiconductor LM 1 889) to produce a 625-line
PAL composite-video signal. This signal can be
fed through a modulator to your color TV or
additional circuitry added to use the modulator
feature of the LMI889.
The video-encoder circuit requires modifica-

tion of the E-Z Color Card and the addition of
extra components.— Steve

Hardware Training Program

Dear Steve,

I would appreciate your comments on the
value of hardware training programs. Over the
last few years I have done some work with soft-
ware, but I would now like to investigate hard-

The Data Defenders

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LEADERS IN
COMPUTER SUPPORT

ware design. Any information you have would
be appreciated.

Michael R. Forry
Newport Beach, CA

The Heathkit hardware training courses are
an excellent means of learning electronic hard-
ware operation and design. Heath's documen-
tation is famous for being clear and thorough,
and the hardware breadboard trainers give you
the "lab" work so necessary to support the
theory. You can proceed at your own pace and
tailor your studies to your particular interests.

In addition to the Heathkit courses, other
schools offer at-home training in electronics.
Two of them are NRI Schools, McGraw-Hill Con-
tinuing Education Center, 3939 Wisconsin Ave,
Washington, DC 20016 and National Technical
Schools, 4000 South Figueroa St.. Los Angeles.
CA 90037. Write them for further information-
Steve

Basic Video

Dear Steve,

I'd like to ask a couple of questions on every-
body's favorite topic— video monitors. What do
references to column widths mean in ads for
monitors? Some just list monitors, but others
advertise 40-, 60-, or 80-column monitors, as
if they're talking about printers. I'm thinking of
adding a monitor driver to my Radio Shack
Color Computer, connecting it to a mono-
chrome monitor, and using it with the Telewriter
word-processing program. Because Telewriter's
highest resolution provides an 85-character line,
do I need an 85-column monitor (I've never
seen one advertised), or do 1 need to worry
about such things at all, considering that the
program uses the high-resolution-graphics
mode to draw the letters on the screen?

I've seen three green-screen monitors in the
$100 price range. Can you comment on and/or
recommend any of these, or are all $100
monitors pretty much equal?

With monitors available in the $100 price
range, is it worthwhile considering converting
a TV into a monitor by bypassing the tuner and
other circuits, or is that more trouble than it's
worth?

Duff Kennedy
Santa Barbara, CA

With all the letters pertaining to video moni-
tors that I've recently received, it must be
everybody's favorite subject.

Column width is a simplified means of relating
the video bandwidth of monitors. Many com-
puters are designed to be used with a TV set
and display only about 40 characters per line.
This occurs because a TV set's bandwidth is
restricted (TV channels are only 6 MHz apart,
and the video bandwidth is about 3.5 MHz) and
cannot clearly display more than this number.
Monitors advertising 40column width are com-
parable to a TV set.

Word processing requires an 80<olumn line

to completely fill a standard sheet of 8ti- by

11-inch paper, and monitors that can display this

[text continued on page 66)

64 BYTE • |UNE 1984

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66 BYTE- JUNE 1984 Circle 22 on inquiry card.

ASK BYTE

[text continued from page 64)
many characters need increased bandwidth.
Whether they are advertised as 80- or 85<har-
acter displays is not important; the ad is tell-
ing you that they have the bandwidth to display
a full line.

Rather than comment on the $100 monitors.
I refer you to the October 1983 Consumer
Reports. Pages 537-540 feature an article on
choosing a monitor and include comparisons
of several monitors in the $100 price range.

Finally, it is more trouble than it is worth to
convert a TV into a monitor, especially if proper
grounding and isolation techniques are not
used. The risk of electric shock or an unwanted
ground loop fed back into your computer can
more than offset the cost of a good monitor-
Steve

Multiprocessing Help

Dear Steve,

I want to build a multiuser, multiprocessor.
CP/M-oriented computer in which each user has
a microprocessor and 64K bytes of RAM. I
know enough about CP/M to write the BIOS
(basic input/output system), and that once a
bootstrap loader is written to load CP/M from
disk to memory and to transfer execution to
CP/M. I am home free. But because I have never
used a multiprocessor computer, the concept
is unclear to me as to what is going to happen
when two users try to access the same disk or
file simultaneously.

Once 1 physically configure the system,
however, how can 1 use it to write the CP/M and
bootstrap loader and save it on a floppy disk
starting on sector 0, track 1? Also, can I be sure
that the automatic power-up sequence in the
floppy-disk controller will load the bootstrap
loader in at location 80 hexadecimal and
transfer execution there?

My main problem is that in this part of the
world 1 can't get any book I need or pop into
the local computer store for questions. I would
really appreciate your help on this.

Tariqul Hasan
Dhaka-2. Bangladesh

In a multiuser CP/M system, each user is
assigned a user code number from Oto 15. The
user numbers are assigned using the built-in
CP/M function called USER. Once a user
number is assigned, the user can access only
files on the disks with that user number. It is
not necessary to set aside disk space for each
user because the user number is assigned to
the file when it is put on the disk. When a cold
start is performed, each user is assigned to user
and can access only programs in that user
area until a different user number is assigned
with the USER command.

When a system operates with CP/M. the in-
structions for initiating the system usually come
with the microprocessor hardware or with the
CP/M software you receive with the micropro-
cessor. If these instructions do not come with
the system you purchase, it would be a good
{text continued on page 68)

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WES-41

ASK BYTE

(text continued from page 66)
idea to purchase a reference guide that shows
you how to write a bootstrap loader. A good
manual on the subject is The Programmer's
CP/M Handbook by Andy Johnson-Laird. For in-
formation on translations and book distributors
outside the U.S.. write to Osborne/ McGraw-Hill,
2600 Tenth St.. Berkeley, CA 94710.

In general, the bootstrap loader for a system
resides in a PROM or an EPROM that is bank-
switched into the memory address space start-
ing at address 0000 hexadecimal. When a hard-
ware reset is performed, the microprocessor
looks at this address for its first instruction. If
the bootstrap were not in firmware, a boot pro-
gram would have to be written each time the
system was reset. The program must load the
CCP (command control processor!, BDOS (basic
disk operating system), and BIOS from disk and
then transfer control to the cold-boot entry
point in the BIOS. Hardware manufacturers
usually offer this firmware with the CP/M system
they are selling.

For further information on this subject, you
should purchase the manuals for the particu-
lar system that you intend to buy— Steve

Communication Without
Wires

Dear Steve,

You are no doubt extremely familiar with most
input and output devices. My project involves
the transmission of data from one computer to
another (I am using two VlC-20s). The catch is
that I will try to achieve this without using wires.
i.e., transmitting data without having the two
machines connected.

I realize that connecting computers and
peripherals by infrared light has already been
accomplished, therefore I am considering using
the radio spectrum as a means of transmission.

My best bet would probably be to utilize the
RS-232C interface for my actual transmission
and reception. The concept would involve (from
what I understand) converting the parallel signal
to a serial, and then to an analog, which could
be transmitted over a carrier wave to the receiv-
ing unit.

This is purely an idea. I have no working
knowledge in the area and can only guess. I
would value greatly your reflections on the sub-
ject. Thank you very much.

DALLAS KACHAN
Blind River, Ontario, Canada

Your idea of transmitting computer data via
the radio spectrum is a form of radioteletype,
which has been in use for years with a 5-bit
code known as Baudot. Early devices were
mechanical in nature and connected by wires.
Radio transmission was achieved by connecting
these mechanical units to a modulator for trans-
mitting and a demodulator for receiving. Re-
cently, the U.S. Federal Communications Com-
mission approved the transmission of ASCII
over the airwaves, which stimulated the applica-
tion of computers to this form of communica-
tions.

The concept of radioteletype is analogous to
Morse code, except that marks and spaces
replace the dots and dashes. Where Morse
code uses timing to distinguish dots from
dashes, radioteletype uses frequencies to
distinguish marks from spaces. Data is con-
verted into a serial stream, modulated into
audio tones, and then transmitted. On the re-
ceiving end. these tones are demodulated and
decoded into data.

This system operates much as a modem con-
nects two computers via a telephone line. In the
February 1981 BYTE. I wrote an article on con-
trolling a Big Trak computerized toy tank (page
44). I used a pair of inexpensive citizens band
walkie-talkies to send data via the airwaves
using a modem. A small, inexpensive modem,
described on page 26 in the March 1983 Cir-
cuit Cellar article "Build the ECM-103. an
Originate/Answer Modem." simplifies the proj-
ect by reducing the number of components in-
volved—Steve

Advanced Video

Dear Steve,

In an "Ask BYTE" letter from D. K. Broberg
("Calculating Bandwidth Revisited," November
1983, page 602), the argument was made that
the video bandwidth required of a video pixel
stream can be obtained not as the inverse of
the pixel rate but as the inverse of half the pixel
rate. The reasoning was that driving alternating
pixels fully on and fully off represents the worst-
case demand for bandwidth, so the inverse of
the two-pixel period yields the frequency of
interest.

This argument is not correct. If the video-
stream pixels could be accurately represented
by sine waves or contiguous half-cycles of sine
waves, Broberg would be quite right. However,
a harmonic structure is associated with any kind
of waveform other than sines, and a pixel
stream requires a better representation than
sines in order to preserve edge definition in the
image. Ideally, the pixel stream would show in-
stantaneous jumps from the amplitude level for
one pixel to the amplitude for the next. At
worst, this would result in a square-wave period
equal to two pixel times. However, the band-
width is not l/(two pixel times). Fourier analysis
shows that a square wave contains all odd har-
monics. To get an acceptable picture, it is nec-
essary for the video amplifiers to pass the third
harmonic, which is at 3 /(two pixel times). For
a pixel time of 100 nanoseconds, this requires
a video bandwidth not of 5 MHz, but of 15
MHz.

Robert P. Colwell
Pittsburgh, PA

Thank you very much for your response to
D. K. Broberg's letter. The harmonic content of
square waves is often overlooked in digital
analysis when only levels are of concern. As you
correctly point out. however, third-harmonic
distortion should be kept low. and a video-
amplifier bandwidth sufficient to pass these fre-
[text continued on page 70)

68 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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(text continued from page 68)
quencies should be used. A general rule would
be to use as high a bandwidth as possible but
settle for any monitor that you visually judge
to have a satisfactory display— Steve

Shugart SA-400s for Apples

Dear Steve,

I have an Apple II with one 5 !4-inch Apple
disk drive. I'd like to use my Apple with a

Shugart SA-400 drive I know these components
are incompatible, but can you show me how
to create a proper interface? Thank you.

Claudio Pugliese
Buenos Aires, Argentina

A printed-circuit board and complete instruc-
tions for modifying a Shugart SA-400 disk drive
for use with your Apple II can be obtained for
$29.95 from R&D Electronics. 100 East Orange-
thorpe. Anaheim. CA 92801. (714) 773-0240.

Several traces on the SA-400 printed-circuit
board must be cut and several jumper wires in-
stalled in addition to the interface<ircuit board
that connects between the Apple II cable and
the 34-pin edge connector on the SA-400.

It is important to note that the SA-400 and
this modification draw about 450 milliamperes
from the Apple lis + 5-V supply. If your system
has many expansion cards, you may want to
consider a separate power supply— Steve

Replacing 4116s with 4164s

Dear Steve,

1 have an Atari 400 with the 16K-byte memory
board. I would like to know if it is possible to
change the 4116 memory chips to 4164 chips,
add some jumpers, and have a 64K-byte board.
Thank you for your help.

Randy B. Bumgarner
Tayhrsville. NC

In theory, upgrading from the 41 16 to the 4164
is as simple as adding a few jumpers if the mem-
ory system was originally designed to do this.
In most cases, it is more complicated.

The 4116 used a three-voltage power-supply
system that was changed to a single + 5-V sup-
ply for the 4164. This left two extra pins that
could be used for addressing. On the 4164. only
one of these pins was needed to upgrade the
chip to a 64K-byte part. The following chart
shows the reassignment of the pins:

4116

4164

-5 V

N.C.

+ 12 V

+ 5 V

Pin 1 can be handled easily by cutting the - 5-V
trace on your board that goes to your mem-
ory array. Pin 8 can be reassigned by cutting
the + 5-V and + 12-V traces to your memory ar-
ray and jumpering the trace from pin 8 to the
+ 5-V supply. The trace from pin 9 now will be
your new address line, and all decoupling
capacitors on this line in your memory array
must be removed.

That was the easy part. Now the memory ad-
dress multiplexing portion of your board must
be modified to bring in the new address line
A 7. Because I am not familiar with the address-
ing used on the Atari board. 1 can only suggest
that you look over that portion of the circuit
carefully before making any changes. An error
here will be disastrous. You also must be careful
that your new 64K-byte memory does not con-
flict with any other memory already assigned
in the system, for example, any ROM or mem-
ory-mapped I/O devices.— Steve

Real-Time Clock Thoughts

Dear Steve,

I'd like to suggest a project for your Circuit
Cellar.

I lust after a real-time clock for my IBM PC,

but all my expansion slots are full of other

(text continued on page 74)

70 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

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NAME

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ASK BYTE

[text continued from page 70)
things. I suspect that some type of clock/calen-
dar would be easy to put together, the only con-
sideration being how to interface it without tak-
ing up an expansion slot. Two possibilities oc-
cur to me: use the ROM socket(s) "reserved"
for future use by IBM or interface to the cas-
sette-recorder input port. Of the two, the
cassette idea strikes me as the most promising
because it might apply to Apples and other
computers. The only drawbacks might be that
the cassette interface is not available on the PC
XT and that the clock must "broadcast" the time
and date serially.

The project would be especially neat if you
could use a cheap digital clock or watch move-
ment that would display and be set external to
the system.

If you can put something like this together,

I think a lot of PC owners would be overjoyed.

Thomas G. Cassidy

Bloomington. MN

A battery-powered clock is indeed a useful
addition to the IBM PC or any other computer
that has date and time functions available. And
a unit such as you suggest could be made to
work through the cassette port. However. I
believe this would have rather limited appeal
for two reasons. First, because the first expan-
sion board purchased by many IBM PC owners
is one of the popular "six-function" boards that
provides clock, printer port, serial port, and
sockets for memory expansion all on one
board: and second, because cassette data-
transfer rates and protocols vary between dif-
ferent makes of computers so that the unit
wouldn't be as universal as one would like.

Another approach, which I described in
"Everyone Can Know The Real Time" in the May
1982 BYTE (page 34). is to interface the clock
circuit through the RS-232C port. This has the
advantage that the protocol is well established,
and ICs are available to simplify design and con-
struction of the necessary interface circuits.

Because the IBM PC has a software real-time
clock written into its operating system, all that
is needed to make use of an external hardware
clock (once it has been set to the correct time)
is to write a program to read the time from the
serial port and output it to the PCs clock port
whenever the computer is started up or reset.
This can be written in BASIC and run auto-
matically by calling it with an Autoexec pro-
gram—Steve

PC-Operated Cash Drawer

Dear Steve,

I am attempting to use my computer as a cash
register in my business. My problem is inter-
facing an electronic stand-alone cash drawer
with my IBM PC. 1 need to make a digital-to-
analog (D/A| converter. Ideally. I would like to
output a byte to the serial port of my computer
and have that digital signal converted to a
voltage that would, in turn, trip a relay to unlock
the cash drawer.

Can you supply me with any information
about how I can build or purchase such a

device? I know where I can get an electrically
operated cash drawer; the problem is the in-
terfacing. I would greatly appreciate any advice
or information.

Jason E. Gapco
White Plains, NY

Probably the easiest way to interface your
IBM PC to your cash register is by using the
cassette port, which provides a 6-V DC power
source rated at I ampere for driving a tape-
cassette motor. Connect your relay to pins 3 and
I of the cassette interface connector (the 5-pin
DIN connector next to the keyboard connec-
tor on the rear panel). Pin 3 is +6 V DC, and
pin I is common.

If your cash-register program is written in
BASIC, the relay can be activated by adding the
lines shown in listing I to your program in the
appropriate place. This will set up your program
so that function key 10 will open the cash
register any time it is pressed. You can. of
course, choose any other function key if you
want, and you can provide more restricted ac-
cess by using the KEY(IO) ON and KEY(IO) OFF
statements as needed throughout your pro-
gram. You also may need to play around with
the timing loop to get the correct delay.

If your program is in assembly language or
a compiled language, you can still use this port
by outputting a I to bit 3 of port 61 (hexadeci-
mal) and holding it for the required time. This
can be done by modifying your program or by
redirecting the INT 16 (hexadecimal) keyboard
interrupt to a custom program that performs
the output if the key just pressed is FIO or
transfers to the normal keyboard if it isn't. A
method for doing this is suggested in the book
8088 Assembler Language Programming: The
IBM PC by David C Willen and Jeffrey I. Krantz
(Howard W. Sams & CoJ.— Steve

Listing 1: Additional lines to activate the relay.

1 ON KEY(IO) GOSUB 10000:

KEY(IO) ON

10000 OON=l

10010 OFFF =

10020 MOTOR OON

Activate relay.

10030 FOR T= 1 TO 10: NEXT

Wait for drawer

to open.

10040 MOTOR OFFF

Turn relay off.

10050 RETURN

A Senior Project

Dear Steve.

I am a senior in electrical engineering at
Howard University. My idea for a senior proj-
ect is to design and construct a system that will
continuously monitor (in the home) a person's
body temperature, blood pressure, respiration,
etc., and transmit this data via radio through-
out the household to a remote radio receiver
that is interfaced with a personal computer. The
[text continued on page 76)

74 BYTE • 1UNE 1984

Answer:

Smith-Corona

Question: What company offers a new daisy wheel printer, three

dot matrix printers and a combination printer- typewriter,
with suggested retail pricing of $395 to $795?

Question: What printer company offers print quality that challenges
printers costing hundreds of dollars more?

Question: What printer company offers dual interfaces for all five
of its printer models?

Question: What printer company offers removable and adjustable
tractor feeds as standard equipment on all of its dot
matrix models?

Question: What printer company has a toll-free telephone number
to call if you ever have a problem? And an
extensive service system, too? V*

Ultrasonic III Messenger (TM)

portable typewriter with optional Messenger Module.

I)-IOO(TM)

dot matrix printer.

D-200 (TM) dot matrix printer.

□ Please send me more information about Smith-Corona
printers; I am interested in in-home use.

□ Please send me more information about Smith-Corona
printers for office use.

Name

Company Name

Business Address

City

.State.

.Zip_

Type of Business-

Send to: Jerry Diener, VR Sales. Smith-Corona
65 Locust Avenue
New Canaan, Connecticut 06840

SMITH-CORONA

Bfi

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

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ASK BYTE

(text continued from page 74)
personal computer will then process and store
this data for subsequent retransmission via tele-
phone lines to a family physician. The telemetry
link is an important part of this system because
the person being monitored would be able to
move about the house unencumbered by wires.
I find a project like this very interesting but quite
challenging. Therefore, I would appreciate your
answers to the following questions:

1. What type of transducers are available to
monitor body temperature, blood pressure,
respiration, etc.? Who manufactures such
devices?

2. What ICs are available for conditioning the
transducer outputs? Other than amplification
and buffering, what signal conditioning is
necessary to modulate an RF (radio frequen-
cy) carrier?

3. Once the analog signals from the transducers
are properly "conditioned," should they be
converted to digital signals and then trans-
mitted via RF or transmitted in their analog
form and then converted to digital signals
on the receiver/computer end?

4. What form of carrier modulation should I
use? AM, FM, pulse-width modulation? And
what carrier frequency do you suggest (in the
home environment)?

5. With a view toward making the trans-
ducer/signal conditioner/transmitter unit as
small as possible and battery operated, are
there any low-power ICs that contain a com-
plete transmitter and receiver on a chip? Na-
tional Semiconductor's LM1871 Radio Con-
trol Encoder/Transmitter and LM1872 Radio
Control Receiver/Decoder seem likely can-
didates, but they are generally used for con-
trol of hobby servos.

I hope you can share your insights and shed
some light. Thank you.

Robyn L. King
Washington. DC

The project you selected is. as you say. very
interesting and challenging. The questions you
asked also are very challenging and could take
many pages to answer. Instead of answering
them directly, I will try to give you a selection
of reference materials where you can find the
answers yourself (after all. it is your project).

Several sources can be reviewed to find the
type of transducers you need. EDN (Electronic
Design News) and Electronics magazines often
carry articles on medical electronics. A review
of these magazines should yield all the infor-
mation you need. For example, an article in a
September 1980 EDN discusses the Hughes
HLSS-0533 heart-rate monitor chip that employs
the photoplethysmographic monitoring tech-
nique. The March 20, 1980 EDN, page 122, had
a special report on sensors and transducers,
and an April 1977 Electronics had an article on
a silicon transducer to measure blood pressure.
Electronic Products is another good source of
reference material. An article in the November
1982 issue (page 49) discusses advances in
signal conditioning.

Transmitting and receiving these signals can
become a project in itself. I have taken the ap-
proach of "not reinventing the wheel" several
times and used commercially built devices like
walkie-talkies to do the job. You can find discus-
sions of these techniques in two of my articles:
"Handheld Remote Control for Your Com-
puterized Home." July 1980 BYTE (page 22) and
"A Computer-Controlled Tank." February 1981
BYTE (page 44).

1 hope these references will be helpful in your
senior project.— Steve

A Kaypro 10/S-lOO Combo

Dear Steve,

As an author's portable word processor, the
Kaypro 10 with an Epson FX-80 printer seems
to be a good choice. For everything else, an
8086 with several IBM-compatible slots is
advisable.

The Kaypro 10 has a parallel printer output,
two RS-232C ports, and one light-pen input jack.

If I want to use the Kaypro screen, keyboard,
and large disk, but also want to use a Semidisk
or RAM Disk and an 8086 for the bulk of inter-
nal processing, what sort of hookup makes
sense?

Sam Timac
Ft. Vermilion, Alberta. Canada

As I read your letter. I get the impression that
even though you say "IBM-compatible slots"
you are really thinking in terms of an S-100 bus
system with an 8086 microprocessor rather than
an IBM PC. The S-100 bus offers a wide selec-
tion of boards to run with the 8086. including
several Semidisk. or RAM Disk, boards, but is
in no way compatible with IBM hardware.

The Kaypro 10 does look good as a portable
word processor, and if you like the relatively
small screen (compared to a full-sized terminal),
it might be used as a terminal for an S-100
system. Because S-100 systems are designed to
be run with remote terminals rather than built-
in displays, you should have no trouble at that
end. and the Kaypro can easily function as a
terminal with the proper software. Your dealer
should be able to recommend a communica-
tions program that will configure the computer
as a suitable terminal. The physical connection
between the two computers will be through the
RS-232C po/ts.-Steve ■

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BOOK REVIEWS

LEARNING WITH LOGO

Dan Watt

BYTE Books/McGraw-Hill

New York: 1983

208 pages, S22.95

THE TOLL FREE
MICROCOMPUTER INDEX
Richard I. Volz and
Gene E. Thompson
Spokane Technical Press
Spokane. WA: 1983
360 pages, S14.95

Learning with Logo
Reviewed by Tim Barclay

When teachers ask
what they should be
doing with microcomputers
at the elementary school
level, we say Logo, and the
second thing we say is, get
Dan Watt's book, learning
with logo. As a part of the
MIT Logo Project, Watt was
responsible for the pilot
study in Brookline, Massa-
chusetts, schools. Before
working on Logo, he was an
elementary school teacher
at the middle school level, and prior to
that he was a curriculum developer with
the Elementary Science Study, a federal-
ly supported curriculum-development
project of the late 1960s. It is this depth
of teaching experience combined with
his thorough understanding of Logo
that he brings to his book, and it shines
through. The book is a successful com-
bination of Logo programming, Logo
philosophy, and teaching strategies.
Although there are other books that
deal with one or another of these
aspects of Logo, none that I know of en-
compasses all three, not to mention
with such success.

The book is written for an Apple using
the Terrapin/Krell versions of Logo but
includes appendixes that list necessary
modifications for Apple Logo and Tl

Logo users. A separate edition of the
book, learning with Apple logo, is also
available; editions for Logo on Atari,
Commodore, and Texas Instruments are
in preparation.

A Learning Adventure

learning with logo is challenging and re-
warding for children and adults alike.
The initial chapters of the three-part
book are written with 10- to 13-year-olds
in mind, but in no way does this intro-
duction insult the intelligence of the
novice adult embarked on a new adven-
ture. The ideas are also accessible to
younger children with the help of a
teacher; in fact, the author includes
several teaching hints within each
chapter for this purpose.
The basic graphics commands for

^^^^_ drawing on the screen are
all introduced in this first
section as well as the nec-
essary commands for sav-
ing procedures and pic-
tures on disk and for going
to the editor to define your
own new procedures. Any-
one who completes the first
portion of this spiral-
bound, easy-to-use book
befriends the Logo turtle
and learns how to draw de-
| 1 signs and pictures on the

!| 9 screen.

The second section of the
book introduces more so-
phisticated programming
concepts that use graphics,
words, and lists. The uses of
variables and conditionals
are also included. These
abstract concepts, which
can be so mystifying when
first encountered in alge-
bra, come as simple solu-
tions to real needs that
every Logo learner encoun-
ters while writing graphics
^^B ■ programs. It is an example
of what Seymour Papert, the head of
the MIT Logo Project, is talking about
when he refers to setting up natural
learning environments. That means pro-
viding a context in which students can
explore, try new ideas, and find their
own solutions as problems arise.

Watt shows the reader examples of
some of the complex designs that can
be drawn using recursion, such as
rotating polygons, growing squares, and
spirals. He explains the procedures that
he used to create these shapes and sug-
gests further investigations.

In addition to these more advanced
graphics programming ideas, the author
introduces the use of words and lists,
explaining how to write interactive pro-
grams in a chapter called "Conversa-
Itexl continued on page 80)

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 79

BOOK REVIEWS

(text continued from page 79)
tions with the Computer: Activities with
Numbers, Words and Lists." As is true
throughout the book, in his presenta-
tion of new commands and concepts
Watt braids several modes of presenta-
tion together. They include:

• examples for the reader to try on the
microcomputer that use commands
needed to work with lists

• explanations of what the examples
are doing

• cartoon sequences that graphically
present the ideas

• "explorations— suggested problems
to try on your own

• "helper's hints— more detailed ex-
planations and teaching suggestions

By the end of this chapter, the reader
is able to write procedures for conver-
sations with the computer and quiz pro-
grams that are carefully designed using
multiple subprocedures. For the person
willing to work through these steps,

understanding and fluency can develop.
The third section of the book builds
upon the skills that have been devel-
oped in the first two sections. Each of
the four chapters in this section takes
a single programming project and de-
velops the many procedures that make
up the final program. The first project
is an interactive computer game called
Shoot, in which the player tries to hit a
target with the turtle. Next is Quickdraw,
which is described as a "Turtle Drawing
Activity for Young Children." A chapter
on animating the turtle follows, accom-
panied by a project called Racetrack,
and last is a chapter on writing poetry
called Poet. These later sections are ap-
propriate for both older readers work-
ing independently or for younger users
with assistance nearby.

Teachers Also Benefit

learning with logo is designed to be used
with a preprogrammed disk of proce-
dures ($15.95) that includes the afore-

mentioned Shoot, Quickdraw, Race-
track, and Poet. Watt intends his au-
dience to learn these procedures
gradually, initially by just using and see-
ing them in action, later by studying and
changing them. The disk also enables
beginning learners to experience Logo
in a more exciting way than they other-
wise could. As an alternative to buying
the disk, you can get a copy by typing
the procedures listed in the appendix
of the book.

A motto of Logo is "no threshold, no
ceiling." This means that the language
is easily accessible to young children yet
is still a powerful and sophisticated lan-
guage. For instance, many 4-year-olds
are using Logo, as are students at MIT.
The low-threshold part lies in the turtle
graphics. If you have used Logo at all
you have undoubtedly experienced the
delight of drawing designs or solving
geometric problems. But a question
teachers often ask is, what next? Right-
{text continued on page 82)

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BOOK REVIEWS

(text continued from page 80)
fully so, for there is more beyond the
turtle world, such as using words and
lists, writing interactive programs, and
getting into embedded recursion. Be-
ginners tend to expect that this part of
Logo will also be as easily accessible,
and it is not. Watt tackles this teaching
problem by leading the reader careful-
ly through material with the use of ex-
amples, explanations, and teaching sug-
gestions, all to be tried hands-on. After
reading and working through this part
of the book, teachers have told us that,
for the first time, they understand words
and lists.

Minor Criticism

One potential pitfall when writing a
book on Logo is how to sequence con-
cepts and activities. Because there are
any number of approaches, every Logo
teacher will develop a favorite way. The
author acknowledges this phenomenon
by admitting "Here is what worked for

Figure 1: Repeating a random shape creates a design.

me, you should do what works best for
you." And one section in his book where
Watt's sequencing did not work for me
was in Chapter 3 on Quickdraw.

Quickdraw is a program that lets you
perform turtle graphics with single-key
entries. For instance, instead of typing
FD space 20 Return (a total of six keys),

you just type F With F, B, R, and L as
single keys for FORWARD 20. BACK 20,
RIGHT 30, and LEFT 30, respectively,
you can move and turn the turtle by pre-
determined increments to make graph-
ics designs. Quickdraw has some other
useful procedures for saving and re-
(text continued on page 84)

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82 B YTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

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Circle 240 on inquiry card.

BOOK REVIEWS

[text continued from page 82)
drawing a set of commands, but it does
not include any other graphics com-
mands.

One very practical use for Quickdraw
is for young children wh'o cannot type
the longer command words. Another
use is to speed up graphics drawing.
What I find inappropriate, however, is
the series of suggested drawing activi-
ties using Quickdraw. These drawings
(see figure 1) really beg for the REPEAT
command. Without the REPEAT com-
mand, you have to enter the sequence
of commands for the random shape
(FFLLFLLLLFFFLLLLLFF) and then type
them in repeatedly twelve more times.
There is something to be said for
motivating the learning of a new com-
mand by creating a need for it, but that
does not seem to be part of the author's
scheme here. This example seems to
highlight the challenge of trying to
balance easy access against interesting
output.

Just as Logo uses turtle graphics as an
entry into understanding programming,
so also the author has included graphics
in this book to clarify language and
computer concepts. For this he has
used a series of cartoon characters who
act out the processes being carried on
inside the computer. But the cartoons
of a Logo elf, robot primitives, mailbags,
mailboxes, and trash cans do not seem
to help. Rather than being worth a thou-
sand words, the cartoons require all the
intense study that a page of print can
demand if you are to understand the
concepts being presented. They are
easily skipped over, however, so you
can ignore them and concentrate on
just the words. This is a minor criticism
about an otherwise marvelous book.

Anybody planning to teach Logo
should have his or her own copy avail-
able in the classroom for quick
reference. The more you refer to Dan
Watt's book, the more enamored with
it and with Logo you will become.

The Toll Free Microcomputer Index
Reviewed by Maria V. Peeler

One problem with promising too
much is that it's hard to live up to
it. In this case, the product is slightly less
than the promise.

That's the core of the discrepancy
with The Toll Free Microcomputer \ndex. The
authors use so much space in the first
14 pages glorifying the book's virtues-
how it will save money, time, and head-
aches; how it will save the cost of a pro-
fessional research service or consultant,
the cost of microcomputer-magazine
subscriptions, the cost of training the
neophyte computer enthusiast— that the
simple usefulness of the book is buried,
leaving the reader a little shortchanged
in the end.

Take A Look

Neophytes don't become wise com-
(text continued on page 86)

SATISFY YOUR DRIVE SI

70 MAIN/FRAMES

& DISK ENCLOSURES

FROM $100

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ol' box computer"

=l*ll?«KI*li]

8620 Roosevelt Ave./Visalia, CA 93291
209/651-1203

We accept BankAmericard'Visa and MasterCard

84 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

HIGH TECHNOL OGYATA FFORDA BLE PRICES

Dot Matrix Printers

C. Itoh Prowriter (851 0) * 369.88

C. Itoh Prowriter 2, (1 36 col) 589.88

C. Itoh Prowriter BPI (Code compatible with

IBM-PC dot matrix printer) 439.88

C. Itoh HotDot 509.88

C. Itoh HotDot-2 (136 col) 729.88

Epson RX/FX Series CALL

Dataproducts P-480 439.88

Dataproducts P-1 32 w/4-color 1699.88

Inforunner Riteman 339.88

Mannesmann Tally 160-L 629.88

Mannesmann Tally 180-L 879.88

Mannesmann Tally Spirit-80 329.88

Okidata Microline 82A/83A CALL

Okidata Microline 84 Step II CALL

Okidata Microline 92 CALL

Okidata Microline 93 CALL

92/93/84 Plug-n-Play ROMs for graphic

compatibility with IBM-PC CALL

Star Micronics Gemini 1 0X 299.88

Star Micronics Gemini 15X 419.88

Star Micronics Delta 10 439.88

Star Micronics Delta 15 589.88

Star Micronics Radix 10/15 CALL

Toshiba P-1351 1689.88

Toshiba P-1351 Tractor 169.88

Letter-Quality Printers

C. I toh A- 1 Starwriter ( 1 8 cps) * 549. 88

C. Itoh F-1 Starwriter (40 cps) 1079.88

C. Itoh F-10 Printmaster (55 cps) . . . 1379.88

Diablo Series Printers CALL

NEC 2010/2030 (18 cps) 749.88

NEC 2050 for IBM-PC (1 8 cps) 899.88

NEC 3530 (33 cps) 1429.88

NEC 3550 for IBM-PC (33 cps) / 779.88

NEC 7730 (50 cps) 1939.88

Qume Series Printers CALL

Silver Reed EXP-770 (25 cps) 979.88

Silver Reed EXP-550 (1 7 cps) 559.88

Silver Reed EXP-500 (12 cps) 439.88

Smith Corona Memory Correct III Messenger

(1 2 cps) w/interface module 589.88

Star Micronics PowerType (18 cps) CALL

Printer Accessories

Printer Cables $29.88

Pkasso-U Printer Card & cable 129.88

Grappler+ Printer Card & cable 109.88

80 Column Printer Stand 39.88

132 Column Printer Stand 49.88

Trace Sound Traps CALL

2-Way Printer Switch Box 109.88

4-Way Printer Switch Box 159.88

Quadram Microfazer Print Buffers CALL

Monitors

Amdek 300G (green) $144.88

Amdek 300A (amber) 159.88

Amdek Color-1+ 319.88

Amdek Color-2 (RGB) 459.88

NEC JB-1 205 M (amber) 159.88

NEC JB-1 201 M (green) J 59.88

Princeton Graphics HX-12 (RGB) 509.88

Princeton Graphics Max-1 2 199.88

Quadram QuadChrome (RGB) 519.88

Roland DG-121 (green/amber) 149.88

Roland DG-1 22 (green/amber) 1 79.88

USI Pi-3 (1 2" amber) 179.88

Modems

Hayes Micromodem lie $ 259.88

Hayes Smartmodem 300 239.88

Hayes Smartmodem 1 200 559.88

Hayes 1 200B (IBM-PC) 479.88

Novation AppleCat 300 baud 239.88

Novation AppleCat 1 200 baud 489.88

Novation SmartCat 1 03, 300bd 179.88

Novation SmartCat 21 2, 1 200bd 429.88

Novation Access 1-2-3 (IBM-PC) 449.88

USR Password, 1 200 baud 369.88

USR PC 1 200 baud Modem/Multifunction

board W/64-256K, clock, parallel port

& Telpac software CALL

IBM-PC Peripherals

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AST MegaPlusll (64K) 289.88

AST SixPak Plus (64K) 299.88

Hercules Graphics Card 379.88

Microsoft Mouse (parallel) 149.88

Microsoft Mouse (RS-232) 1 59.88

Mouse Systems PC-Mouse 219.88

Paradise MultiDisplay 479.88

Quadram Quadboard CALL

Quadram Quad 512 + (64K) 239.88

Quadram QuadColor-1 219.88

Quadram QuadColor-2 229.88

Quadram Parallel Card, RS-232C Card or

Clock/Calendar Card 79.88

Tandon TM 1 00-2 Double-sided

floppy disk drive 229.88

Titan Cygnus I/O (parallel) 149.88

Titan Cygnus I/O (RS-232) 169.88

TG Joystick 59.88

Apple Peripherals

ALS CP/M Plus Card (CP/M 3.0) ... * 329.88

AMT MicroDrive (half height) 219.88

Microsoft Z80 Softcard CALL

Quadram eRAM (Me 80 cols) 1 19.88

Rana Elite-1 Disk Drive. 259.88

TBL Cooling Fan 59.88

TBL Disk Drive Controller. 69.88

Titan Accelerator II 469.88

Titan Memory Board Boards. CALL

Videx VideoTerm 239.88

Videx UltraTerm (80/1 60 column). . . . 289.88

Videx Enhancer II 109.88

Videx PSIO interface board 1 79.88

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We know computer mail-order...
We wrote the book!

The book is ready: our Spring 1 084 Catalog, a compre-
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buying No matter how you order— by phone or mail— you'll get
the answers you need to select the right item every time.

Choose from over 300 products: dot-matrix & letter-quality
printers, printer interfaces, cables, stands, printwheels, ribbons &
supplies, plus modems, monitors & peripheral boards for the
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Find out what if s like to shop with the company that wrote the
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Circle 50 on inquiry card.

BOOK REVIEWS

(text continued from page 84)
puter buyers by calling 1-800-numbers;
businesses can't completely bypass
consultants or research services by call-
ing 1-800-numbers; and most of us who
buy computer magazines do so to en-
joy articles, learn a little, and find out
who has the lowest price on a Hayes
modem this month— not to find out
which companies have toll-free
numbers.

That doesn't mean that this book isn't
worth a look. It just means that The Toll
Free Microcomputer Index is not the super-
book its authors proclaim it to be. Taken
in that light, it can be a helpful manual—
especially to computer dealers, con-
sultants, and myriad other individuals
who tend to rely on information and
merchandise from national rather than
local sources.

Colorful Contents

The Toll Free Microcomputer \ndex consists of
two parts. The White Pages are an

alphabetized database holding over
500 records on companies that main-
tain toll-free lines. The Orchid Pages
consist of an alphabetized listing of
keywords pertinent both to specific
brands and large general categories.
The two sections more or less corre-
spond to a telephone book's white and
yellow pages and function similarly.

The foreword to the Orchid Pages
promises an index to the Keyword Index
(which gives the name of the company
and a one-line description), a Catalog
Index, Information Index, and Location
Index. Don't bother looking for the last
three. They aren't there. According to
the authors, funding ran out and they
hope to include those indexes in the
next edition.

Oversights

A few oversights exist. For example, it
has a list for Morrow Inc., but it de-
scribes it only under Morrow Micro
Decision Computer Systems and makes

no mention or cross-reference to Mor-
row's hard-disk manufacturing.

Despite the exclusion of three in-
dexes, the oversights, and the overprais-
ing in the stiff, textbook prose of the
first 14 pages, the book looks profes-
sional. The cross-references, although
not exhaustive, are at least accurate and
adequate for its limited database. It is
well printed on good quality paper, has
a pleasant cover, and has few errors or
typos. The book is available to user
groups or clubs at a discount. ■

Tim Barclay, director of the Computer Resource
Center at Technical Education Research Centers.
8 Eliot St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,
writes frequently for its newsletter. Hands On.
He also conducts teacher workshops on using
microcomputers in education.

Maria V. Peeler (7002 37th SE, Laceu, WA
98503) is a technical writer and a public-
information officer at the Washington State
Utilities and Transportation Commission.

Modula-2.

Simply

Better.

More and
more software de-
velopers are finding a
new language simply better
than C or Pascal. They're finding
Modula-2, by Niklaus Wirth, the creator of
Pascal. For professional programmers, it's simply
a better language.

Modula-2. Simple like Pascal (if you know Pascal,
you can be writing Modula programs in hours) but with
much more power and flexibility. Power to handle any
professional application, so there's no need for extensions.

Modula-2. Better than C because it gives you
strong typing and superior separate compilation
facilities. That means you write cleaner
programs, faster.

Only LOGITECH'S Modula-2/86 system translates
directly into high-speed native code for PC DOS .
MS-OOS ™ and CP/M-86".

PC-DOS is ] TM of IBM. MS-DOS is 1 TM of Microsoft, CP/M-86 is a TM 01
Digilal Research. VAX/VMS is a TM al Digilal Equipment Carp.

No other system speeds your Modula programs
along faster than our native code compiler. And our
high-level, symbolic debugger ensures your programs
arrive in flawless running condition.

Multi-level overlays, 8087 support, ROMable
code, and a full library of standard modules make
Modula-2/86 the perfect system for every professional
application.

We also offer the only VAX/VMS resident and
cross compiler for the 8086.

For VAX mainframes to PCs, look to LOGITECH'S
Modula-2 software development systems. For
professional programmers, it's simply a better choice.

LOGITECH

805 Veterans Blvd., Redwood City, CA 94063

415-365-9852

LOGITECH SA (in Europe!, CH-1143 Apples, Switzerland

LOGITECH Sri., Corso Nigra 60, 10015 IVREA TO, Italy

86 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

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Call 801 7255-3999 or Telex 499-6093

General Ledger

OHN SYSItMS

Go ahead. Slip into something com-
fortable. Ware the most comfortable,
most sophisticated microcomputer
accounting software in the world.
Open Systems. Accounting software
so rich in features, it can handle the
complex problems of today's small
business with unprecedented ease.
Software so flexible, it runs on all
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grow right along with your busi-
ness needs.

With Open Systems, you can start
with one product then add others as

your business prospers. No other
accounting line is so complete. Wi
choice of General Ledger, Accounts
Receivable, Accounts Payable, Inven-
tory, Payroll, Job Cost, Sales Qrde
Purchase Order and Fixed Assets
well as a Report Writer that links
accounting data to popular sprea
sheets, word processors and grapl
software. Assuring you the luxury
a perfect software fit. Today, tomo
row and for years to come.

The fact is, Open Systems mee
the needs of today's small busine

so completely, it's become one of
the best selling lines of accounting
software on the market. More than
300,000 accounting products are pro-
viding comprehensive accounting
solutions for businesses throughout
the world. Now that's comforting.

Call Open Systems right now. And
get your mind off the books. For the
dealer nearest vou call

1-800-328-2276

*Ti

OPEN SYSTEMS"]

you

The au-u«£-r;o
software that m
TL, look good.

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OPEN SYSTEMS • 430 OAK GROVE. MINNEAPOLIS. MN 55403 • A UCCEL COMPAt>

Venix

■it

ris.

UNIXV

The brightest star
in the
icro UNIXverse.

UNIX-7

Whitesmiths, the company who
brought you the C compiler in 1979 and
Idris, the micro UNIX, in 1980, now
announces Idris as an application under
MS-DOS.

Available to run on the IBM PC,
Data General, DEC Rainbow and other
PC/MS-DOS-based systems, Idris as t
an application: 1

runs better on the micros than UNIX
has twice as many users as UNIX
runs more tasks simultaneously
will be complying with the UNIX
/usr/group standards
provides application portability
contains all the most important UNIX
>, utilities in a 1.5 megabyte disk
a all at a new, low price.

Whitesmiths, Ltd*

97 Unveil Road, Concord, MA 01742, (617) *69-8499, Telex 750246 SOFTWARE CNCM

UNIX, UNIX-6. UNIX- 7, UNIX III, UNIX V, BSD 4.1/4.2 are trademarks of Bell Laboratories; Wnix is a trademark of Ventureeom:
MS-DOS, Xenix are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.; PC-DOS is a trademark of International Business Maehines Corp.; Rainbow is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corpi

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, ltd.

CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS

• CHICAGO BBS ON ART
AND TECHNOLOGY. The Center
for Advanced Studies in Art
and Technology (CASAT) at the
School of the Art Institute of
Chicago has set up a bulletin-
board system (BBS) for artists
and scientists to exchange infor-
mation and ideas concerning
the uses of technology in the
arts. Research projects under
way include sound synthesis
and image processing. You can
up- or download Apple
high-resolution images to the
system. CASAT's bulletin board
is (312) 443-3744.

• 50 FIGS ON TREE

The FORTH Interest Group (FIG)
announces the formation of the
50th chapter in Berkeley, Califor-
nia. FIG, a nonprofit organiza-
tion, serves more than 4000
users of the FORTH computer
language. It also sponsors the
FIG-Tree, an on-line FORTH
database (a 300-bit-per-second
BBS) at (415) 538-3 580.
Membership is $15 a year ($27
foreign) and includes a subscrip-
tion to FORTH Dimensions, a bi-
monthly newsletter. Contact the
FORTH Interest Group, POB
1105, San Carlos. CA 94070.
(415) 962-8653.

• ARTISTIC GRASS ROOTS
Art, Computers and Education (ACE)
is a grass-roots group of artists,
teachers, technicians, software
developers, and art educators
that meets to discuss issues in
the arts and in art education in-
volving the use of computers.
Its newsletter contains inter-
views, software reviews, and
reviews of arts peripherals. A $5
membership fee per school
year entitles you to receive the
ACE newsletter. For details,
write to ACE, 3155 Avalon
Court, Palo Alto. CA 94306.

• HUG IN CONN

The Connecticut Heath Users
Group (CONNHUG) meets at 7
p.m. on the first Wednesday of
each month at the Heathkit
Electronic Center in Avon, Con-
necticut. The club maintains a
bulletin board at (203)

674-8915. By providing a forum
for information exchange,.
CONNHUG aims to educate in
the area of computer science,
particularly Heath/Zenith com-
puters. For further details, con-
tact CONNHUG, 395 West Main
St.. Avon, CT 06001, (203)
678-0323.

• GET INSIDE IRIS

The IRIS Users Group (indepen-
dent of Point 4 Data Corpora-
tion, which owns the IRIS
license) produces a quarterly
newsletter, Inside IRIS, that con-
tains educational and infor-
mative articles for more than
20,000 users. A BBS using the
IRIS (interactive real-time infor-
mation system) operating system
is on line at (303) 44X-CLUB. A
membership fee is $3 5 a year
and includes the newsletter. For
further information, call Doc
Gordon at (303) 449-7637,
Chauncey Taylor at (303)
663-1400, or write the IRIS
Users Group, 1531 North Lin-
coln Ave, Loveland. CO 80537.

• ASK THE ORACLE
Oracle Network Headquarters'
Silicon Valley Interchange
RCP/M (remote CP/M) bulletin-
board system is a nonprofit
public-domain system operating
24 hours a day. Running on a
CompuPro 816 with a 40-mega-
byte hard-disk drive. Oracle can
accommodate more than 2 500
on-line files of news releases,
communications, utilities, data
on 16-bit computers, and items
of interest to users of Apple,
Osborne, IBM PC, and Compu-
Pro. The 300- or 1200-bps
system's number is (408)
732-9190. Registration is re-
quired. Send a six-digit
password and a $2 5 annual
membership fee to Oracle Net-
work Headquarters. Silicon

Valley Interchange RCP/M, Attn:
Registration, POB 532, Cuper-
tino, CA 95015.

• "WORKSTEADER'S" FACT
SOURCE. The National Associa-
tion for the Cottage Industry is
a nonprofit association that pro-
vides the home-based business-
person with access to informa-
tion supporting "worksteading"
as a financially viable alter-
native. It sponsors quarterly
regional conferences and peri-
odic seminars. A related news-
letter. Mind Your Own Business At
Home, is available. Contact the
National Association for the
Cottage Industry, POB 14460,
Chicago. 1L 60614. (312)
472-8116.

• HAWKEYE AREA ATARI
USERS GROUP, Eastern Iowa
Atari owners have banded
together to form Hawkatari, a
users group that meets monthly
and produces a newsletter. A
library of public-domain soft-
ware is maintained and
members are encouraged to
submit their programs. New
members are welcome to join
for $6 a year. Contact J.K.
Wiese. Hawkatari, 2 565 22nd
Ave., Marion, IA 52302.

• ACES MEET IN THE SUN-
SHINE STATE. The lacksonville
Atari Computer Enthusiasts
(1ACE) is an independent users
group that meets regularly and
produces a newsletter that con-
tains reviews, program listings,
classified ads, and news. A $10
membership fee entitles Atari
owners to become members.
Sample newsletters are $1 each.
Contact JACE, 1187 Dunbar
Court. Orange Park. FL 32073.

• HOW TO EXPORT SOFT-
WARE. World Software Markets

CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS is a forum for letting BYTE readers know what is hap-
pening in the microcomputing community. Emphasis will be given to electronic bulletin-
board services, club-sponsored classes, community-help projects, field trips, and other
activities outside of routine meetings. Of course, we will continue to list new clubs, their
addresses and contact persons, and other information of interest. To list events on schedule,
we must receive your information at least four months in advance. Send information
to BYTE. Clubs & Newsletters. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

(WSM) are covered in The WSM
Newsletter, a monthly publication
from World Education Markets
Inc. It provides readers with in-
formation about overseas ex-
port and licensing opportunities
of software. This includes trends
and developments in home,
business, and school microcom-
puter markets. For details, con-
tact WSM. Garrett Park, MD
20896-0255.

• A SOURCE FOR COM-
PARATIVE PRICING, Computer
Price Alert is billed as a national
survey of computer and soft-
ware prices. Each issue reports
the three lowest prices on cer-
tain materials as the result of a
scan of several hundred dis-
count and mail-order firms. It in-
cludes a listing of vendors who
don't advertise elsewhere, thus
keeping overhead expenses
down. A one-year subscription
(20 issues) is $48; a trial
subscription (12 issues) is $36.
Club discounts are available. For
details, contact Computer Price
Alert. POB 574, Cambridge, MA
02238. (617) 354-8116.

• BRIEFS FOR COMPUTER
BUFFS. Owners of any brand of
computer who live in the
District of Columbia will benefit
from the resources outlined in a
monthly newsletter entitled
Home Computer Briefs. It features
articles on training, repairs, and
other services; a word-process-
ing column; a calendar of
events; reviews of microcom-
puter books; and a column for
readers to share experiences.
The information selected for the
contents of the newsletter is
designed to help disgruntled
users tap the full potential of
their equipment. A one-year
subscription is $18. Contact
Home Computer Briefs. Suite 1739,
3421 M St. NW, Washington, DC
20007, (202) 965-4428.

• NORTH COUNTRY
EDUCATORS UNITE, North Coun-
try Micro is produced five times
a year and brings together
almost 1 500 educators in the

(continued on page 92)

- — Circle 354 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 91

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CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS

(continued from page 91)
Franklin/Essex/Hamilton area of
northern New York state. They
work on common problems and
keep up on modern classroom
technology via editorials, ap-
plications of existing software to
education, reviews of hardware
and software, and updates on
what other school systems are
doing regarding computer
education. North Country Micro
contains bibliographies for fur-
ther study; subscriptions are
free. To inquire, contact Kirk
Peterson, Paul Smith's College
of Arts and Sciences, Paul
Smiths, NY 12970.

• CALIFORNIAN COM-
MODORIANS, The Orange
County 20-64 Users Club meets
at l p.m. on the fourth Saturday
of each month to discuss news
items and see presentations.
Separate libraries for the VIC-20
and the C-64 are maintained for
the members. A S24 annual
membership includes a sub-
scription to the computerized
newsletter. For details, contact
Burt Bonem, 1 12 12 Barclay Dr.,
Garden Grove, CA 92641, (714)
539-5909.

• THE USERS GROUP FOR PCjr
The User's Group offers IBM
PCjr owners up-to-date informa-
tion, new products, and support
via a newsletter and program
exchange. The User's Group will
publish a list of approved prod-
ucts based on its testing stan-
dards of reliability, ease of use,
and pricing. The membership
fee is $15 annually. For details,
contact Brian Gratz, The User's
Group, 4620 50th St. A-9, Lub-
bock, TX 79414, (806) 799-0327.

• MACINTOSH USERS UNITE
National Apple Pie is a clearing-
house for information and soft-
ware exchange for users of the
Apple Macintosh and Lisa com-
puters. The bimonthly newslet-
ter, MacinTouch. is free for
members seeking information
on seminars, meetings, work-
shops, new products, develop-
ments, and hands-on assistance.
Annual membership is $19. For
details, contact National Apple
Pie, Wayland Square, POB 3198,
Providence. RI 02906.

• RURAL RUCUS
Computer users who are
farmers and ranchers living in
remote areas can now ask high-
tech vendors questions about

computers, thanks to a newslet-
ter produced by the Rural Com-
puter Users Society (RUCUS).
Articles range from improving
gross revenue and methods of
scheduling to programs for the
school-age reader. The focus of
the newsletter is to help novices
figure out how to best use their
computers for business pur-
poses. Send for information
from RUCUS, POB 233,
Hamilton, VA 22068.

• INVEST WISELY

The American Association of
Microcomputer Investors (AAM1)
is an independent nonprofit
organization that provides infor-
mation to investors on how to
use their microcomputers for
profit in the stock, options, and
commodities markets, bonds,
real estate, and other invest-
ment opportunities. The AAMI
]ournal is produced bimonthly
and contains reviews of invest-
ment software and on-line
stock-market databases. A
quarterly directory updates in-
vestment software. Computer
programs, software discounts,
and study guides are also avail-
able to members. For further in-
formation, contact AAMI, POB
1384, Princeton. NI 06542, (609)
921-6494.

• WHEN OPPORTUNITY
KNOCKS, New members of the
Commodore Club receive a
copy of a booklet entitled, Cash
from Your Computer'. Members ex-
change software, programming
tips, and information. The
bimonthly newsletter, I/O, con-
tains technical columns, com-
puter applications, and other
topics related to the Com-
modore. Annual dues are $15
and include a newsletter
subscription. Send a self-
addressed, stamped envelope
to Joe Kamenar. 22 5J Dunbar
Lane, Horsham, PA 19044.

• SOFTWARE IS AN ISSUE
Software issues is an independent
quarterly newsletter for people
involved in the design, develop-
ment, purchase, maintenance, or
use of computer software. It ad-
dresses the development of
quality computer programs,
design and documentation
methods, user interfacing,
testing techniques, computer
literacy, and more. An annual
subscription is $12. Contact
GDW Associates, POB 142 58,
Clearwater, FL 34279. ■

92 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

Computer's
Choice.

Primage I

Sooner or later, you'll probably want to use your
business computer for word processing or data
communications applications. And if you let your
computer choose the best printer to provide
letter quality printing at high production speeds,
its first choice would be Primage I.

That's because when all the facts are entered,
the Primage I with PageMate I sheet feeder,
gives you more for your money than any other
daisy system— 45 cps, heavy duty, letter quality
printing, with automatic sheet feeder, for hun-
dreds of dollars less than its closest competitor.

The lower cost and higher performance are
all made possible by a totally new control tech-
nology that allows simple, inherently more
reliable stepping motors to run at much higher
speeds. The design eliminates lots of parts that

you find in other serial printers. Parts you don't
have to pay for and, just as important, parts you
don't have to maintain. Primage I features
simplified controls, easy paper feeding and a
wide choice of fonts. It also comes with a
unique 100-spoke daisy wheel that provides
switch selectable multiple languages, and an
easy access, easy set-up interface that connects
to popular PC's without special cable fittings.

When you compare Primage I with top quality
daisy printers and sheet feeders that cost up to
50% more, we're confident you'll make the
same choice your computer would. So come
into your computer dealer today for a first hand
demonstration. Or contact us for detailed
product literature. Primages Inc., 620 Johnson
Ave., Bohemia, NY 11716 (516) 567-8200.

PRIMAGES
INC.

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

]UNE 1984 -BYTE 93

EVENT QUEUE

}une 1984

• SOFTWARE ONLY
Info/Software, McCormick Place,
Chicago, IL. Mainframe and
mini- and microcomputer soft-
ware will be featured. Contact
Clapp & Poliak, 708 Third Ave.,
New York, NY 10017. (212)
370-1100 and 661-8410. June
12-14

• MEDICINE AND COMPUTERS
Clinical Laboratory Computers
Symposium 1984, Towsley
Center, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor.
Contact the Office of Continuing
Medical Education, Towsley
Center Box 057, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, MI 48109, (313) 763-
1400. June 13-15

• NECC NUMBER SIX

The Sixth Annual National Edu-
cational Computing Confer-
ence— NECC '84, University of
Dayton, OH. Papers, workshops,
and exhibits to improve
computer-based classroom in-
struction. Contact Lawrence A.
Jehn, Computer Science Depart-
ment, University of Dayton,
Dayton, OH 45469, (513)
229-3831. June 13-15

• PC IN SPOTLIGHT
PC-World Exposition, McCor-
mick Place West, Chicago, IL.
Contact Mitch Hall Associates,
POB 860, Westwood, MA
02090, (617) 329-8090.

June 13-15

• BYTE HOSTS COMPUTER
SHOW, BYTE Computer Show,
Convention Center, Los Angeles,
CA. Seminars, product displays,
and technical conference ses-
sions are some of the highlights
of this show sponsored by
BYTE and Popular Computing
magazines. Contact the Interface
Group, 300 First Ave., Needham,
MA 02194, (800) 325-3330; in
Massachusetts, (617) 449-6600.
June 14-17

• COMPUTING GERMAN
STYLE. International Computer
Show, Cologne, West Germany.
Seminars, workshops, and hard-
ware and software exhibits. Con-

tact Messe- und Ausstellungs-
Ges.m.b.H Koln, Messeplatz,
Postfach 210760, D-5000 Co-
logne 21, West Germany: tel:
(0221) 821-1; Telex: 8873 426 a
mua d. June 14-17

• VOICE/DATA ISSUES,
ANSWERS, Voice/Data Integra-
tion: Issues and Answers,
Newport Beach Marriott, CA.
Contact Bernie Ilson, 65 West
55th St., New York, NY 10019,
(800) 638-6590: in New York,
(212) 245-7950. June 15

• MIDWEST COMPUTER FAIR
The Ninth Annual Midwest Af-
filiation of Computer Clubs'
Computerfest '84, Convention
Center, Dayton, OH. Commercial
exhibits, computer and elec-
tronics fleamarket, seminars,
and mini-courses highlight this
event. Tickets are $6. Contact
Computerfest '84, POB 24505,
Dayton, OH 45424. June 15-17

• TECHNICAL WRITING
Writing for the Computer Indus-
try. Plymouth State College,
Plymouth, NH. Topics: how to
write computer-related text for
an international audience, elec-
tronic documentation, training
and linguistic style, and how to
integrate text and graphics. Con-
tact Dr. Sally Boland, 5 Reed
House, Plymouth State College,
Plymouth, NH 03264, (603) 536-
1550. June 16

• ACADEMIC COMPUTING
The Seventeenth Annual Associ-
ation for Small Computer Users
in Education Conference,
Western Kentucky University,
Bowling Green. Contact Dr.
Dudley Bryant, Western Ken-
tucky University, Bowling Green,
KY 42101, (502) 745-0111.

June 17-20

• INTRO TO FORTH PROGRAM-
MING, People, Computers, and
FORTH Programming, Humboldt

State University, Areata, CA. A
hands-on. introductory course
providing an understanding of
the interna] workings of FORTH
and enough knowledge to write
applications programs. Prior ex-
perience with a computer lan-
guage is advised. The fee is
$12 5 or $175 with three quarter
hours academic credit. Contact
Claire Duffey, Office of Continu-
ing Education. Humboldt State
University, Areata, CA 95521, or
call (707) 826-3731. June 18-21

• COMPUTERS AND BIOLOGY
The Fourth Annual Notre Dame
Short Course Series: Computers
in Biology, University of Nevada-
Reno. Three concurrent short
courses: "Computers in Bioedu-
cation," "Microcomputers in
Classroom and Laboratory," and
"Computerized Data Analysis in
Biological Research." Technical
expertise is not required. Tuition
is $450. Contact Theodore J.
Crovello, Biocomputing Short
Course Coordinator, Department
of Biology, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556.
(219) 239-7496. June 18-22

• ELECTRONIC OFFICE
CONCEPTS. Office Information
System Software, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cam-
bridge. The concepts behind the
design of multifunction office
workstations, including technolo-
gies, human factors, software,
and applications generators, will
be studied. Contact the Director
of the Summer Session, Room
E19-356, MIT. Cambridge, MA
02139. June 18-22

• DIGITAL MUSIC
TECHNIQUES, Experimental
Music Studio. Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology. Cam-
bridge. Two complementary ses-
sions: "Techniques of Digital
Audio Processing" and "Work-
shop in Computer Music Com-
position." The former, which

IF YOU WANT your organizations public activities listed in BYTE's Event Queue,
we need to know about them at least four months in advance. Send information about
computer conferences, seminars, workshops, and courses to BYTE, Event Queue, POB
372. Hancock. NH 03449.

runs from June 18-29, provides
a technical background and ex-
perience in digital sound-
synthesis methods. The latter,
which begins July 2, gives com-
posers the opportunity to ex-
periment with the computer as
a musical instrument. No special
technical knowledge is required.
Contact the Director of the
Summer Session, Room E19-
356, MIT, Cambridge. MA
02139. June 18-Ju/u 27

• THE OFFICE OF THE
FUTURE, Computerized Office
Equipment Expo/Office Informa-
tion Systems Conference—
COEE/OIS, O'Hare Exposition
Center, Rosemont, IL. Contact
COEE/OIS Program Coordinator,
Cahners Exposition Group,
Cahners Plaza, 1350 East Touhy
Ave., POB 5060, Des Plaines, IL
60018, (312) 299-9311.

June 19-21

• DOCUMENTATION METHODS
How to Document a Computer
System, Sheraton Commander
Hotel, Cambridge, MA. A series
of documentation procedures
will be presented. The fee is
$155 prepaid. Contact Technical
Communications Associates,
Suite 210, 12 50 Oakmead
Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94086,
(800) 227-3800, ext. 977; in Cali-
fornia, (408) 737-2665. June 20

• TECHNICAL PROGRAM IN
PRC, The First International Con-
ference on Computers and Ap-
plications, Fragrant Hill Hotel,
Peking, People's Republic of
China. More than 100 technical
papers will be delivered. Con-
tact IEEE Computer Society,
POB 639, Silver Spring, MD
20901. (301) 589-8142. lune
20-22

• COMPUTING IN NE FLORIDA
The Great Southern Computer
Show, Veterans Memorial Col-
iseum, Jacksonville, FL. Hard-
ware, software, peripherals, ac-
cessories, and word- and data-
processing exhibits comple-
mented by workshops and semi-
nars. Contact Great Southern

(continued on page 96)

94 B YTE • JUNE 1984

ANNOUNCING
VERSION 2.0

EXTENDED PASCAL FOR YOUR
IBM PC, PC jr., APPLE CP/M,
MSDOS, CP/M 86, CCP/M,
OR CP/M 80

"What I think the computer industry is headed for: well
documented, standard, plenty of good features, and a
reasonable price."

Jerry Pournelle,

Byte, February 1984

"The Perfect Pascal"
Alan R. Miller,

Interface Age, January 1984

If you already own Turbo
Pascal version 1.0, you can
upgrade to 2.0 for $29.95. Just
send in your old master with
your check. (Manual update
included of course).

NOW . . .

WITH

WINDOWING

$49.95

NEW FEATURES
WINDOWING!

. . . This is a real shocker. On the IBM PC or PC jr. you'll now
have a procedure to program windows. . . . Any part of the
screen can be selected as a window and all output will
automatically go to this part of the screen only. As many
windows as you please can be used from the same
program.

AUTOMATIC OVERLAYS!

. . . No addresses or memory space to calculate, you simply
specify OVERLAY and TURBO PASCAL will do the rest.

GRAPHICS, SOUND AND COLOR SUPPORT

...For your IBM PC or JR!

FULL HEAP MANAGEMENT!

. . . via dispose procedure.

OPTIONAL 8087 SUPPORT!

. . . Available for an additional charge.

If you have a 16 bit computer with the 8087 math
chip — your number crunching programs will execute up
to 1 0X faster!

ORDER YOUR COPY OF TURBO PASCAL VERSION 2.0 TODAY

For VISA and MasterCard orders call toll free: 1 -800-227-2400 x968

In CA: 1-800-772-2666x968

(lines open 24 hrs, 7 days a week)

Dealer & Distributor Inquiries welcome

408-438-8400

CHOOSE ONE (please add
$5.00 for shipping and handling
for U.S. orders)

Turbo Pascal 2.0 $49.95

Turbo Pascal 2.0 with

8087 support $89.95

Update (1.0 to 2.0) Must

be accompanied by the
original master $29.95

Update (1.0 to 8087) Must

be accompanied by the
original master $69.95

Money Order
MasterCard _

Shipped UPS

Check

VISA

Card#: _
Exp. date:

m BORlflflD

•)) INTERNATIONAL

Borland International
4113 Scotts Valley Drive
Scotts Valley, California 95066
TELEX: 172373

My system is: 8 bit 16 bit

Operating System: CP/M 80

CP/M 86 MSDOS PC DOS.

Computer:

Disk Format:

Please be sure model number & format are correct.

NAME:

ADDRESS:

CITY/STATE/ZIP:

TELEPHONE:

California residents add 6% sales tax Outside U.S.A. add $1 5.00. (If outside
of U.S.A. payment must be by bank draft payable in the U.S. and in U.S.
dollars.) Sorry, no C.O.D. or Purchase Orders. B15

Circle 130 on Inquiry card.

THE

u Sf

STOP

EVENT QUEUE

1 1421 Cariisle.fllb , NM

87110
(505) 255-3360

m mmm

^J^lLlL 1 "800-222-1 494

ORDER DESK HOURS a A.M. a 5 PM. MST Monday Broigti Friday and 10 to 4 ;

COMPUTERS

I In | ' i nil f

m wi

ZF 101-21 $2,199

ZFA121-22 $2,799

ZF 121-22 $2,899

F 111-32 $4,100

ZF 121-32 $4,379

FREE
MS-DOS & Lotus 1 , 2, 3
included with each ■

computer 1

PRINTERS

INFOSCRIBE

500 $940.00

700 $1345.00

1000 $1130.00

1100 ...... . $1230.00

1200 $1395.00

MPI

MPI-99 $ 599.00

MPI-150 $ 995.00

BLUE CHIP
BDC 40/15. . . $1,899.00
BDC 20/15. . . .$ 899.00
Manufactured by CGK, a wholly
owned subsidiary of Seimans

MONITORS

ZVM 1 23-2

swivel base. .

. .$ 15.00

ZVM 1 23 (C) . .

. $115.00

ZVM 1 22 (A) . .

. .$115.00

ZVM 1 24 (A) . .

. $169.00

ZVM 131

med. res. co. .

. $299.00

ZVM 435

high res. co. . .

. $475.00

TERMINALS

SOFTWARE ALSO AVAILABLE.
PLEASE CALL FOR QUOTES.

CALL FOR QUOTES

NEC TELEVIDEO AMDEK
ANADEX SEIKO QUME

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS: All items usually in stock. Castas Checks.
Money Odets, Fortune 1000 Checks and Government Checks, we immediately honor. Personal or other Company I

I Checks allow 20 days to clear. No C.O.D. Prices reflect 3% cash discount so ADO 3% to above prices tor VISA or
MC. For U.S. Mainland, add 3% tor shipping, insurance and handling (SI&H) by UPS with $5 minimum for SI&H. UPS
ground is standard so add 3% more for UPS Blue with $1 minimum tor SI&H. Add 1 2% total for SI&H for US Postal,
APO or FPO with $15 minimum for SI&H. For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in some areas only, all others are ]
Postal so call, write or specify Postal. Foreign orders except Canada for SI&H add 1 8% or $25 minimum for SI&H ex-

L cept fa monitors add 30% or $50 minimum for SI&H. Prices subject to charoe and typo errors, so call to verify.

(continued from page 94)
Computer Shows, POB 655,
Jacksonville, FL 32201, (904)
356-1044. ]une 21-23

• COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL
PRACTICE-MEDCOM 84, The
First National Conference on
Computers in Medical Practices,
Masonic Memorial Temple, Nob
Hill. San Francisco, CA. Twenty
educational sessions plus ex-
hibits and an investment-
planning seminar. Contact MED-
COM 84, 1803 Golden Cate,
San Francisco, CA 94115. (800)
468-2211; in California. (800)
445-2121 or (415) 931-0910.
]une 23-25

• GRAPHICS STANDARD
COURSE, Introduction to GKS.
Hyatt Regency Hotel, Austin,
TX. A course on the Graphical
Kernel System (GKS) standard.
The fee is $495. Contact Nova
Graphics International Corp.,
1015 Bee Cave Woods, Austin,
TX 78746. (512) 327-9300. June
2 5-26

• COMPUTATIONAL
METHODOLOGY, Conference on
the Forefronts of Large-scale
Computational Problems, Na-
tional Bureau of Standards,
Gaithersburg, MD The inter-
disciplinary application of large-
scale computing technology will
be addressed. The focus is on
complex problems that test the
limits of traditional experimental
and computational methodolo-
gies. Registration is $275. Con-
tact Wm. L. Schrader. FF '84,
Newman Laboratory, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
(607) 256-3455. June 25-27

• MICROS IN EDUCATION
Stanford Institute on Microcom-
puters in Education, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA. An in-
tensive session that provides
the background necessary to
serve as a school or district
resource person. Hands-on pro-
gramming, word processing, and
administrative computing. Con-
tact Stanford Institute on
Microcomputers in Education,
POB K. Stanford, CA 94305.
(415) 322-4640. June 25-Juty 27

• COMPUTERS IN DENTAL
PRACTICE-DENTCOM 84. The
First National Conference on
Computers in Dental Practices,
Masonic Memorial Temple, Nob
Hill, San Francisco, CA. Twenty
educational sessions plus ex-

hibits and an investment-
planning seminar. Contact
DENTCOM 84. 1803 Golden
Gate. San Francisco, CA 94115,
(800) 468-2211; in California.
(800) 445-2121 or (415) 931-
0910. }une 26-28

• SOFTWARE, SYSTEMS,
STRATEGIES, The 1984 Cor-
onado Invitational Conference
on Software, Systems, and
Strategies: The Next Five Years,
Hotel del Coronado, San Diego,
CA. Contact Gnostic Concepts
Inc., Suite 300, 951 Mariner's
Island Blvd., San Mateo, CA
94404, (415) 345-7400.

]une 26-28

• PC IN BIG APPLE
PCExpo, Coliseum, New York
City. IBM Personal Computer
hardware, software, and vendor
exhibits. Daily seminars. Contact
PCExpo, 333 Sylvan Ave., Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ 07632, (201J
569-8542. June 26-28

• FEDERAL COMPUTING EXPO
Government Computer Expo—
GCE84, Sheraton Washington
Hotel, Washington, DC. Work-
shops, exhibits, and technical
programs focusing on end-user
computing and applications.
Contact U.S. Professional
Development Institute, 1620
Elton Rd.. Silver Spring, MD
20903, (301) 445-4405.

]une 26-29

• LOGO CONVOCATION

Logo '84 Conference, Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge Four main themes,
Logo Learning, Learning En-
vironments, Technical Forecasts,
and Images of Future Work.
Product exhibits. Contact the
Special Events Office. Room
7-111, MIT, Cambridge, MA
02139. )une 26-29

• FORTH PROGRAMMING TIPS
Using FORTH Effectively, Hum-
boldt State University, Areata,
CA. A hands-on, advanced
course on the generation and
internal operations of a FORTH
system. A mastery of an in-
troductory FORTH course or a
minimum of six months using
FORTH and a knowledge of as-
sembly language and operating-
system principles are pre-
requisites. The fee is $150 or
$200 with three quarter hours
academic credit. Contact Claire
Duffey, Office of Continuing

(continued on page 101)

From Apple to Zilog,
Leave the Care and Feeding

of your Computer to Inmac.

Unique roll-top
file protects
120 floppies!

Our new file protects more
floppies than other files
that cost more.

The cover slides back and
"disappears" for instant access.
11 dividers keep disks vertical.

Order now for easy access to
over a hundred floppies.

Roll-Top Floppy File.
No. 2537-PT4 $39.95

Inmac PC turntable: lots of tilt & turn .
little $$$!

Inmac's compact PC monitor
turntable rotates and tilts your
monitor so you can work in glare-
free comfort.

It costs less than most, yet has
greater flexibility and looks terrific!

Rubber pads keep your monitor
secure. It fits most popular equipment. Let our
monitor tilt and swivel so you don't have to.
Call by noon, we'll ship it today!
PC Adjustable Turntable. No. 4850-PT4 $39.95

Covers protect IBM keyboard and drive.

These handsome covers preserve the sleek silhouette of your IBM PC
while shielding vulnerable areas from harmful dust and dirt.
The keyboard cover is made of durable smoke-tinted acrylic. The

drive cover blends with
the IBM's styling and has
a cushioned edge that
forms a dust-proof seal.

Order today and
protect your PC from

Drive Cover Set.
No. 2976-PT4 $19.95

Call toll-free 1-800-547-5444*

Ordering is easy as A-B-C. Fill out the postage-paid card opposite or call
toll-free. Verbal P. O.'s welcome. Visa, MasterCard. No minimum order.
Our friendly staff and technical experts will be glad to assist you.
Fast delivery. Call us by noon, we'll ship your order the same day. By
UPS or USPS. Overnight delivery available.

Double Protection Guarantee. If you're not completely satisfied, return
any product within 45 days for a full refund. All products shown here
have one year replacement guarantees.
*in California, call 1-800-547-5447.

Clean your
floppy drive
heads in
30 seconds . . .

Before oxide build-up shuts
your system down!

With a 60 cleaning capacity, at
less than a dollar each, our kit.
saves you as much as 62%
over other kits.

Order today and get over
a year of weekly cleanings.

Economy Size Clean
Cycle Kit for 5 l A" drives.
No. 7159-PT4 $45

Unique rack keeps Apple
manuals handy.

Our manual rack keeps your spiral bound software and computer
documentation at your fingertips where it's easy to find and use.
Clear acrylic rods slide through the spiral bindings of up to 8 books
as tall as 9W, You can easily add or remove manuals at any time.

The rack is angled for comfortable reading and quick flipping from
book to book. Holds all Apple and spiral bound manuals.

Order yours now. Once you try it, you'll wish we'd invented it
sooner!

Spiral Bound Manual Rack. No. 3720-PT4 $49.95

«*«

AP^

***>>*

i\*'

FREE INMAC
CATALOG.

For 2500 more great ways to feed and
care for your mini, micro or wp, call
today and we'll rush you the latest
edition. With paper, ribbons, cable,
media, g

modems,
and more.

TheTeleVideo IBM PC
The best hardware for

TeleVideo versus IBM. Make a few
simple comparisons and you'll find
there is no comparison.

RUNS IBM SOFTWARE.

With the TeleVideo" IBM Compatible
line— PC, XT and portable com-
puters—you'll get the most out of all
the most popular software written
for the IBM" PC -more than 3,000
programs.

Because every TeleVideo Personal
Computer offers the highest level of
IBM compatibility on the market

THE BEST HARDWARE FOR THE BEST PRICE

Features

Tele- PC

IBM PC

Tele-XT

IBM XT

Monitor

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

OPTIONAL

Screen Size

14"

12"

14"

12"

Tilt Screen

YES

Quiet Operation YES (NO FAN)

YES

Memory

128K

128K OPTION

256K

256K OPTION

Graphics Display
(640x200 resolution)

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

OPTIONAL

Printer Port

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

OPTIONAL

Communication Port

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

MS™-DOS/BASIC"

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

OPTIONAL

System Expansion Slot

YES

RGB and Video Port

YES

OPTIONAL

YES

OPTIONAL

Typical System Price

$2995

$3843

$4995

$5754

compatibles
the best software.

and has the standard — not optional
—features you need to take full
advantage of every job your software
can do.

Study the chart at the left. It
proves that TeleVideo— not IBM-
offers the best hardware for the
best price.

Note thatTeleVideo's ergonomic
superiority over IBM extends from
fully sculpted keys and a comfort-
able palm rest to a 14-inch, no glare
screen that tilts at a touch.

THE BEST MICROCHIPS.

What is perhaps most impressive
about the TeleVideo IBM PC Com-
patible can be found deep within
its circuitry. We use the same 8088
central processing unit that runs an
IBM PC. But we also employ new
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
microchips that are designed and
built exclusively for TeleVideo.
These interface more
efficiently with the
powerful 8088 and yield
numerous benefits.

THE BEST PORTABLE FOR THE BEST PRICE.

Features

TPCII

COMPAQ

High Capacity Storage

YES

2nd Disk Drive

YES

OPTIONAL

Quiet Operation (No Fan)

YES

Ergonomic Display

YES

Communication Port

YES

OPTIONAL

International Power Supply

YES

MS™-DOS2.TI

YES

Graphics Display

YES

Typical System Price

$2995

$3710

. For example, our tiny
custom chips do the
work of many of the larger,
"more expensive circuit boards in
an IBM PC. So we can offer a com-
puter system that comes in one
attractive, integrated case, is ready
to run and occupies less desk space.
A computer that edges out IBM's
added-cost component system for
reliability, ease of service and
purchase simplicity.

Fewer circuit boards to cool also
allowed us to eliminate the noisy,
irritating fan IBM and most other
PCs force you to put up with. And
TeleVideo compatibles accept

any IBM hardware options without
modification.

THE BEST LINE.

But theTele-PC is only one element
of the TeleVideo IBM PC Compatible
line.

The TeleVideo XT is the best hard-
ware for users of popular IBM XT
software who would appreciate an
extra 10 megabytes of storage
capacity along with the advantages
listed on the preceding chart.

As the chart above demonstrates, our
portable IBM compatible computer,
theTPC 1 1, is far and away better hard-
ware than COMPAQ™ Better hard-
ware—standard—at a better price.

THE BEST MANUFACTURER.

The TeleVideo IBM PC Compatible
line is made by the world leader
in multi-user computer systems
and the number one independent
manufacturer of terminals.

Our compatibles are available
at participating ComputerLand and
Entre (call 800-HI-ENTRE) dealers
or you may call 800-538-8725 for the
dealer nearest you. In California,
call 800-345-8008.

Before you invest, make a few
simple comparisons. You'll find that
TeleVideo— not IBM or COMPAQ
— has the best hardware for the best
software. At the best price.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines.
MS is a trademark of MicroSoft Corporation. CW Basic is a registered
trademark of MicroSoft Corporation, COMPAQ is a trademark of
COMPAQ Computer Corporation

TeleVideo

Personal Computers

©^TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

BUY A BANK FOR $1S.9S

The DiskBank Media Mate.

Media Mate 3 for new micro diskettes.
Media Mate 5 for 5%" diskettes.

Convenient easy-carry handle.

Introducing Media Mate... another
affordable solution in diskette filing
technology from DiskBank.

Media Mate combines an attractive
desktop appearance with superior
protection, organization and storing
capability for 50 diskettes. All at
a cost your budget will appreciate.

Available in sizes to accommodate
both 5V'and W diskettes, Media
Mate includes a fortress of features:

■ Sturdy, high impact styrene
construction

■ Attractive smoke see-thru
cover

■ Convenient adjustable tab
dividers

■ Self-locking cover with easy-
carry handle

■ Case on case stackability

For protecting, organizing and
storing your valuable diskettes, make
the little investment that pays off big.
Buy a Bank. Buy DiskBank.

DiskBank

AMARAY CORPORATION

2251 Grant Road, Los Altos, CA 94022
(415) 968-2840, Telex 171627 Amaray-Ltos

100 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

EVENT QUEUE

{continued from page 96)
Education. Humboldt State
University, Areata. CA 95521.
(707) 826-3731. )une 26-29

• MEDICINE AND COMPUTERS
Annual American Society of
Computers in Medicine and
Dentistry Conference. Lodge at
Vail, CO. An introduction to
computers for doctors and den-
tists and a forum for expanding
the use of computers. Contact
Arlene Rogers, ASCMD, POB
21483, Upper Arlington. OH
43221, (614) 421-8487. )une 28-30

July 1984

• WORKSHOPS FOR
EDUCATORS, Compuworkshops
Computer Seminars for Educa-
tors, various locations in Califor-
nia. Among the seminars of-
fered are Authoring Tools and
Word Processing for Educators,"
"BASIC Programming for Edu-
cators," and "Designing Edu-
cational Courseware." Each
course is $50. Contact Compu-
kids of Seal Beach, Rossmoor
Shopping Center. 12385 Seal
Beach Blvd.. Seal Beach, CA
90740, (213) 430-7226; in West
Los Angeles. (213) 473-8002; in
Tarzana, (213) 343-4008; and in
Rancho Bernardo/San Diego,
(619) 451-1742. )utu-August

• SME CONFERENCES &
EXPOS, Conferences and Ex-
positions from the Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, vari-
ous sites in the U.S. and around
the world. A calendar is avail-
able. Contact the Public Rela-
tions Department. Society of
Manufacturing Engineers, One
SME Dr.. POB 930, Dearborn,
Ml 48121. (313) 271-0777.
]uly-August

• C, UNIX COURSES
Courses in C Language and
UNIX, Concord, MA. Somers
Point, NJ. and College Park. MD.
Three five-day courses are of-
fered: "C Programming Work-
shop," "Advanced C Topics
Seminar," and "UNIX Work-
shop." Contact loan Hall, Plum
Hall Inc.. I Spruce Ave.. Cardiff,
N| 08232, (609) 927-3770.
]uly-August

• DBM SEMINARS

Digital Consulting Associates'
Classes and Seminars, various
sites in the U.S. Seminars and
classes on dBASE II. Lotus

1-2-3. database administration,
and other microcomputer
topics. Contact Digital Con-
sulting Associates Inc., 339
Salem St., Wakefield. MA 01880,
(617) 246-4850. Wly-August

• DATABASE SEMINARS
SoftwareBanc Seminars, various
sites in the U.S. and Canada.
Such seminars as "Problem
Solving with 1-2-3," "dBASE II."
and "Exploring UNIX" are
planned. Contact SoftwareBanc
Inc.. 661 Massachusetts Ave., Ar-
lington, MA 02174, (800) 451-

2 502; in Massachusetts, (617)
641-1241. }uly-August

• EFFICIENT COMPUTING
TECHNIQUES. Microcomputers:
Techniques for Improving Your
Computer Efficiency, Valley Inn
and Tavern, Waterville Valley,
NH. Four intensive two-day
seminars: "Microcomputers: Pro-
gramming in BASIC," "Introduc-
tion to VisiCalc," "Micro
Database Applications," and
"Engineering and Management
Applications." Tuition is $495. or
$679 with meals and lodging.
Contact New Hampshire Col-
lege. Resource Center, 2 500
North River Rd., Manchester.
NH 03104, (603) 668-2211, ext.
175. luly-September

• MANAGERIAL SEMINARS
Computer Competence Semi-
nars, Boston University Metro-
politan College, Boston, MA. A
series of hands-on presentations
tailored for managers who know
little or nothing about com-
puters and for those who wish
to sharpen their computing
skills. On the docket are "PCs
for Improving Financial Analysis
and Decision Support" and
"Personal Computers for Sales
and Marketing Professionals."
Fees range from $22 5 to $595.
In-house programs can be or-
ganized. Contact loan Merrick,
University Seminar Center, Suite
415, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut
Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.
)uly-September

• RAINBOW SEMINARS
All-Hands-On. Boston, MA,
Chicago, 1L, New York City, and
San Francisco, CA. A series of
applications seminars featuring
the DEC Rainbow 100. Contact
Carol Ericson, BUO/E50, Educa-
tional Services, Digital Equip-
ment Corp.. 12 Crosby Dr., Bed-

(continued on page 102)

makes

communication

simple

FOR PC DOS, CPM-86 and CPM Systems.

• SIMPLE TO INSTALL. MOVE-IT can be installed in
under 5 minutes by answering simple questions at the
console. Included is the set-up information for over 100
micros and 10 I/O boards.

• SIMPLE TO USE PROGRAM. MOVE-IT'S 20
commands allow you to auto-dial and access remote
information utilities, and bulletin boards, including
upload and download. Transfer files error free between
PC and other micros when both run MOVE-IT. Display
both local and remote directories . . . and a whole list
of other features.

• SIMPLE TO UNDERSTAND MANUAL. Complete 80
page manual is included. Over 8000 programs now in
use. "One of the few packages that actually works as
advertised," says Interface Age.

MOVE-IT program and manual suggested retail $1 50.
For CPM systems $125. Specify disk format and
operating sysem when ordering.

WOOLF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS INC.

6754 ETON AVE. CANOGA PK., CA 91303 (213) 703-8112

5 1 4 DISK CONTROLLER

KEY FEATURES

• Full sector buffering

• Logical sector addressing

• Multiple sector, cylinder operation

• 11 bit burst ECC

• Self-diagnostic capability

• Automatic sector alternation
for the diffective sectors

• Automatic Error Retry

• Industry Standurd SASI l/F

National Computer Ltd.

UASON OFFICE IN CALIFORNIA
PHONE:(4O8)734-10O6 FAX:(408)744-0709

AKEBONO BLDG. 2-6-12 IWAMOTO-CHO
CHIYODA-KU TOKKO, JAPAN
PHONE: (031863-6705 TLX:J27542
FAX: (03)864-4581

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE

101

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

COMPETITIVE EDGE

P.O. BOX 556 ORDERS 800-336-1410

PLYMOUTH, Ml 48170 INFO 313-451-0665

40 MEGABYTE HARD DISK SUB-SYSTEM AT 20MB PRICE $2595
DISK 3™ CONTROLLER, 40 MB HARD DISK, CP/M® 80 & 86, CAB & PS

READY TO RUN WITH ALL CompuPro® OPERATING SYSTEMS
COMPETITIVE EDGE S-100 BCTM & S-100 SCTM
BUSINESS COMPUTER & SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER

TYPE

RAM/HARD DISK
S-100-BC 286 5"
S-100 BC 186 5"
S-100-BC Z 8"
S-1'OO-BC 85/88
S-100-BC 68K 8"

TYPE

S-100-SC 286/287 5'
S-100-SC 86/87 5'

SINGLE USER 4 USER

266K 512K10MB

$3495 $5495
$1995 $4295
$2295 64K $4595 320K
$2895 64K $7595 40MB
$6699 40MB 256K STATIC

FLOPPY BASED

$4795 256K STATIC
$3895 256K STATIC

6 USER

8 USER +

768K 20MB

1024K40MB

$6995

$8195

$5795

$6995

$5995 448K

$7595 576K

$8750 40MB

$9895 40MB

40 MB HARD DISK BASED

$6995 256K STATIC

$6095 256K STATIC

COMPONENTS FROM CompuPro® , Lomas, Teletek

" Disk 3™w/ uP/M® 80&E"

Disk 1 A™
RAM 22™
SS1

CP/NP 68K™
CPU 85/88
SS1 CSC
ACT TERM
LIGHTNING 1
LIGHTN. 286
256K DRAM
0CTAP0RT8
SYSTEMASTER®
HD/CTC
40MB HD

$459
1155
297
242
327
363
55
420
1116
636
316

Disk 1 1

Ram 21™

I/O 3

RAM22CSC

CPU Z™

I/O 4 CSC

20 SLOT MB

10MH2L1

286/287

CC/PM86

GRAPHICS
557 SBC-1 4MHZ
499 6-128 SBC1
1595 53MB HD

$327
657
459

1287
215
363
195
520

1595
280
396

7TM

Ram 17

I/O 4

CPU86™CSC

DISK 1CSC

ENCLOS 2

12SLTMB

HAZITALL

RAM 67

MCCP/M86

THUNDER 186 256K
525 6MHZSBC1
733 13MB HD

$329
297
561
393
599
129
275
725
360

Ram 16™
CCP/M"> 86
CPU68 CSC
85/88 CSC
ENCLOS R
CPU 68K™
LDP 72
128KDRAM
MSDOS™ 211
CCP/M
695 SBC 2
795 27MB HD

$525

$359
242
561
393
639
459
220
396
225

1195
995

1195

1795 HD/CTC, 53MB HD, CAB & PS 2495

TERMINALS, PRINTERS, SOFTWARE, MODEMS

WYSE 50 $550

ZENITH Z29 675

EPSON FX80 499

F10 40 1095

DRI C 225

WYSE 75
TV 925
IDS P 80
F10 55
C.I. C

$650
749
969

1395
295

QUME102GR

TV 970

P 132 COLOR

C. I 1550

SPELLBINDER™

$539
1095
1495
675
295

QUME102AM
VISUAL 55
C. IT0H8510
1550 SERIAL
S-100 MODEM

$549
795
549
725
315

eglstced

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND SUBJECT TO STOCK ON HAND - CP/M, CC/M-86. MPfM ar
trademarks or trademarks of Digital Research, CompuPro* Is a Godbou! Company, Disk 1. Disk 1a. Disk 3, MRU 8 10, CP'M 8 16,
CCPiM 8-16 CPU 2 CPU B5IB6 CPU 6BK, CPU 86. RAM 22, RAM 21. RAM 17, RAM 16 are trademarks ol CompuPro'
Systemaster* is a registered trademark of Teleleh. Enterprises Inc. MSDOS Is a trademark of Microsoft Spellbinder Is a
trademark of Lexlsoft Inc.

;■;:

EVEN LOWER PRICES

for SERVICE,

SAVINGS, and SATISFACTION

Call for June Specials !

PRINTERS

Dynax 15X 439

Epson FX -100 679

FX-80 499

RX-80 FT 389

Gemini 10X 259

15X 389

NEC 3550 1829

2030 Call

Okidata92P 439

93P 747

Prowriter 349

HP Ink Jel 499

MONITORS

Amdek310A 159

300 135

Princeton HX 12 479

Sakata SCI OO Color 259

Taxan Amber 119

Vision 3 449

Zenith 123 12 Green 95

122 12 Amber. ...95
135 13 Color. ...459

MODEMS

Hayes1200 479

1200B 399

MM //e 249

300 baud 199

Novation Apple Cat 2.... 259

Promodem 1 200 SCALL

Signalman Mark I 81

Mark X 210

XII 279

VolksModem300baud .59

cippkz

//e

64KCPU, 2 Drives,

Controller, 80-Col

S SAVE $

NEW ARRIVAL!!

MACINTOSH. ..Call

MONTH'S SPECIALS

Juki 6100 $449

Gemini 10X...... SCALL

Gemini 1 5X $389

Word w/Mouse ...$269
Slim Line Drive

Apple/IBM $189

PC64K

2 Drives. Controller

Color & Monochrome,

Parallel Port

$2455

IBM XT $4295

Call for Special Deals !

APPLE PRODUCTS

Micro Sci A2 Drives 199

Rana Elite I 219

Teac Drive 210

Chinon Drive 189

Videx 80 col w/softswitch.1 89

Ultraterm 289

Grappler+ 119

Wesper Full Graphics 79

Buffered 16K....139

16K Ram 67

System Saver Fan 69

Microsoft Prem lie 289

SoftcardCPM.229

Multiplan 179

MAC Multiplan 139

Basic 109

Apricorn Serial Card 69

Koala Graphic Tablet 79

Z-80 Card 59

IBM PRODUCTS

Tandon TM 100-2 219

Panasonic 320K 179

Teac 55B 320K 189

STBGraphix Plus 259

RIO+ 259

Super RIO 279

Microsoft Multiplan 179

64K Ram 149

Flight Sim 39

Lotus 1-2-3 289

AST 6 Pak 269

Mega-h 269

Quadboard EK 219

WE SUPPORT THESE FINE SYSTEMS:
Altos, Apple, Columbia, Compaq,
Corona, DEC. Epson, IBM, KayPro,
Sanyo, TeleVideo, Zenith, Zorba, and

nany i

ore.

NO CLUB FEE

PRICES SUE

5/84

Computer Price

Club
714 841-6160

1 6783 Beach Blvd.
Huntington Beach, Cfi 92647

EVENT QUEUE

(continued from page 101)

ford, MA 01730, (617) 276-4572.

lulu-September

• DEC SEMINARS
Technical and Management
Seminars for Professionals, vari-
ous sites in the U.S. Subject
areas: system-performance man-
agement, networking, personal
computing, applications design
and programming, real-time ap-
plications design, and manage-
ment development. On-site
seminars can be arranged. Con-
tact Educational Services, Digital
Equipment Corp., Seminar Pro-
grams BUO/E58, 12 Crosby Dr.,
Bedford, MA 01730. (617) 276-
4949. luly-September

• HIGH-TECH TUTORIALS
Tutorial Short Courses from
Hellman Associates, various
sites in the U.S. Among the
courses offered are "VLSI
Design," "Digital Control," and
"Error Correction." Fees are
generally $895. Contact Hellman
Associates Inc., Suite 300, 299
California Ave.. Palo Alto. CA
94306, (415) 328-4091.
lulu-October

• PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Seminars from the Institute for
Professional Education, various
sites in the U.S. Programs in
statistics, management, simula-
tion and modeling, personal
computers, and computer
science. Contact the Institute for
Professional Education, POB
756, Arlington, VA 22216, (703)
527-8700. lulu-December

• COMMODORE DISSECTED
Commodore College '84, Bran-
don University, Manitoba, Can-
ada. Workshops on graphics,
sound, file handling, disk tech-
niques, and 6502 machine lan-
guage. Contact Faculty of Edu-
cation, Brandon University, Bran-
don, Manitoba R7A 6A9,
Canada, (204) 728-9520. July 1-6

• PC SHOW IN LONDON
The 1984 PC User Show,
Novotel, London, England.
Devoted to the IBM Personal
Computer. More than 100 ex-
hibits. Contact Geoff Dickinson.
EMAP International Exhibitions
Ltd., 8 Herbal Hill, London
EC1B 1PA, England; tel: 01 837
3699. ]uly 3-5

• WOMEN AND COMPUTING
The Third Annual National Con-

ference of the Association for
Women in Computing Confer-
ence, Holiday Inn Center Strip,
Las Vegas, NV. The conference
theme is "Choice or Chance in
Computing Careers." Contact
Patricia Timpanaro, AWCC '84
Registration, 40 Main St.
Number 206, Stoneham, MA
02180. lulu 8

• NCC

The 1984 National Computer
Conference— NCC, Convention
Center, Las Vegas, NV. Profes-
sional-development seminars,
more than 650 exhibits, and
nearly 100 technical sessions.
Contact the American Federa-
tion of Information Processing
Societies Inc., 1899 Preston
White Dr., Reston, VA 22091,
(703) 620-8926. lulu 9-12

• FIBER-OPTIC METHODS
Fiber and Integrated Optics, San
Diego. CA. Course topics:
single- and multimode fiber
cabling, photo detectors, re-
ceiver and repeater technology,
and optical-fiber sensors. The
fee is $875. Contact Continuing
Engineering Education, George
Washington University. Washing-
ton, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773;
in the District of Columbia,
(202) 676-6106. luly 9-13

• SPECIAL EDUCATION
INSTITUTE, Microcomputers in
Special Education: Today's Chal-
lenge, Lesley College. Cam-
bridge, MA. Subjects: Logo,
software evaluation, administra-
tive applications, and model
programs. Technical expertise
not required. Contact Joy Nikkei,
Lesley College, 29 Everett St.,
Cambridge, MA 02238, (617)
868-9600. luly 16-20

• SIMULATION CONFERENCE
Summer Computer Simulation
Conference-SCSC '84, Copley
Plaza Hotel, Boston, MA. Tech-
nical sessions, papers, panel
discussions, exhibits, and
tutorials. Contact Charles Pratt,
Simulation Councils Inc., POB
2228, La Jolla, CA 92038, (619)
459-3888. )uly 23-2 5

• SIGGRAPH

ACM SIGGRAPH '84, Minne-
apolis, MN. Technical papers,
panel discussions, a design
show, film and video presenta-
tions, and nearly 30 courses.
Contact SIGGRAPH '84 Confer-
ence Office. Ill East Wacker

(continued on page 104)

102 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

i iv^vv:

Choose From 3

Hard Disc Drive Systems
That Convert Your IBM* PC To
Perform Like The PC XT!

Our Winchester Hard Disc
Drive Systems offer 10
Mega-bytes of formated
capacity, are internally
installed and use
available power!

Maynard Electronics introduces three Winchester Hard Disc
Drive 5ystems — the only drive systems to offer you 10 Mega-
bytes of formatted capacity with complete internal installation!
These systems offer the user countless benefits and features:
capability of booting off the hard disc; additional functions
while requiring only one card slot in your PC; and, use of avail-
able power, thereby preventing overheating problems which
have affected other drives, handling heavyweight data was
never easier.

All three systems are quality engineered and worK with D05

2.0 without any special software drivers and also run with other
operating systems designed to maKe use of the XT hard drive
system. All you need is the IBM' D05 2.0 Manual and you're
ready to run!

Each system is equipped with a low-power hard disc drive,
complete software, cable, a 5and5tar™ Card and Hard Disc
Controller Module. 5and5tar™ is the first family of modular
peripherals created for the IBM* PC. Simple instructions for easy
installation are included and all components are backed by an
Unconditional One Year Parts and Labor Guarantee.

W5 1

W5 2

WS3

tHn -

, w t3L_. _■■■

This 5ystem 15 equipped with the 5and5tar ™ Multi-
function card In addition to the Hard Disc Controller
Module, you can add up to three other 5and5tar"
Modules while using only one card 5lot. The following
modules are available: 5enal Fort, Parallel Port Clock
Calendar, Game Adaptor, and Prototyping Module.

This System is equipped with the 5and5tar" Floppy
Drive Controller Card. The Card can control, in addition to
the Hard Disc Drive, two floppy drives mounted inside
your PC and optionally two additional 5Vo" or 8" drives
mounted externally. This leaves three system slots for
other expansion boards.

This System is equipped with the 5and5tar " Memory
Card. In addition to controlling the Hard Disc Drive, the
Memory Card allows you to add 64K bytes to 576K
bytes of memory using only one card slot.

xpand your PC to perform like the PC XT, one of our Winchester Hard
c Drive Systems is right for you. And if you have already made the
e decision to install any of Maynard's SandStar Cards, the
idStar Hard Disc Controller Module may be purchased separately.

ORDER, COHTACT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR DISTRIBUTOR.

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS

400 East 5emoran Blvd.
Casselberry, Florida 32707
305/331-6402

We make modern times better.

MOW!
Compatible

with
> COMPAQ!**

tr ^r hof y^o, t

LMC's
32 -Bit Virtual
Memory MegaMicro
Is The-State-Of-The-Art
UNIX Microcomputer

LMC's 32-bit MegaMicro provides mainframe
or super-minicomputer performance at prices com-
petitive with today's far less powerful 8- and 16-bit
microcomputers. This is made possible by use of
the next generation of logic chips— the National
Semiconductor 16000-series. LMC MegaMicros
incorporate: the NS16032 central processing unit
which has true 32-bit internal logic and internal data
path configured on the IEEE 796 multibus;
demand-paged virtual memory implemented in
hardware; and hardware 64-bit double-precision
floating-point arithmetic.

The LMC MegaMicro is supplied with HCR's
UNITY* which is a full implementation of UNIX**
and includes the Berkeley 4.1 enhancements to
take advantage of demand-paged virtual memory.
Also included are C and FORTRAN. Typical multi-
user systems with 33 megs, of fast (30 ms. average
access time) Winchester disk storage, a half meg.
of RAM, virtual memory, hardware floating-point
arithmetic, UNIX, C, and FORTRAN 77 are avail-
able for $20,000 (and even less with quantity or
OEM discounts).

* UNITY is a Trademark of Human Computing Resources.
"UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.

LMC MegaMicros The Logical Alternative™

iac

The Logical Microcomputer Company

4200 W. Diversey, Chicago, IL60639(312) 282.9667

111

A member of The Marmon Group of companies

EVENT QUEUE

(continued from page 102)

Dr.. Chicago, IL 60601, (312)

644-6610. )uly 23-27

• INTERFACING TIPS FOR
TEACHERS, Microcomputer-
based Instrumentation for
Schools, Middletown, OH. An
introductory, hands-on workshop
for college and secondary
teachers. Contact Bill Rouse. 301
McGuffey Hall. Miami University,
Oxford, OH 45056, (513) 529-
2141. My 23-August 2

• MICROS IN EDUCATION
Stanford Institute on Microcom-
puters in Education, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA. See
June 25-July 27. ]uly 30-August 31

August 1984

• SCHOOL COMPUTER
COORDINATORS, The Comput-
er: Extension of the Human
Mind, Center for Advanced
Technology in Education, Uni-
versity of Oregon, Eugene. For
individuals responsible for the
use of computers and emerging
technologies at the school and
district levels. Pre- and post-
conference workshops. Registra-
tion is $95. Contact Summer
Conference Office. College of
Education, University of Ore-
gon, Eugene, OR 97403.
August 1-3.

• SHOW FOR TARHEELS
Great Southern Computer Show,
Civic Center, Charlotte, NC
Hardware, software, peripherals,
and accessories for the home
and office. Seminars and work-
shops. Contact Great Southern
Computer Shows, POB 655,
Jacksonville, FL 32201, (904)

3 56-1044. August 2-4

• HOME AND OFFICE
The First Annual Tampa Bay
Computer Show & Office Equip-
ment Exposition, Curtis Hixon
Convention Center, Tampa, FL.
Hardware, software, accessories,
and peripherals for industry and
home. Contact CompuShows
Inc., POB 3315, Annapolis, MD
21403, (800) 368-2066; in An-
napolis. (301) 263-8044; in
Baltimore. 269- 7694; in the
District of Columbia, 261-1047.
August 2-5

• AI INVESTIGATED

The National Conference on Ar-
tificial Intelligence, Performing

Arts Center, University of Texas,
Austin. Seminars, exhibits, and
panel discussions. Registration
for American Association for
Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
members is $100; nonmembers
pay $140. Contact Claudia C.
Mazzetti, AAAI, 445 Burgess
Dr., Menlo Park, CA 94025,
(415) 328-3123. August 6-10

• COMPUTERS IN ENGINEER-
ING, The 1984 ASME Interna-
tional Computers in Engineering
Conference and Exhibit, Hilton
Hotel, Las Vegas, NV. More than
60 panel discussions and paper
sessions. Product exhibits. Con-
tact American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers, 345 East
47th St., New York, NY 10017,
(212) 705-7100. August 12-16

• MICROS & VOC ED
Microcomputers and High Tech-
nology in Vocational Education
Conference, Vocational Studies
Center, University of Wisconsin,
Madison. Concurrent sessions,
formal classes, presentations,
speeches, and videotaped pro-
grams. Preregistration fee is
$55, or $65 at the door. Con-
tact Dr. Judith Rodenstein, 964
Educational Sciences Building,
University of Wisconsin, 102 5
West Johnson St., Madison, Wl
53706, (608) 263-4367.

August 13-16

• COMPUTERS AND BIOLOGY,
The Fourth Annual Notre Dame
Short Course Series: Computers
in Biology, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, IN. See
June 18-22. August 13-17

• GRAPHICS & CONSTRUC-
TION, The Third International
Conference and Exposition on
Computers/Graphics in the
Building Process, BP '84, Embar-
cadero Center, Hyatt Regency,
San Francisco, CA. Tutorials,
plenaries, and technical sessions
will focus on the theme "The
Building Process in Transition.''
Contact Conference Director, BP
'84, Suite 333, 2033 M St. NW
Washington. DC 20036. (202)
775-9556. August 19-23

• PCB TECHNICAL SEMINAR
The 1984 Printed Circuit Fabri-
cation Technical Seminar, Bos-
ton, MA. Contact Donna
Esposito, PMS Industries. 62 5
Sims Industrial Blvd., Alpharetta,
GA 30201, (404) 475-1818.
August 27-29 ■

104 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

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VERSAPAYABLES™ $99.95

VERSA PAYABLES'" is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you
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VERSAPAYROLL" is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that
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VERSAlNVENTOftY™ $99.95

VERSA INVENTORY" is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access
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BYTE

Features

The HP 110

by Ezra Shapiro Ill

Trump Card, Part 2: Software

by Steve Garcia 115

Faster FORTH

by Ronald L Greene 127

An Ada Language Primer

by Sabina H. Saib 131

Macintosh Pascal

by G. Michael Vose 136

Build a Printer Buffer

by \ohn Bono 142

Apple FAX: Weather Maps on a
Video Screen

by Keith H. Sueher 146

Spreadsheet in BASIC

by Rodolfo Cerati 154

ALTHOUGH BYTE'S LOOK and organization change this month, the Feature section will
continue to offer a range of topics: previews of innovative machines and software, tech-
niques for using hardware and software, and in-depth explanations of how important
technologies work. We welcome Steve Ciarcia to the Feature section effective this issue.
The originality and diversity of Steve's popular construction projects rival those of some
large manufacturing companies.

West Coast editor Ezra Shapiro opens the Feature section this month with a preview of
the impressive Hewlett-Packard battery-powered portable computer, the HP 1 10. Small and
light, the HP 110 packs powerful software into its ROM, including Lotus 1-2-3 and a text
editor. The HP 1 10 accelerates the trend toward self-contained, truly personal (carry it with
you everywhere) productivity tools.

Next, Steve Ciarcia completes his tale about turning the IBM PC into a personal minicom-
puter. "I know BASIC" Steve recently said, "and I don't want to learn any other high-level
language." But Steve didn't resign himself to plodding through life at interpreter speeds.
The Z8000 Trump Card lets Steve run BASIC and other software on the IBM PC at lightning
speeds. This second and final part of the Trump Card article describes its software.

Ronald L. Greene follows with a lucid article that explains how macro substitution for
the executable portions of words can make subroutine-threaded compilers produce faster
code. Greene's article addresses reducing overhead in threaded interpreted languages and
shows how to make FORTH run faster.

The monolith called the Department of Defense has given us Agent Orange and the F-l 1 1
bomber in recent years. As of lanuary 1, 1984, it insists that Ada is the new computer language
of the military-industrial complex. Whether this is bad or good, we offer this month the
first installment of a two-part Ada primer written by Sabina H. Saib.

An interpreted version of Pascal will soon debut as Macintosh Pascal. Our product preview
reveals that a company called Think Technologies produced this full implementation of
the language combining BASIC'S interactiveness and Pascal's structure to provide a power-
ful teaching language.

We've put lohn Bono to work on the hardware front, designing a low-cost printer buffer
that you can build over a weekend. The result of lohn's effort is an article that'll help you
build a device that frees your computer from periods of servitude to your printer.

In what may develop into a technique we'll all use some day, Keith H. Sueker explains
how he receives radio-transmitted weather maps and displays the resulting data on a video
monitor using his Apple computer. His article, called "Apple FAX: Weather Maps on a Video
Screen," includes a screen photograph proving that the technique is a workable one. The
hardware needed is inexpensive and the software relatively simple.

After last month's look at structured, incrementally-compiled BASIC, this month Rodolfo
Cerati shows you how to write a spreadsheet in old-fashioned BASIC, in an article that reveals
some interesting programming techniques.

— G. Michael Vose. Senior Technical Editor. Features

JUNE 1984 'BYTE 109

PREVIEW

A light and powerful portable

IN THE BATTLE for dominance in the
growing market for lightweight,
battery-powered, briefcase-size port-
able computers, Hewlett-Packard has
unveiled its new model, the HP 1 10.
The unit is outwardly similar to many
of its competitors— it's about the size
of a metropolitan phone directory
and has a flip-up LCD (liquid-crystal
displayl screen that lifts to uncover a
typewriter-style keyboard. But two
aspects of the design philosophy
behind the 1 10 help set it apart from
the crowd.

First, the 1 10 s combination of
abundant internal memory and sili-
con-based software makes it an ex-
tremely satisfactory traveling com-
puter, freeing you from a large part
of the dependence on disks and
other cumbersome storage media.
Second, the HP 1 10 was seen from
the very first as the hub of an inte-
grated system of components, an

ideal that has been realized with the
concurrent announcement of related
products from Hewlett-Packard (see
photo II.

The guts of the computer are built
around the Harris 80C86. a CMOS
(complementary metal-oxide semi-
conductor) version of the popular
8086 microprocessor chip, running at
5.33 MHz (megahertz). Available
memory consists of 272K bytes of
CMOS RAM (random-access read/
write memoryl, which you can divide
between system RAM and electronic-
disk emulation, and a whopping
384K bytes of CMOS ROM (read-only
memory). System RAM can range
from a minimum of 96K bytes to a
llnl continued on page 1121

Ezra Shapiro is a technical editor ai BYTE's
West Coast bureau. He can he reached at
McGraw-Hill, 42 5 Batteni St.. San Fran-
cisco. CA 94 1 1 1 .

by Ezra Shapiro

PHOTOGRAPHED BY PAUL AVIS

AT A GLANCE

Name

HP 110

Type

Portable computer with built-in 300-bps
modem

Manufacturer

Hewlett-Packard Corporation
11000 Wolfe Rd.
Cupertino, CA 95014
(800) 367-4772

Processor

Harris CMOS 80C86

Memory

272K bytes CMOS RAM. user-definable as
RAM or solid-state disk; 384K bytes CMOS
ROM

Data Storage

RAM-based disk emulator: no internal
drives

Size

13 by 10 by 3 inches: 9 pounds

Display

LCD, 16 lines by 80 characters; graphics
resolution. 480 by 128 pixels

Power Supply

Rechargeable lead-acid batteries, rated 20
hours

Software Provided

MS-DOS 2.01, Personal Applications
Manager, Lotus 1-2-3, Memomaker (word
processor), terminal and communications
packages

Price

$2995

Options

Thinkjet (HP 2225B) ink-jet printer. HP 9114
single 3'/2-inch disk drive. IBM PC/HPIL
interface card with HPLINK software,
various Hewlett-Packard interface converters

(tot continued from page 111)
maximum of 256K bytes. Onboard
ROM contains an assortment of soft-
ware, including HP's Personal Applica-
tions Manager (a shell-style user inter-
face). MS-DOS version 2.01 (the oper-
ating system itself plus a collection of
utilities for file management, directory
maintenance, disk formatting, etc.).
Lotus 1-2-3. Memomaker (a simple
word-processing program), and a timer/
alarm program. Also contained in ROM
is the communications software to drive
the computer's three output ports: an
RS-2 32C serial interface, a proprietary
HPIL (Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop)
interface, and a built-in 300-bps (bits per
second) modem that accepts a standard
phone plug (see photo 2). There is no
internal disk storage, but the battery-
powered CMOS chips are essentially
nonvolatile; that is, you can turn off the
display and come back to the computer
a week later and pick up exactly where
you left off.

Hewlett-Packard manufactures its own
CMOS ROM and RAM chips at Corval-
lis, Oregon, home of the division that
has been producing hand-held com-
puters and calculators for several years.
Designers of the 110 took advantage of
this facility to engineer two other CMOS
chips for this project: an LCD controller
with 8K bytes of display ROM, software
fonts for the character generator, and '
bit-mapping for graphics: and another
8K-byte ROM chip, known as "the kitch-
en sink," that includes the timer, inter-
rupts, serial port, and keyboard inter-
face. These efforts resulted in a main
printed-circuit board and an I/O (input/
output) board with lower chip counts
than you might expect. The final boards
are not tightly packed: descendants of
the 110 will have room for more in-
teresting goodies.

The display is an 80-character by
16-line LCD, though the large expanse
of plastic bezel around the screen sug-
gests the possibility of a bigger display
in the indeterminate future. In fact, HP
engineers commented that they had
looked at 24-line screens but had de-
cided that product reliability and image
quality were still too uncertain to make
them acceptable at this time. You can
select two character fonts: Hewlett-
Packard's and an alternate set compat-
ible with that of the IBM Personal Com-
puter (PC). You can program the display
in graphics mode as a grid of 480 by
128 pixels (picture elements). This is
relatively high resolution, particularly
for an LCD, and is suitable for most
types of business graphics. Brightness
(actually, darkness in this case) can be

controlled with a single key on the right
side of the keyboard. Characters and
graphics are sharp, and screen updates
are quite rapid.

The 110s keyboard is laid out in the
standard Selectric format (i.e., the Return
and Shift keys are in the old familiar
locations) and has a full complement of
computer keys: Control, Break/Stop,
Escape/Delete, Caps Lock, and Print/
Enter. A key labeled "Extend char" gen-
erates a non-ASCII (American National
Standard Code for Information Inter-
change) character and is equivalent to
the Alt key of the IBM PC. An additional
row of keys along the top of the key-
board includes eight soft (determined
by individual programs) function keys,
two menu keys that generate or remove
a map of the function keys from the bot-
tom three lines of the screen, a Select
key that chooses a highlighted option
within a program, and four cursor-
movement keys. There is no separate
numeric keypad.

The rechargeable lead-acid batteries
that power the 1 10 are rated at 20 hours
of continuous use. In actual practice, the
1.10 can go for a week or more of
sporadic use before the batteries
become dangerously weak. The system
is designed to preserve memory at all
costs. The display is the major power
drain, and the computer shuts it off at
a preset interval of inactivity; you can
choose an interval of anywhere from 30
seconds to 30 minutes. When the bat-
teries reach 5 percent of capacity, the
1 10 refuses to turn on the display until
they've been recharged. If the 1 10 is not
used at all, you can expect a couple of
months on a single charge.

The unit is a compact device with a
high-impact molded plastic shell, mea-
suring 13 by 10 by 3 inches (closed); its
color is the typical nondescript off-
white. It weighs in at 9 pounds. The
basic package includes a plug-in re-
charger (similar to those used for other
portable products) and a black vinyl car-
rying case with a handle and a wide, ad-
justable shoulder strap.

The HP 1 10 is tested to rather severe
standards. However, the Hewlett-
Packard quality-control staff stresses
that these are goals rather than ab-
solute guarantees for each machine:
to 50 degrees Celsius for operation,
-25 to 5 5 degrees for storage, and 95
percent humidity for five days at 40
degrees. The units are also put through
condensation, moisture absorption, and
rapid temperature cycling tests. HP 1 10s
have withstood altitudes of 50,000 feet
and forces of 100 G on all axes. The fact
that there are no sensitive internal

112 B YTE • IUNE 1984

drives— no moving parts at all. with the
exception of the keys and the lid hinges
and latches— makes the 1 10 an extreme-
ly rugged computer. All units must pass
FCC Class B limits on electromagnetic
interference; Hewlett-Packard is working
with the FAA to end the controversy
over computer use on commercial air-
liners and to establish hard, published
standards for portable computer
radiation.

The Software

When you first open the HP 110, the
screen is blank; pressing any key activ-
ates the display. The first time you use
the computer, you will see Hewlett-
Packard's Personal Applications Man-
ager (PAM), modified somewhat from
the original version distributed with the
HP 1 50 touchscreen personal computer
(see photo 3). Subsequently, turning on
the display returns you to where you
were the last time you used the com-
puter. PAM is an operating-system shell;
most file manipulation and system con-
figuration is accomplished through
PAM's main or subsidiary menus.

The initial PAM screen shows a num-
ber of important status items: date, time,
remaining battery life, and space avail-
able on the electronic disk drive (called
the A: drive). Most of the display is used
to show the applications you can run.
At the outset, these applications are
those programs resident in ROM (called
the B: drive); if at some point you load
programs into the RAM disk, those pro-
grams are also displayed on the screen.
Moving the cursor to a program and
pressing either the first function key
(Start Applic) or the Select key loads
and runs the program. Data files are not
listed.

The second function key (File Man-
ager) leads to a secondary shell. The
File Manager displays all the files in the
default directory and a list of alternate
directories. On this screen, the function
keys enable you to print or delete a file
or a directory, create a new directory
(following MS-DOS path rules), choose
a new directory to display, copy a file,
rename a file, or format a new disk
(more on this later in the section on
peripherals). The File Manager serves as
the shell for most of the MS-DOS main-
tenance commands.

The third function key (Clock Config)
provides access to the clock configura-
tion commands, letting you reset the
time and the date. The fourth key
(Reread Discs) rescans the directories
and updates the PAM screen. The fifth
function key (Datacom Config) leads to
a menu for setting the parameters (com-

munications rate, word length, stop bits,
parity, protocol) for the HPIL interface
and either the modem or the RS-2 32C
serial port (you can't run these two out-
puts simultaneously).

The sixth function key brings up the
system configuration menu (see photo
4). Here, you can allocate system mem-
ory and RAM-disk space, indicate the
number of external disk drives plugged
into the computer, select a read-after-
write verification of disk action, set the
display time-out interval, choose be-
tween a block or an underscore cursor,
select the character set, determine the
length of the warning beep, and con-
figure the printer interface.

Pressing the seventh key, either from
the main PAM menu or from any of the
secondary menus, produces a menu for
a series of detailed Help screens on all
operations of the HP 1 10 (see photo 5).
The eighth key returns you to the main
menu from a secondary menu; if ac-

tivated from the main menu, the key
shuts off the display.

The four applications programs listed
by PAM include Memomaker, Lotus
1-2-3, Terminal, and DOS Commands.
Memomaker is a rudimentary word pro-
cessor developed by Hewlett-Packard
for quick notes, brief business corres-
pondence, and ASCII program script
files (such as the scripts PAM uses to
trigger the alarm or run a program at
a specific date and time). If you're ac-
customed to working with a full-fledged
word-processing program, you might
find Memomaker severely lacking in so-
phistication, particularly when it comes
to formatted output.

Lotus 1-2-3, on the other hand, is a
delight to use (see photo 6). Maximum
system memory enables use of a
spreadsheet with 2048 by 512 cells, cer-
tainly more than adequate for most
modeling problems. Because everything
(text continued on page 414)

Photo 1: The HP .110 links to two optional battery-powered peripherals, the HP 2225B
ink-jet dot-matrix printer and the HP 9114 single VA-inch disk drive.

Photo 2: The back view of the HP 110. Shown from left to right are the two connections
for the HPIL serial interface, the socket for the plug-in recharger, a nine-pin RS-232C port.
and a modular phone jack for the internal modem. The removable panel in the center
provides access to the lead-acid batteries.

IUNE 1984 • BYTE 113

With Microf azer, you
could be doing this...

While your pri
doing thii

Drinter is
his.

i 2 1 3 I 4 i 5 i 6

JTHTI

r oersonc.
Except when you're
printing. Then it doesn't work
at all. And when your
computer's not working you're
stuck waiting. But with

Mirrnf:a7Pr thprp'c; nn more

. ivin-i ui ui-^i 1-j \_ 1 1 tr pi II 1 1

buffer that frees your computer.

So you can compute and print at
the same time.

Compute while you print

Microfazer stores data from your
computer, then sends it to ja
the printer at an appropriate II
speed. Because Microfazer 1 1
remembers exactly what ■»'

can get back to business fast.
This makes Microfazer perfect
for any buffer task: word
processing, complicated
Graphics, vou name it.

But Microfazer remembers
more...

Microfazer remembers to give

you the hardware features
you're looking for in a print
buffer. Features that include
memory expansion to 51 2K.

MICROFAZER
BY QUADRAM

PAUbL. ana luky functions.
Plus a choice of serial or parallel
interfaces (or combinations of
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The perfect system buffer

Microfazer goes with printers
and plotters to make it the
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And Microfazer's price makes

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^So stop waiting on your
printer. Get Microfazer
— ™ and compute while you
I n print. Microfazer. The

er that remembers

QUADRAM i

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'jauADRMn ohjty;

©Copyright 1984 Quadram Corporation. All rights reserved.
Circle 275 on inquiry card.

4355 International Blvd./Norcross. Ga. 30093
(404) 923-6666/TWX 810-766-4915 (QUADRAM NCRS)
International Offices

Chevco Computing • 6581 KilimatRoad #14
Mississauga Ontario. Canada L5N-2X5 • 416-821-7600

CIARCIAS
CIRCUIT CELLAR

Trump Card
Part 2: Software

TBASIC and

C compilers

and an

by Steve Garcia

Last month, we looked at the hardware
of the Trump Card, a coprocessor
board for use with the IBM Personal
Computer (PC) or compatible computers. The
presentation centered mainly on the Zilog
Z8000's processor architecture, the support
assembler c > rcu itry, and the interface between the Z8000
and the Intel 8088. But the power of the
Trump Card can be unleashed only by the
right software. This month, I'll describe the col-
lection of software I've assembled for the
Trump Card from several sources— most of it
designed to support further program devel-
opment. Let's first quickly review the features
of the Trump Card.

What is the Trump Card?

The Trump Card (see photo 1) is a printed-
circuit board that plugs into any I/O (input/out-
put) expansion slot of an IBM PC. an IBM PC
XT, or any computer compatible with them.
It contains a Zilog Z8001 16-/16-bit micropro-
cessor (the memory-segmented version of the
Z8000) running at 10 MHz and up to 512K
bytes of RAM (random-access read/write
memory). The Trump Card communicates with
the PC's built-in 8088 processor through a
2 56-byte FIFO (first-in/first-out) buffer.

A variety of software is available for the
Trump Card. The most important, from my
point of view, is the language system for its
special version of BASIC. As you would
expect, the Trump Card's TBASIC compiler
excels at making user programs run fast, but
it's also so easy to use that it makes some
interpreted versions of BASIC look clumsy.
The source language accepted by the TBASIC
compiler is nearly identical with that of the
IBM PC's Advanced BASIC interpreter
(BAS1CA) and includes a few enhancements,
such as compilation of programs larger than
64 K bytes.

Other software included with the Trump
Card follows:

• CP/M-80 emulator. The Trump Card can
run programs designed to run under
Digital Research's CP/M-80 DOS (disk
operating system) by emulating the 8-bit
Z80 instruction set and DOS calls. No

special file headers or instruc-
tion-translation programs are required.

• C compiler. The source language ac-
cepted by this compiler follows that of Ker-
nighan and Ritchie with a few minor dif-
ferences (see reference 6).

• Screen editor. Incorporating many of the
features normally found only in word-pro-
cessing packages, the screen editor, called
EE, enables you to write or examine ASCII
(American National Standard Code for In-
formation Interchange) text files for use
either with the Trump Card or in the nor-
mal IBM PC environment.

• Y multilevel-language compiler. The
unusual Y language system is essentially
a structured assembler that enables
Pascal-like control constructs and data
types, arithmetic expressions with
automatic or specified allocations of
registers, and procedure calls with
parameter passing.

• Debugger. With the debugger, you can
examine and replace the contents of
memory and registers, set breakpoints, or
single-step through programs. Intended to
aid in program development, the debug-
ger is an integral part of Y

• Semiconductor disk emulator. Under
versions of PC-DOS equal to or higher
than 2.0, Trump Card can allocate 128K to
387K bytes of its on-board RAM to func-
tion as a RAM disk or disk emulator. This
memory is separate from the memory
already existing on the PC's motherboard
or other expansion boards and resides in
the Z8000's separate address space. The
Trump Card can run another function con-
currently with the disk emulator.

{text continued on page 1 16)

984 Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights

Steve Ciarcia [pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is an elec-
tronics engineer and computer consultant with experience
in process control, digital design, nuclear instrumenta-
tion, and product development. In addition to writing
for BYTE, he has published several books. He can be
contacted at POB 582, Glastonbury. CT 06033.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 115

:: :: :: ::: , i::»i::'i:: , i:::qr;ns::5 , i:: , i:::^J , i::i i
:: :: :: :: :: :: ::|f::J::|I::[t::ii::i|:: : :i

li II li li ii llh!Kliii(liilli|ll(lfll I

:: :: ?:: *:; :: iSS > iS'* l iS't , is , s t is:« i iS:s s iS

• ■ t « • , E t i ■ ' • » - • i •i».ii ii ■

• • •' •■ •• i< • i • * « i ii « i • ■ •

U +*,±i :,

• itit. • i { f ■ i ■««« *i •■ ii i ■
■ > ii • i ♦ i i t ■ i , i i , t ' _ .

: i:?:::^!

TBASIC is g new

version 0/ the

BASIC language

that looks like an

interpreter and

executes like

a compiler.

Photo 1: The soldered prototype printed-circuit version of Trump Card. RAM sockets are at
left. EPROMs are top center, and the Z8001 and support chips fill the remainder of the
board.

(text continued from page 1 1 5)

Bringing the Trump Card Up

To initialize the Trump Card, run a pro-
gram called LDZSYS.COM from PC-DOS.
When it has completed setting up the
Trump Card and installing the device
driver needed by PC-DOS to communi-
cate with it, LDZSYS returns control to
PC-DOS and the host 8088 processor,
with the Z8000 awaiting further instruc-
tions. Example 1 in the text box on page
118 contains examples of this and other
typical user commands (in italics) and
the system's response (in roman type).
The operation of the Trump Card is
transparent to programs running on the
host 8088. (If you think that you will
always want the Trump Card's capabili-
ties available, you can add a line con-
taining LDZSYS to your PC-DOS AUTO-
EXEC.BAT file.)

To begin using the Trump Card, ex-
ecute the "go" program, G.COM (G).
When the Z8000 has control of the sys-
tem, it returns with a colon prompt, as
the fourth line of example 1 shows, in-
dicating that the Z8000 is ready to ac-
cept commands. The text box also
shows the command format for editing
and compiling files and programs, which
may be stored on the same disk used
to boot PC-DOS.

INTERPRETERS VERSUS COMPILERS

As 1 said last month, a chief cause for
my building the Trump Card was a feel-
ing of frustration with the slowness of
BASIC interpreters. I had, of course, con-
sidered using an off-the-shelf BASIC
compiler to speed up my programs, but
1 did not relish all the overhead opera-
tions required by the compilers 1 had
seen, such as Microsoft's BASIC
compiler.

The typical compiler requires three
separate operations to run a BASIC pro-
gram. First, the program source code
must be written using an editor pro-
gram. Next, the ASCII program text
from the editor is compiled into object
code and stored in a disk file, which
often takes several minutes. Finally, the
special BASIC run-time processor is
loaded from the disk to supervise ex-
ecution of the object program. At last,
the program does its thing.

Interpreters, for all their inefficiency
of execution, do have one important
benefit: you quickly can add a line to
your program and type RUN to see its
effect. But if you want to change a line
in a compiled program, it's back to the
editor and all the way through the pro-
cess again. So when you finally have
your debugged, compiled program, it
may indeed execute 100 times faster
than under an interpreted one, but it
may have taken you 10 times as long to
get it running right. I think this is one
reason BASIC compilers are not in wider
use.

To counter this criticism, compiler
manufacturers suggest developing code
on an interpreted BASIC first and then
compiling it. Such a suggestion, while
valid, ignores the reason for a compiler
in the first place. If a hundredfold in-
crease in speed is necessary to achieve
a program's objective, it hardly makes
sense that to write and test the original
program you must wait 100 times longer
each time you must run it.

The answer seemed relatively trivial
to me— simply write a version of BASIC
that looks like an interpreter and ex-
ecutes like a compiler. The result is
TBASIC.

The Trump Card's TBASIC language
system is a BASIC compiler that offers

116 BYTE- IUNE 1984

significantly faster execution of BASIC
programs than does a BASIC inter-
preter, while furnishing an operating en-
vironment much like that of an inter-
preter. TBASIC bridges the gap between
traditional BASIC interpreters, which
have built-in editors and are known for
ease of use, and typical BASIC com-
pilers, which produce rather efficient
object code but can be difficult to work
with. TBASIC's extremely fast compila-
tion times and its capability for
immediate-mode execution make work-
ing with it as easy as working with a
friendly but slow interpreted BASIC, but
the resulting programs run with the
speed of a compiler. Unlike other com-
pilers, the object code is not written in-
to a disk file before execution (unless
you request it). Therefore, no long
delays are needed. When you load the
file into the Trump Card, TBASIC com-
piles the program in a few tenths of a
second.

Most programs that will run under the
IBM PC's BASICA interpreter can be fed
into TBASIC for compilation. You can
use either the Trump Card's EE screen
editor or the BASICA editor to write the
programs. But if you then run the same
program under both BASICA and
TBASIC, depending upon the instruc-
tions you use, you will notice an in-
crease in program performance by a
factor of anywhere from 7 to 100. A
listing of TBASIC's keywords is shown in
table 1. TBASIC also supports most of
BASICAs color and graphics commands
(see photo 2).

Line numbers aren't required in the
source code of programs written for
TBASIC except where a line is to be
referenced elsewhere in the program;
for example, the destination of a GOTO
or GOSUB statement would need a line
number. Although not requiring them,
TBASIC certainly allows line numbers on
every line, so existing BASICA source
code will run under TBASIC, to the ex-
tent that the program is compatible with
TBASIC's syntax. Such programs can im-
mediately benefit from the increase in
performance provided by TBASIC.

The development of a program using
a BASIC interpreter occurs in two
modes: editing the program and run-
ning it. Developing a program with
TBASIC involves three modes: editing,
compiling, and running. Obviously, the
only difference is compilation, which is
invoked on the Trump Card by the DO
command; once the program has been
compiled, the familiar RUN command
executes it.

Example 2 on page 118 shows some
examples of the kind of interaction that

occurs when you use TBASIC: how to
enter a program using the EE editor,
compile it. and run the compiled pro-
gram. In the text box, input by the user
is shown in italic type while the system's
prompts and output are shown in
roman characters.

During compilation of a program,
error messages are issued each time an
error is encountered. The line of the
source file in which the error was
detected is displayed; in some cases, an
error message is also displayed. After
an error is found and displayed, com-
pilation continues and any other errors
found also will be displayed. When the
compilation has been completed, a list
of any undefined symbols also may be
output, in which case the program
should not be run.

TBASIC Programs

Three methods can be used for enter-
ing program statements into the system
for compilation under TBASIC. The first
is to use the Trump Card's built-in EE
screen editor, as mentioned previously
(see photo 3). A second method is to
enter the statements using TBASIC's
direct-entry mode. The third choice is
to enter and test the program using the
computer's regular BASICA interpreter
and then run it for effect using TBASIC.

The three methods may be used inter-
changeably.

Example 3 shows an example of these
functions with a minimally modified ver-
sion of the Sieve of Eratosthenes pro-
gram often used as a system benchmark
(see references 4 and 5). A program
called SIEVE. S was previously written in
BASICA and stored as an ASCII file on
the disk in drive B.

Suppose you want to run the program
under both BASICA and TBASIC while
recording how long it takes to be ex-
ecuted. You could use a stopwatch, but
it's easier to add a few more program
lines that record the starting and end-
ing times automatically by calling the
TIMES function. It's possible to invoke
the editor directly from TBASIC. as
shown in example 3, to add two lines.
And you can see that TBASIC took
about 2 seconds to run the modified
program as measured by the internal
clock.

The program changes quickly were
added and executed, and, when you left
the editor with a QU command, the file
SIEVE.S on drive B was updated to con-
tain the TIMES-function statements.
After running the slightly revised pro-
gram under BASICA, you see that it
takes 202 seconds, around 100 times as
(text continued on page 118)

Photo 2: Color (2a) and graphics (2b) tests demonstrate TBASIC's support of
color/graphics commands normally associated with BASICA.

Photo 3: Programs in BASICA (3a) and in C (3b) can be written for Trump Card or
the PC by using Trump Card's built-in EE editor.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE

117

{text continued from page 117)

long. Now consider the aggravation of
making changes in programs that take
this long to run and waiting for the
results each time. Perhaps you now
understand why I built the Trump Card.
If you're interested in how fast some

TBASIC speeds up
development and
debugging as well
as execution.

other computers and BASIC systems ex-
ecuted essentially the same program,
see table 2. Another program that dem-
onstrates how TBASIC speeds things up
is the simple looping benchmark shown
in listing 1. The results are shown in
table 3.

Not all programs run a hundred times
faster in TBASIC. The Sieve program
purposely uses integer arithmetic and
avoids difficult floating-point calcula-
tions. But we can get an idea of floating-
point performance from the simple
benchmark routine of listing 2. In this
program, TBASIC takes 3.2 seconds
while BASICA takes 24.2. This bench-
mark shows the wide variation in per-
formance you can expect from a dif-
ferent mix of statements.

Of course, most other BASIC com-
pilers for the IBM PC also can demon-
strate dramatic speed increases over in-
terpretive BASICA. But I believe that
TBASIC is different because it speeds
up development and debugging as well
as execution.

(You might be wondering if the instal-
lation of an Intel 8087 Numeric Pro-
cessor Extension in the IBM PC would
help speed up execution of BASIC pro-
grams. Under BASICA, it would have no
effect whatsoever because BASICA is
not written to use it. I did a quick infor-
mal test using Morgan Professional
BASIC, which uses the 8087, Morgan
BASIC took 12.8 seconds to execute
listing 2.)

TBASICs Ease of Use

TBASIC has many of the same conve-
nience features for running programs
that an interpreter has. You can use the
commands RUN, RUN < line number>,
GOTO < line number >, and GOSUB< line
number > just as in BASICA. To stop a
program from the console, you just hit

EXAMPLE 1

Computer Interaction

A > LDZSYS

A>G

EE<filename>

Z80EM < filename >

C< filename >

Y< filename >

BASIC < filename >

II
A>

Comments

Initialize Trump Card from PC-DOS.
Control is returned to PC-DOS.
Turn control over to Trump Card.
ITrump Card's command prompt.)

Edit a file.

Emulate Z80 and run CP/M-80 programs.

Compile and run a C program.

Compile and run Z8000 structured assembly language.

Compile and run TBASIC programs.

Exit from Z8000 command interpreter.
Control returns to PC-DOS.

EXAMPLE 2

Computer Interaction
A>6. (Return)

B>G /Return)
BASIC /Return)

-EDIT TESTFILE /Return)

T
EOF

FOR 1=1 TO 5 /Return I

PRINT "Demo program" /Return!

NEXT I /Return)

/Escape)

OU /Return)

-DO /Return)

-RUN /Return)
Demo program
Demo program
Demo program
Demo program
Demo program

-// /Return)

:DIR /Return)
DIRECTORY OF DRIVE B:

TESTFILE
:// /Return)

Comments

Set the PC-DOS default drive to B. TBASIC will also use

this drive as its default drive.

Type C to go to" the Z8000.

The colon (:) is the Z8000 system command prompt,

equivalent to the A> or B> prompt of PC-DOS.

Invoke TBASIC.

The hyphen (-) is the command prompt used by TBASIC;

you may now invoke any TBASIC command.

Edit a new file using the EE editor.

You are now in the EE editor
in command mode.
Type "E" to enter text.

Type in your BASIC program.

Hit the Escape key to leave the Enter mode.

Quit and save program on default disk B.

The "-" prompt shows that you are now back in TBASIC.

Compile the program by using the DO command Itakes

about 0.1 second).

Your program is now compiled.

Type RUN to execute the compiled program.

Compiled program output.

The // command exits TBASIC. (The SYSTEM command

could be used instead.)

Call for a disk directory from the command interpreter.

There's the source file you created with the EE editor.
The // command exits the Z8000s B> command mode
and returns control to PC-DOS.

EXAMPLE 3

Computer Interaction

B> C /Return)

: BASIC SIEVES /Return)

- RUN (Return)
1 ITERATION

1899 PRIMES

-EDIT (Return)

5 DEFINT ACZ

10 SIZE = 8190

20 DIM FLAGSI8191)

30 PRINT "Only 1 iteration'

50 COUNT =

Comments

Go to the Z8000 operating system.

Get SIEVES from disk and compile it in about 0.2

second.

Execute program in TBASIC.

The program produces output and ends.

Awaiting next command.

Call the editor from TBASIC prompt.

T indicates display from top of file; the complete Sieve

file is displayed, ready to edit.

118 BYTE

IUNE 1984

60 FOR 1 = TO SIZE

70 FLAGS! 1) = 1

80 NEXT 1

90 FOR 1 = TO SIZE

100 IF FLAGSOI = THEN 180

110 PRIME = 1 + 1+3

120 K = 1 + PRIME

130 IF K > SIZE THEN 170

140 FLAGS(K) =

150 K = K + PRIME

160 GOTO 130

170 COUNT = COUNT + 1

180 NEXT 1

190 PRINT COUNT PRIMES

E {RETURN)

Enter mode, allows text entry.

2 IS = TIMES

Two lines are added to print the time.

200 PRINT IS. TIMES

(Escape. Return)

Type Escape key to exit Enter mode.

OU {Return)

Finished changes. Leave editor and return to TBAS1C.

- DO {Return)

The file is recompiled with the DO command, taking

about 0.2 second.

- RUN {Return)

The program is run again with changes.

1 ITERATION

The program produces output.

1899 PRIMES

01:01:25 01:01:27

The prompt returns after execution ends.

-// {Return)

Exit TBASIC

:// {Return!

Exit the Trump Card system.

B>BAS/C4 {Return)

Get BASICA and run SIEVES.

LOAD ■SIEVES"

(SIEVE.S was stored in ASCII format!

RUN

1 ITERATION

The program produces output.

1899 PRIMES

01:05:35 01:09:01

EXAMPLE 4

Computer Interaction

Comments

B>C {Return)

Activate the Trump Card.

: BASIC {Return)

Enter TBASIC.

- /DIAC {Return)

Invoke subroutine-diagnostic mode.

- PRINT 2 + 3 {Return)

Directly add and print 2 + 3.

CExit:Clmmxlnit:Ki00000000:

The listing shows the compiler

CPrtlnit:Ki00000002:Ki00000003:

subroutines that are executed to

b + :CPrtl:CPrtCR:R: 5

perform the function. CExit leal! exit) jumps out of the

console-input mode; Clmmxlnit calls for immediate ex-

ecution with a flag integer-constant value of set as

KiOOOOOOOO.

CPrtlnit (call printerl directs printing to the console: the

two integer values are expressed as Ki00000002 and

Ki00000003. respectively: b+ calls a binary add routine;

CPrtl prints the integer.

CPrtCR finishes by sending a carriage return to the

printer or console while R designates a return to the

system. The computed value. 5, appears at the end.

- PRINT2.027 + 3.094 {Return)

Floating-point values produce a slightly different result.

CExit:Clmmxlnit:KiOOOOOOO0:

This time the constants are stored

CPrtlnit;Kf01BA5E82;Kf4604l982:

as floating-point numbers, and

CFItAdd:CPrtF;CPrtCR:R: 5.121

floating-point add and print routines are called instead.

Back in command interpreter.

:C {Return)

Call C compiler, the "-" is

■

the C compiler prompt.

-/DO BASICIO.C {Return)

Compile I/O routines.

■/DO CDEMO.C {Return)

Compile CDEMO.C program (listing 3|.

-/IMAGE CDEMO E=MAIN {Return)

Save memory image of compiled program in a disk file

called CDEMO.

■II {Return)

Get out of C compiler

Back in command interpreter.

CDEMO {Return)

Run compiled program.

C language

The program produces output.

C language

Back in command interpreter.

:// {Return)

Get out of interpreter.

Back to IBM PC-DOS command prompt

Control-C. If possible, TBASIC will
display the statement label nearest the
point in the program where the stop oc-
curred. Programs may contain STOP
statements and may be restarted by a
CONT command.

TBASIC also can execute statements
and commands in immediate mode.
You simply type the program line with-
out a line number. (If you precede a
statement with a line number, it will be
compiled into the existing program.)
You can get results like

-PRINT SQR(2)
1.414214

-PRINT 2*3

You can print out variables or run
specific program lines that contain line-
identifier labels. Immediate-mode state-
ments and commands also may be in-
cluded in program files.

TBASIC also has some commands
useful in debugging and problem diag-
nosis that you probably have not seen
before. You can examine the actual
compiled machine-language object
code with commands like /DIAG. If you
give the /DIAG command before a pro-
gram is compiled, a complete list of
compiler subroutine calls will be pro-
duced. This can be demonstrated in the
direct-execution immediate mode, as
shown in example 4 for both integer
and floating-point values.

C Compiler

For more ambitious program develop-
ment, the Trump Card also supports a
compiler for programs in the C lan-
guage, as described by Kemighan and
Ritchie (see reference 6). Programs need

The Trump Card
also supports a
compiler for ,

programs written
in the C language.

only slight modifications for compila-
tion. Developing and running a C pro-
gram is a three-step operation similar
to the process used in TBASIC: editing,
compiling, and running.

[lexl continued on page 120)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE

119

\text continued from page 119)

C compilers expect to find input and
output routines in a subroutine library
separate from the compiler. Kernighan
and Ritchie describe a file called
"stdio.h" that contains the I/O facilities.
The Trump Card's C compiler uses a file
of I/O routines called "basicio.c", which
includes the following routines: "get-
char", "putchar", "open", "close", "read",
"write", "printf", "scanf", "Iseek". and
"creat".

The implementation of "scanf" and
"printf" in the Trump Card's version of
C differs slightly from that of Kernighan
and Ritchie. In their implementation, the
conversion characters "d" and "x" may
each be preceded by an "1" to indicate
a pointer to a "long" value rather than
a pointer to an "int" value appears in
the argument list. In this implementa-
tion, the uppercase conversion charac-
ters "D" and "X" are used for the same
purpose. The conversion character "f"
is used for floating point. The "scanf"
routine assumes that the input values
are separated by Space or Tab charac-
ters and that a Return character ends an
input sequence.

The Trump Card's C compiler was de-
signed with a user interface similar to
that of TBASIC, and it's just as easy to
use. Listing 3 shows a C program that
is entered into the system using the EE
editor in a manner such as that used for
TBASIC. Example 5 shows how the pro-
gram is compiled and run. Should you
care to try the Sieve program in C, it is
shown in listing 4 set up for 10 itera-
tions. It runs in 3.2 seconds on the
Trump Card, which compares quite
favorably with versions of C running on
8-MHz MC68000 processors and with
assembly-language versions on the
IBM's 4.77-MHz

Y Multilevel Language

The Y language system compiles a
multilevel language that can be best de-
scribed as structured assembler code.
It allows you to write programs using a
mixture of Z8000 assembly language (in
Zilog mnemonics), Pascal-like control
structures, data types, arithmetic ex-
pressions with automatic or specified
allocation of registers, procedure calls
with parameter passing, and a descrip-
tive compiler language. The different
levels of constructs may. for the most
part, be freely mixed.

The Y compiler generates code direct-
ly into memory with one pass and sup-
ports immediate execution of state-
ments, conditional compilation, user-
defined extensions to the language, and
symbolic debugging. Most of the Z8000

Table 1 : K£ywords for

Function

Statement

Command

Variable

statements and
functions available in
the TBASIC compiler
for the Trump Card.

ABS

ASC
ATN

CALLINTS*
CDBL

BEEP

CALL

CIRCLE

CLS

ALLOCATE*

BLOAD

BSAVE

CONT

DIAG*

CSRLIN

DATESS

ERR

INKEYS

TIMES

An asterisk indicates a

CHRS

COLOR

DISP*

new feature.

CINT
COS

DATA
DATES

DO*
EDIT

CSNG

DEF FN

KILL

CVI

DEF SEG

LIST

CVS

DEFtype

MAP-

CVD

DIM

NAME

EOF

END

NEW

EXP

FIELD

REGIONS*

FIX

FOR.. NEXT

REGS*

HEXS

GET

RESET

INP

GOSUB

RUN

INPUTS

GOTO

SAVE

INSTR

SYSTEM

INT

INPUT

LEFTS

INPUT*

LEN

LSET

LOC

LET

LOF

LINE

LOG

LINE INPUT

LPOS

LINE INPUT*

MIDS

LOCATE

MKIS

MKSS

MKDS

OCTS

PEEK

POINT

POS

RIGHTS

RND

SCREEN

SGN

SIN

SPACE

SPC

SQR

STRS

STRINGS

TAB

TAN

VAL

LPRINT

LPRINT USING

ON ERROR

ON GOSUB

ON GOTO

OPEN

OUT

PAINT

POKE

PRINT USING

PRINT*

PRINT* USING

PSET

PUT

PRESET

RANDOMIZE

READ

REM

RESTORE

RESUME

RETURN

RSET

SCREEN

SEEK*

SOUND

STOP

TIMES

WAIT

WHILE.. .WEND

WIDTH

WRITE

WRITE*

Table 2: Comparison of Sieve benchmark results [one iteration)

on other computers

running Microsoft-derived BASIC interpreters [times measured in

seconds).

Apple II Apple III TRS-80 IBM PC

IBM PC

Model II (BASICA)

(TBASIC with

Trump Card)

224 222 189 206

2.4

120 BYTE ■ IUNE 1984

Table 3: Execution time in seconds for the looping program of listing 1 on several
interpreters.

Apple

101

IBM PC

ICBASIC-861

(BASICAI

(TBASIC with
Trump Cardl

275

Table 4: A listing of the standard CP/M-80 2.2 functions. Those marked with an
asterisk are supported bg the Trump Card Z80 emulator.

Function

System Reset
Console Input
Console Output
Reader Input
Punch Output
List Output
Dir Console I/O
Get I/O Byte
Set I/O Byte
Print String

10 Read Con Buffer

1 1 Console Status

12 Version Number

13 Reset Disk Sys

14 Select Disk

15 Open File

16 Close File

17 Search For 1st

18 Search For Next

19 Delete File

20 Read Sequential

2 1 Write Sequential

22 Make File

23 Rename File

24 Login Vector

25 Current Disk

26 Set DMA Address

27 Get Alloc Addr

28 Write Protect

29 Get R/O Vector

30 File Attributes

3 1 Disk Params Addr

32 User Codes

33 Read Random

34 Write Random

35 Comp File Size

36 Set Random Rec

Supported?

mnemonics are implemented; those
that are not can be used via the WORD
pseudo-operation, as in the following:
LDCTL REFRESH, R3 = WORD 07D3B.
The TBASIC and C compilers are writ-
ten in Y. Each of the compiler subrou-
tines is a Y file that has been compiled
into assembly-language code. A full ex-
planation of Y is beyond the scope of
this article, but listing 5 shows some Y
code for your inspection. Y is an ad-
vanced tool for the experienced
programmer.

CP/M-80 Emulator

The Trump Card supports a software
emulator for CP/M-80 version 2.2, which
allows the Trump Card to execute as-
sembly-language programs for the 8-bit
Z80 microprocessor.

The Z80 program must be transferred
to a PC-DOS (or MS-DOS) floppy disk.
(This can be done by linking a Z80-
based computer and an IBM PC
through a serial RS-232C connection,
either through a direct cable or through
a modem.) Once the Z80 program is on
the IBM-format disk, its filename exten-
sion must be changed from "COM" to
".CMD", which is consistent with the
CP/M-86 convention and avoids the
problem of trying to run a Z80 program
under IBM PC-DOS.

The emulator normally resides on a
disk in drive B and is used in a manner
very much like that of the other Trump
Card software we've looked at. Nearly
all the normal CP/M-80 system calls are
supported by the emulator, with a few
exceptions as shown in table 4. The
standard CP/M-80 BIOS (basic input/out-
put system) calls dealing with the disk,
punch, and reader devices are not sup-
ported by the Z80 emulator; the remain-
ing BIOS calls are supported.

In CONCLUSION

The Trump Card is a board-level hard-
ware approach to upgrading the perfor-
mance of your IBM PC (or a compatible
system). Aside from its function as a
[text continued on page 122)

Listing 1: A simple FOR. ..NEXT
loop benchmark program in BASIC.

100 FOR A=l TO 10

115 FOR 1=1 TO 10

120 FOR T = TO 200

130 GOSUB 200

140 B= I

150 NEXTT

155 NEXT I

160 NEXT A

170 PRINT "DONE"

200 RETURN

Listing 2: A simple BASIC
benchmark program for floating-point
division.

60 A = 2. 71828

80 B=3. 14159

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120 C = A/B

320 NEXT I

Listing 3: A demonstration program
for the C compiler.

mainO

int count.step;

count = I:

step = I ;

while Icount < = 5)

{

printfl" C languages

count = count + step;

IUNE 1984 'BYTE

[text continued from page 121)
Z8000 development system, it provides
many popular system enhancements in
a single package: add-on memory, ex-
ecution of Z80 programs, a separate
editor, and language compilers. It was
designed to solve my specific personal
problem— 1 wanted a better BASIC that
wasn't slow or cumbersome— and to
support the PC in other ways: as a
language and RAM-disk peripheral. If
you're like me, these characteristics will
be the most important ones to you.

In the process of building the Trump
Card, however, I've found that it has
potential I never imagined. Besides the
software I've described, 1 expect that
object-code translators for Z80-to-Z8000
and 8088-to-Z8000 conversions will
soon be available, along with other util-
ities such as a print spooler. You also
eventually will see Bell Laboratories'
UNIX operating system for the Trump
Card.

Next Month

Whimsy is in vogue, as Steve designs a
musical telephone bell. ■

Z8000 and Z80 are trademarks of Ziloq Corpora-
tion, a subsidiary of Exxon. CP/M-80 is a trademark
of Digital Research.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit
Cellar project kits available, circle 100 on the
reader-service inquiry card at the back of the
magazine.

Listing 4: The Sieve of Eratosthenes
benchmark in C.

/define true I
#define false
#define size 8190
#define sizepl 8191

char flagslsizepll:
main(|{

register int i,prime,k,count,iter;
printfl "10 iterations\n"|:
for liter = l;iter <= I0;iter + + |{
count =0:
ford = 0;i < = size;i + + )

flagslil = true;
forli = 0;i < = size:i + + l{
if(flags|il){

prime = i + i + 3;
k = i + prime;

while(k < = size){
flags|k| = false;
k += prime;

count = count + I;

printf("\n%d primes ".count);

Listing 5: TBAS1C subroutines written on

the Y multilevel-language compiler.

|5al

SETGRAPHBGIR3I

if SWITCH = or CNT>l0O then begin

end

SWITCH:=1; GODOITI2, VAL&0F)

restore R6.R7

end

RET

else begin

SOUND: PROC ...passed duration

R3:="ABC; R5: = @R9|2|; RI: = CNT/2

(in 1/18.2 secsl and frequency

LDIR @R3.@R5,RI

...make sound

end

POPL RR4,@RRI2 ...duration

POPL RR2,@RRI2 ...frequency

|5b|

EXB RL3.RH3: EXB RL5.RH5

COLOR: PROC ...passed flag, then other params

R3:->BX; R5:->CX

depending on flag

AH: = 4 ...sound

...if flag bit 2 = 1 . then set border color (if text

EXTCALLISPSCRINTI

model

RET

...if bit 1 = 1. set background color (textl or

palette (graphicsl

...if bit 0= 1. set foreground color (textl or

background color {graphicsl

save R6.R7

POPL RR6,@RRI2

if BIT R7,2 not zero then begin

POPL RR2,@RR12

if SCRMODE< = I then SETBORDER(R3l

end

if BIT R7.I not zero then begin

POPL RR2.0RRI2

if R0: = SCRMODE< = 1 then SETBGIR3) else

if R0 = 2 then

SETPALET(R3)

end

if BIT R7,0 not zero then begin

POPL RR2,@RRI2

if R0: = SCRMODE< = l then SETFCIR3I else

if R0=2 then

REFERENCES

1. Brown, Peter I. Writing interactive Compilers
and Interpreters. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1979.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Trump Card, Part 1: Hard-
ware." BYTE, May 1984, page 40.

3. George, Donald P, "Professional BASIC"
BYTE, April 1984, page 334.

4. Gilbreath, )im. "A High-Level Language
Benchmark." BYTE, September 1981, page
180.

5. Gilbreath, Jim, and Gary Gilbreath.
"Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through
the Sieve." BYTE, January 1983, page 283.

6. Kemighan, Brian W., and Dennis M. Rit-
chie. The C Programming Language. New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1978.

7. Lee, J. A. N. The Anatomy of a Compiler. 2nd
ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974.

8. Mello-Grand, Sergio. "The Docutel/Olivetti
M20: A Sleek Import." BYTE, June 1983, page
188.

The following items are available from

Sweet Micro Systems Inc.
50 Freeway Dr.
Cranston, Rl 02910
(800) 341-8001 for orders
(401) 461-0530 for information

1. Trump Card, including IC sockets, assem-
bled and tested with 2 56K bytes of the 512K-
byte RAM space populated. Includes TBASIC
compiler, C compiler Z8000 Y assembler,
CP/M-80 emulator, RAM-disk driver and
documentation. Software supplied on a PC-
DOS 2.0 disk unless otherwise specified,

2 56TCB $995

2. Trump Card, printed-circuit board com-
pletely socketed, assembled, and tested with
512K bytes of RAM, support software
described above, and documentation. Soft-
ware supplied on a PC-DOS 2.0 floppy disk
unless otherwise specified.

512TCC S1325

3. Trump Card partial kit, completely
socketed and wave-soldered with all passive
components, less ICs but including bootstrap
loader EPROMs, 10-MHz Z8001. and Z8581.
Includes support software described above
on PC-DOS 2.0 floppy disk (unless otherwise
specified) and documentation.

0KTCA S52 5

Please add $10 for shipping and insurance
in continental United States, $20 elsewhere.
Rhode Island residents please include 6 per-
cent sales tax.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to
previous Circuit Cellar articles. Most of
these are available in reprint books from
BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
POB 400, Hightstown. NJ 082 50.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. Volume I covers articles
that appeared in BYTE from September 1977
through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar.
Volume II contains articles from December
1978 through lune 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar.
Volume III contains articles from July 1980
through December 1981. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar.
Volume IV contains articles from January 1982
through June 1983.

122 BYTE

IUNE 1984

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FASTER
FORTH

Reducing overhead in threaded
interpretive languages

by Ronald L. Greene

hreaded interpretive languages
(TILs), of which FORTH is the most
well known, possess a number of
characteristics that make them nearly
ideal microcomputer languages. One
useful feature of a TIL is that, like
BASIC, it can be used in an inter-
pretive mode in which the computer
immediately acts on commands. This
is a major advantage when you're
debugging programs. But a TIL can
have many more immediately execut-
able commands available to it than
BASIC does, and you can create ad-
ditional commands, thus adding to
the power of the language.

A second desirable trait of a TIL is
that it can be used in a compile
mode. As with other compiled
languages, such as Pascal or
FORTRAN, programs written in the
source code of the TIL can be com-
piled into machine code once and
for all rather than retranslated each

(text continued on page 128)

Ronald L. Greene is an associate professor of
physics at the University of New Orleans (New
Orleans, LA 70148). His research specialty is
semiconductor physics.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 127

A revu

, reviously
debugged words need
not be recompiled
when errors are
found in subsequent
source code.

[text continued from page 127)
time they are run. But unlike the more
common compiled languages, the com-
piler used in a TIL is incremental; that
is. it compiles portions of code at a time
under the interactive control of the pro-
grammer. In practice this means that
you can name, compile, test, and debug
small, logically related blocks of code
(called "words" in TIL jargon) before you
proceed to the next block. Previously
debugged words need not be recom-
piled when errors are found in subse-
quent source code. Because of this, a
TIL can produce programs that execute
faster than most interpretive languages.

Other languages can be programmed
using this modular technique to some
extent through the use of functions, sub-
routines, and procedures. However, to
debug one of these subprograms, you
must write a main program to call it, and
typically both must be compiled, linked,
and executed repeatedly. A new TIL
word, by contrast, can be compiled and
then executed immediately using the in-
terpretive mode; there is no need to
write a main program to call it. In addi-
tion, the compilation step is almost
trivial compared to other compiled lan-
guages because each new word is com-
posed of previously defined (i.e., com-
piled and debugged) words.

Finally, a TIL can be extended. As
mentioned above, new commands
(words) can be constructed from pre-
viously defined words. These new
words have the same power as the
older ones: that is, they can be executed
interpretively or used in the compile
mode to define still other words. In fact,
typical TIL programs consist of short,
progressively defined new words. You
enter the final word or words of the pro-
gram to perform the required task.

These characteristics result in a lan-
guage that is well suited to program de-
velopment. In addition, if a TIL is im-
plemented with care at the machine
level, it can produce very efficient code.

The next section of this article will ex-

amine two approaches to implementing
FORTH, the most common TIL. The
usual method is very efficient in its use
of memory and at the same time pro-
duces quite respectable execution
times. The other technique is less mem-
ory efficient (though still superior to
most common compiler languages) but
can result in significantly shorter execu-
tion times.

Implementing Threaded Code

Several years ago in BYTE, Terry Ritter
and Gregory Walker discussed four ap-
proaches to the implementation of
threaded interpretive languages (see
reference 5). 1 group three of the
methods— direct-threaded, indirect-
threaded, and token-threaded— under
the generic name of "pointer-threaded"
code. Pointer-threaded code is the most
common method for implementing a
TIL. The technique is also discussed in
detail by R. G. Loeliger (see reference 3).

Most of this article is devoted to a
form of subroutine-threaded code,
which is the fourth approach Ritter and
Walker cover. It allows the programmer
to specify whether a given operation of
the language is used as a subroutine or
as a macro. I'll examine the advantages
and disadvantages of the macro/sub-
routine approach in relation to the
pointer-threaded technique. I use the
syntax of FORTH for my high-level ex-
amples, but the techniques can be ap-
plied to any TIL. My low-level examples
use 8086/8088 assembly code, but,
again, they can be adapted to other pro-
cessors.

All TILs have at their roots a set of ex-
ecutable, machine-language primitive
operations called words. Examples from
FORTH are such arithmetic operations
as +, -, and * and such stack manipula-
tion operations as DUR DROP, and ROT.
Additional (secondary) words are de-
fined using these primitives or previous-
ly defined secondary words. All words,
whether primitive or secondary, are kept
in memory in a "dictionary." Each dic-
tionary entry consists of a header (made
up of the number of characters in the
name), ASCII code for the characters of
the name or part of the name (often the
first three characters), and a link address
for getting to the previous (or the next,
depending on the implementation) dic-
tionary entry. After the header comes
the body of the word. The body of a
primitive word consists of executable
machine code that performs the opera-
tion. The body of a secondary word
varies according to the type of thread-
ing used.

In pointer-threaded code the second-

ary word consists of a sequence of ad-
dresses, each of which is a pointer
(direct or indirect) to either a primitive
or another secondary word (see figure
I). Thus, it is necessary to provide a sim-
ple, "inner" interpreter that gets the
pointer, jumps to the proper address,
and then either executes the machine
code if the routine is a primitive or con-
tinues the process of interpretation if
the routine is another secondary word.
Usually there can be as many levels of
secondary routines as you like, but the
interpreter must eventually get to the
machine code of a primitive before it
can start back down the ladder of inter-
pretation. The execution speed of such
an arrangement is critically dependent
on the efficiency of this inner inter-
preter, which not only has to get the ad-
dress of the next word to be executed
but has to save the current address in
order to continue with the flow of the
program after execution of that routine.

If you are familiar with assembly lan-
guage but not with the structure of a
TIL, you may wonder, "Why write a
special interpreter to save return
addresses and jump to new routines
when the processor contains the in-
structions to do just that in hardware,
through subroutine calls and returns?"
The answer is that a pointer-threaded
compiler/interpreter has a smaller over-
all memory requirement than one that
uses subroutine threading. I will return
to this point shortly.

Figure 2 illustrates the organization of
subroutine-threaded code. The form for
the primitives is basically the same as
in pointer threading, except that they
end with a return from subroutine in-
struction (RET in 8086/8088 mnemon-
ics). Pointer-threaded primitives, in con-
trast, end with more involved code that
gets the interpreter to the pointer of the
next word to be executed. The major
difference lies in the secondary words.
Subroutine-threaded secondary words
are made up of executable subroutine
calls to the starting addresses of primi-
tives or other secondary words. Since
these primitives or lower-level second-
ary words are terminated by a return in-
struction, the processor hardware or
microcode itself controls the flow,
without the need for the inner inter-
preter. The result is smaller overhead
and faster execution.

A modification of the above scheme
allows the execution overhead to be re-
duced even further. Very short words,
consisting of a few bytes of code, need
not be treated as subroutines at all. In-
stead, the subroutine call can be re-
placed by a macro substitution of the

128 B YTE • IUNE 1984

entire executable portion of the word,
thus eliminating the overhead of the
subroutine call and return completely.
We'll look at how to implement this plan
next.

Threading Code with
Subroutines or Macros

In order to add the possibility of macro
substitution to the subroutine-threaded
compiler/interpreter, you must include
additional information within the
header of each word. First, there must
be a way for the compiler to determine
whether the word is to be used as a sub-
routine or a macro. One simple way to
do this is to use the high-order bit of
the character-count byte as a flag. The
bit is checked during compilation of the
word. If, for example, it is a 0, the com-
piler writes code for a subroutine call
to the address of the first executable
statement of the word. On the other
hand, if it is a 1, the compiler copies the
executable code byte by byte (except
for the RET). In order to reliably copy
the required code, the number of bytes
in the executable portion of the word
being referenced must be stored. This
is done by devoting an additional byte
to the header. If you like, you could use
the high-order bit of this byte (rather
than the character-count byte) as the
subroutine/macro flag.

Even if a given word is to be used as
a macro in the compile mode, its execut-
able code should be terminated by a
RET statement. This is because pure
subroutine threading is the best way of
handling the interpretive mode of the
TIL. Also, note that any word to be used
as a macro should be written to contain
only one RET statement— at the end.

With this scheme, you control whether
a given word is to be used as a subrou-
tine or as a macro. All you need do is
define two additional primitives for the
language-perhaps SUBROUTINE and
MACRO— which clear or set the flag bit.

Comparison of Threading
Techniques

To get a concrete understanding of the
tradeoff between memory and execu-
tion speed, let's look at some specific
examples of primitives and secondary
words as used in the two threading
schemes discussed above. In Chapter 3
of Threaded Interpretive languages, Loeliger
calculates the overhead for a primitive
and a secondary word in terms of pro-
cessor cycles. Folllowing his lead, I have
translated his (indirect-threaded) inner
interpreter for a "generic computer"
into one applicable to an 8086/8088
microprocessor; the routines are shown

in listing 1. For ease of comparison, the
labels in the listing are the same as
those used by Loeliger. The correspond-
ence between his generic registers and
my choice of 8086/8088 registers is
given within the listing. Because most
of the new personal computers using In-
tel microprocessors use the 8088 rather
than the 8086, I have calculated the
total number of 8088 clock periods for
execution of the routines in listing 1,
where the results are also given. Each
execution of a primitive in this pointer-
threaded language performs a call to
the routines NEXT, RUN, and RETURN;
thus, the number of 8088 machine
cycles required is:

primitive cycles = NEXT + RUN + body
+ RETURN
= 82 + body

(pointer-threaded)

For simple primitives such as DROP or

+ (addition), which require four cycles
each, the amount of overhead is enor-
mous— 20 times what is required for the
operation itself. The machine code of
other primitives, of course, takes longer
than four cycles; however, most will be
significantly shorter than 82 cycles.

The overhead for a secondary word
depends on the number and kind of
words in the definition of the secondary.
As Loeliger notes, each call to the sec-
ondary word requires a NEXT-RUN-
COLON combination on entrance and
a NEXT-RUN-SEMI combination on exit.
Lower-level secondary words in the
definition will need these calls as well.
In addition, any primitives within the
definition use 82 cycles in overhead.
The secondary word with the least
amount of overhead is one that is made
up of primary words. For example, the
word 2DUP defined as a secondary
word requires:

(tent continued on page 418)

Primitive

Secondary

Choracter Count

First Character

Character Count

First Character

Second Character

Third Character

Second Character

Third Character

Link Address

Executable

Machine

Code

Address of First Word

Address of Second Word

Code to get to next routine

: ' :

Address of Last Word

Address of Return

Figure I : Organization of primitive and secondary words of a pointer-threaded interpretive
language.

Primitive

Secondary

Character Count

First Character

Second Character

Third Character

Link Address

Executable

Machine

Code

RET

Character Count

Second Character Third Character

First Character

Link Address

CALL First Word

CALL Second Word

CALL Last Word

RET

Figure 2: Organization of primitive and secondary words of a subroutine-threaded inter-
pretive language.

IUNE 1984 • BYTE 129

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PART 1 of this two-part article presents a brief overview of
the Ada language and its history, as well as small examples
of programs that demonstrate Ada's features. I have assumed
that BYTE readers are familiar with programming languages,
so 1 have not defined such
concepts as variables, loops,
functions, and arguments.

The following examples are
intended to help you explore
Ada's features. Each program
focuses on a specific feature
of the Ada language. The
only drawback to this ap-
proach is that it sometimes
sacrifices utility for exposi-
tion. The examples and the
format of this article are a
direct steal from lames
Joyce's two-part article, A C
Language Primer" (August
and September 1983 BYTE).
You can compare this article
with his to compare the two
languages.

To reinforce what you
learn, I recommend that you
enter each program into a
computer, assuming, of
course, that you have access
to an Ada compiler. After a
program runs successfully,
experiment with omitting or
changing parts of it. Introduc-
ing deliberate errors can pro-
vide a controlled exposure to
Ada's sometimes cryptic
error messages and can give
you valuable experience in
interpreting compiler diag-
nostics. Such messages are
not the fault of the Ada lan-
guage but of the compiler
designs available today. As is
the case with many language
compilers, errors can have a
cascading effect: many errors
are actually the result of one
original error.

This article does not pre-
tend to explain everything
you will want to know about
Ada. My goal is to get you
started with some key con-
structs and conventions in
Ada.

Ada was designed by lean
ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull
in France in 1978. Ichbiah im-
proved the language in a second version, which was pre-
sented in 1980. It was based on Pascal with many features
borrowed from more modern, but experimental, languages.
Ada became an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
standard language in 1983 and is expected to remain un-
changed until 1988. It is also a military standard and, as of
this year, is used in many military applications.

Ada has many goals. Its primary reason for existence is to

ugusta Ada Lovelace, Lord
Byron's daughter. The language was named after the countess,
who is considered to be the world's first programmer.

BY Sabina H. Saib

replace the use of assembly language in small computers
dedicated to specialized applications such as signal process-
ing, process control, and communications. Furthermore, Ada
is intended to make programs much more portable, readable,

maintainable, and reliable
than programs written in
other languages.

Someday Ada and its sup-
port tools will be available on
many computers. Currently,
there are only three true Ada
compilers available: the New
York University (NYU) Ada/Ed
for the Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) VAX; Rolm
Ada and Ada Environment
for the Data General Eclipse
and the Rolm 3200; and
Western Digital Ada for the
Western Digital Microengine.
There are also numerous par-
tial compilers for Intel
8086-/8088-based computers,
for Zilog Z80-based com-
puters, and for Motorola
68000-based computers. A
true Ada compiler has passed
more than 2000 tests pro-
vided by the Ada joint Pro-
gram Office. After passing the
tests, the compiler is issued a
certificate of validation good
for one year.

No dates have been estab-
lished for validation of the
microcomputer-based com-
pilers, nor for validation of
compilers based on larger
computers. I expect that
several more validated com-
pilers will be available in
1984. and that at least one
will be a microcom-
puter-based Ada compiler.
As with any language, good
programming style is impor-
tant. Ada provides facilities
to help "readability," but it is
up to the programmer to use
these features. Indentation
and naming conventions can
help to make a program
more readable, and their use
should be encouraged. On
the other hand, nesting can
be avoided, and unstruc-
tured constructs can be
forbidden.
Ada has more protection against common programming
errors than most other languages. Often, when you get a pro-

(text continued on page 132)

Sabina H. Saib (1500 Holiday Hill. Colela. CA 93117) is a member of
the Aeronautical Operations Group at General Research Corp. Dr. Saib
is the author of an Ada textbook to be published by Holt, Rinehart & Winston
and co-author of a tutorial published by the IEEE Computer Society.

PHOTO COURTESY OF CULVER PICTURES

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 131

(tort continued from page 131)

gram to compile, it runs the first time, which should help pro-
grammer productivity immensely. Like Pascal, Ada has many
checks that it performs during execution. If a program is not
time-critical, these checks should be left in. If the checks are
burdensome, or if you are running benchmarks, they can (and
should) be turned off.

Ada Program Structure

This is the smallest possible complete Ada program:

- tinylada-

-- The smallest Ada program

procedure smallest is

begin

null; - a comment
end smallest;

Comments in Ada begin with two hyphens (-) and end at
the end of each line. No special character is needed for the
end of a comment as in Pascal or C This program has three
comments: the ones in the first and second lines, which take
up whole lines, and the one after the null statement, which
takes up the rest of the line after the semicolon. This pro-
gram is named smallest and does nothing. Any executable
code would have been placed between the begin and end for
the procedure.

To compile and execute this program on the NYU Ada/Ed
system, the command is $ada tinyl .

Normally, Ada programs are in a file whose name ends in
,ada . If the compilation is successful, the system presents a
series of messages listing the time spent in compilation, bind-
ing, and execution. After finishing, the $ prompt is displayed.

It is possible to compile a program without executing it and
to create a library of programs for later binding.

Because Ada is a free-format language, we could have writ-
ten this program in a more compact form, such as

- tiny2.ada The smallest Ada
~ program rewritten
procedure smallest is begin null;
end smallest;

In fact, if we left out the comments, the smallest program could
be written on a single line as

procedure smallest is begin null; end smallest;

However, this is poor style and is not recommended.

Packages

Ada programs consist of packages of subprograms and a main
program. You should structure a large program as a number
of packages that contain related small subprograms.

In the following example, the program small calls a sub-
program, do nothing, that doesn't do anything.

- Smalllada

- Smallest Ada program with

- a subprogram in a package

package example is

- subprogram specification
procedure do nothing;

end example;
package body example is
procedure do nothing is

- subprogram implementation
begin

null;

end do nothing;

end example;
with example;
use example;

- main program uses subprograms

- in package example

- main program
procedue small is
begin

do nothing;

end small;

The package named example has one subprogram named

do nothing. A package in Ada has two parts, each of which

can be compiled separately. (The main program also can be
compiled separately.) The first part of the package is called
the package specification. It merely lists the names and
parameters, if any, of the subprograms in the package. Data
items and data types can also be placed in the package speci-
fication. The second part of the package is called the package
body, which contains the complete Ada code for the sub-
programs listed in the specification of the package. Our ex-
ample has just one subprogram that does not do anything.

A main program that uses a package normally names the
package in with and use statements just before the first state-
ment of the program. To call a subprogram in a package, the
program just states the name of the program. Any arguments
are placed within parentheses after the name. A semicolon
follows every statement and serves as a statement terminator
rather than as a statement separator (as in Pascal).

This main program calls the subprogram do nothing in the

package example. The subprogram does nothing and returns
control to the main program, which does more nothing before
finishing execution.

You could nest the subprogram do nothing, instead of put-
ting it in a package, as in the following example.

-- Small2.ada

- Smallest Ada program

- with a nested subprogram
procedure small is

- nested subprogram

procedure do nothing is

begin
null;

end do nothing;

begin

do nothing;

end small;

The text of the subprogram is placed in the declaration part
(before the begin) of the main program. This has an advan-
tage in that the program text is smaller for our do-nothing
example. However, this approach has serious disadvantages
over using the package form. When nesting is used, the main
program is no longer small. It usually takes longer to com-
pile than when programs are placed in a separate package.
Other users of subprograms placed in nested programs must
include the text of the subprogram in their program, so there
is much less sharing of software. Nesting also usually results
in large data spaces accessible by all parts of the program.
This is the usual Pascal approach to programming.

As demonstrated in the following example, Ada has a
method of separate compilation that avoids long compila-
tion time and long main-program text.

(text continued on page 134)

132 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Ada for Microcomputers

A number of companies have de-
veloped, or are preparing, com-
pilers for Ada or for subsets of
Ada. As of lanuary 1984, only three com-
pilers had been approved by the Depart-
ment of Defense, which holds the trade-
mark to the name Ada." A New York
University implementation runs on the
DEC VAX 11/780; a Rolm/Data General
version runs on Rolm and Data General
minicomputers; and GenSoft, formerly a
Western Digital subsidiary, has developed
a validated compiler and development
system for Western Digital's WD-1600.

Of the three validated compilers, only
GenSoft's version runs on a microcom-
puter. Although developed for the
WD-1600, which is no longer produced,
the compiler can be used on Digicomp
Research's Delphi-100, which uses the
same processor chip set. The Delphi-100
with a complete Ada development sys-
tem would cost about $15,000 to
$20,000. GenSoft is currently deciding
whether to port the compiler to other
processors or develop an entirely new
version of the compiler.

Other vendors have announced either
compilers that will be submitted for
validation soon or subsets of Ada that
will later be expanded to include the full
language. Several of these run on micro-
computers (see table 1). Many are cross-
compilers that take advantage of the
speed and memory of mainframes to
produce code that can be run on micro-
processors in dedicated systems— mostly
for the military.

Alsys is developing compilers for the
8086 and 68000 processors, which the
company hopes to submit for validation
by the end of this year. The compilers
need at least 1 megabyte of memory and
a 10-megabyte hard disk.

Irvine Computer Sciences Corporation
(ICSC) has developed Ada compilers for
the 68000 and the Z8000. The 68000
compiler runs under Unisoft's implemen-
tation of UNIX and is available from Uni-
soft for $3500. The Z8000 version is avail-
able from Zilog for its System 8000.

RR Software is selling (anus, a subset
of Ada. The vendor says the product will
be expanded to the full Ada language by
the end of the year. Available for com-
puters using MS-DOS, CP/M, CP/M-86, or
Concurrent CP/M-86, (anus costs from
$300 to $1100, depending on develop-
ment tools included.

RR Software has also introduced
PASTRAN, a Pascal-to-Ada translator to
increase the speed of program transla-
tion. It costs $100 for CP/M. CP/M-86, and
MS-DOS. Nontranslatable features of

by Mark J. Welch

Pascal are flagged.

Soflech is retargeting its Ada Language
System for the 8086 under a contract with
the U.S. Air Force Systems Command.
Soflech also sells an Ada-to-Pascal trans-
lator. The company hasn't discussed any
commercial plans for the product.

SuperSoft announced an Ada subset in
early 1982 and had planned to have a full
version late that year. However, it has
decided not to expand its compiler.
SuperSoft is selling a $300 CP/M-80 ver-
sion, called SuperSoft-A, which it says in-
cludes about 65 percent of Ada's fea-

tures.

Telesoft has a $3030 Ada Development
Kit for the IBM Personal Computer (PC).
The kit produces interpreted p-code. Tele-
soft submitted its $443 5 compiler for the
Motorola 68000 for validation in
February.

Intellimac Inc. released an Ada shell
that enables eight people to use Telesoft-
Ada on Intellimac's 68000-based IN/7000
compiler family.

Mark I, Welch is a BYTE staff writer. He can
be contacted at POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

Producer

68000 8086

Z8000 Z80 Other

Alsys

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IUNE 1984

1YTE 133

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(text continued from page 133)

- Small3.ada

- Smallest Ada program with a

- separately compiled subprogram
procedure small is

- nested subprogram

- separately compiled
procedure do nothing is separate;

begin

do nothing;

end small;
separate (small)

- subprogram implementation

procedure do nothing is

begin

null;
end do nothing;

Although this approach avoids the problem of a long main
program, it still has the data space problem and the sharing
problem common to nesting. Therefore, I believe that almost
all Ada subprograms should be placed in packages instead
of using nesting or separate compilation and nesting.

Displaying a Message

Ada has several packages common to all compilers. Two of
these are the standard package and the text_io package. The

text io package contains subprograms to display a message

on the standard output device, which is usually your terminal.

- helloLada

- Greet the world

- Introduce output in Ada
with text io;

- use of text_io package

use text io;

procedure hello is
begin

put ("Hello, world!");
new_line;
end hello;

The message displayed by this example is the statement
Hello, world! It is written as a character string within paren-
theses in the call to the put subprogram, which is in the text_io
package. After the put subprogram, there is a call to the
new_line subprogram, which positions the cursor at the begin-
ning of the next line.

When using the put subprogram without a new_line call, the
next output request puts the subsequent output on the same
line on the display. Thus, we could write the message as
follows:

- hello2.ada

- Greet the world

- in another version
with text io;

- use of text io package

use text_io;
procedure hello is
begin

put ("Hello");
put (" , ");
put (" ");
put ("world");
put (" ! ");

(text continued on page 428)

134 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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PREVIEW

by G. Michael Vose

MACINTOSH

PASCAL

.ascal's evolution has mirrored the
growth of the microcomputer
industry— both seek to bring usable,
learnable computer power to a genera-
tion of inquisitive, educated people
looking toward the next century. Niklaus
Wirth created Pascal to make learning
computer programming an easy but still
rigorous task. Even before Carl Helmers
called six years ago in this journal for
the widespread adoption of Pascal, col-
leges and universities worldwide were
beginning to embrace the language as
a primary tool for teaching program-
ming.

Apple Pascal was released in 1979
and was one of the first microcomputer
implementations. Pascal became the
primary programming language within
Apple Computer Inc. for the develop-
ment of new products. With this strong
tie to Pascal, there was a good chance
that Apple would be instrumental in the
adoption of significant new Pascal prod-
ucts. The first of these new products is
the recently announced version for the
Macintosh.

The version of Pascal that Apple Com-
puter offers for its new Macintosh is
called Macintosh Pascal. Although it will
be marketed by Apple, Macintosh

Editor's Uote: This article is a BYTE Product
Preview. \t is not a review. We think this new
product is significant and therefore offer this ad-
vance look at a prerelease version. An indepen-
dent in-depth review, with appropriate bench-
marks, will appear in a subsequent issue.

136 BYTE • IUNE 1984

An interactive interpreter transforms
Pascal into a language as easy to
learn as it is expeditious to use .

Pascal was created at Think Technolo-
gies Inc. (420 Bedford St., Lexington,
MA 02 1 73) by Melvin Conway, who con-
ceived the project and wrote the pro-
totype interpreter; Andrew Singer and
John Hueras, who designed the product
for the Macintosh; and Peter Maruhnic
and Terry Lucas, who wrote the Macin-
tosh version. Running initially on the
Macintosh only, Macintosh Pascal will
be available for Apple's Lisa running
under the MacWorks operating system.
Think Technologies promises separate
versions of the language for all major
educational microcomputers in the next
18 months. Macintosh Pascal will retail
for $125.

A New Breed

An interactive interpreter is the most in-
novative feature of Macintosh Pascal.
Programmers can write source code in
Macintosh Pascal and run it immediate-
ly without going through a separate
compilation step. Students can run in-
dividual commands to understand their
functions. Using the Macintosh user in-
terface—with its multiple windows,
mouse, and data integration— makes
Macintosh Pascal programming easy
and efficient. New programmers can
learn the language more quickly and ef-
fectively when they can interact with a
program at the source-code level.
Macintosh Pascal's program-develop-
ment tools, including single-step execu-
tion, use of breakpoints, and an
Observe window to track the alteration

of variables, further enhance this pro-
cess (see "Macintosh Pascal's Develop-
ment Tools" later in the text).

Macintosh Pascal is a full implemen-
tation, not a subset, of Pascal, and it
emulates as closely as possible both the
ANSI (American National Standards In-
stitute) standard Pascal and LisaPascal.
The following paragraphs describe the
major differences between Macintosh
Pascal and LisaPascal and Macintosh
Pascal and ANSI Pascal.

Macintosh Pascal varies slightly from
LisaPascal, particularly in the way the
latter uses extensions to the language
definition. Also, the scope anomalies of
LisaPascal are errors in Macintosh
Pascal. The Macintosh version differs in
other significant ways, including:

• use of up to 2 5 5 significant iden-
tifier characters

• no support of compiler commands
or nested comments

• simpler rules for integer and longint
arithmetic

• additional real data types: longreal.
extended, and computational

• requirement of the otherwise state-
ment within a CASE construct

• no support of the external directive

• no support of user-defined units or
segmentation

• no support of the functions

exit halt heapresult

mark release memavail

pwroften moveleft moveright

scaneq scanne fillchar

• support of the pack and unpack
procedures

The Macintosh Pascal manual lists other
minor differences between the two.

Macintosh Pascal conforms most
closely to the ANSI standard for Pascal
and is closer to that standard than is
LisaPascal. Macintosh Pascal's major
departures from the ANSI/IEEE
770X3.97-1983 standard include:

• the special symbol @ is an opera-
tor and never treated as a *

• only the standard file variables IN-
PUT and OUTPUT can be used as
program parameters

• all quoted character strings are
STRING data types, but Macintosh
Pascal's compatibility rules are
nonetheless compatible with the
standard's

• support of the word symbols other-
wise, string, and uses

• support of the underscore charac-
ter within an identifier

• all integer and real data type
operands are converted to extended
before real arithmetic is performed;
the result is always extended

• support of predefined libraries

• support of a set of string proce-
dures and functions

• support of the pointer and sizeof
functions for LisaPascal compatibility

The Macintosh Pascal manual lists other
minor differences from the ANSI stan-
dard, including errors not automatical-
ly detected and reported, in an
appendix.

Macintosh Pascal also supports the
graphics functions of the Macintosh
QuickDraw program. Macintosh Pascal

can take advantage of QuickDraw's
functions by including the QuickDraw
libraries. This is done with the uses
clause; for example, uses QUICKDRAWS
QUICKDRAW2.

Macintosh Pascal also supports IEEE
numerics conventions using the Pascal
library SANE (Standard Apple Numeric
Environment). The SANE package is the
first implementation of IEEE numerics
on a microcomputer.

Programming

in Macintosh Pascal

Because the language is interpreted,

programming in Macintosh Pascal is

very similar to using interpreted BASIC.

(text continued on page 138)

G. Michael Vose is a BYTE senior technical
editor. He can be contacted at POB 372,
Hancock. NH 03449.

* File Edit Search

flfc

HutoSket

shape := Random mo
PenSize(psizx, psizi
case shape of
:
begin
writelnCHollow
FrameOvaKy 1, x
end:

Windows

Check
Reset

Go
Go-Go

3€G

Step-Step 1

Stops Out

begin

writelnCFilled Oval'),

PaintOvaKyl, xl, y2, x2)
end;
2 :
begin

writelnCHollow Rectangle');

FrameRecKyl, xl, y2, x2)
end;

Tent

Line
Line
Line

Filled Oval

Draining

Figure I: The Macintosh Pascal
AutoSketch program. The Run menu
appears in the upper center of the screen.
At the right are the Tat and Drawing
windows. The listing window, on the left,
shows breakpoints indicated by stop signs:
the finger points to the next instruction to
be executed in single-step mode.

Figure 2: The Oscillation program. The
Observe window in the upper right shows
the value of variables or expressions. The
Instant window enables execution of code
fragments and the changing of variables
during program execution.

1UNE 1984 -BYTE 137

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(tot continued from page 1 37)
You type in or load from disk the code
you plan to run and then run it. Because
Macintosh Pascal program lines are
precompiled with the entry of a carriage
return, errors are detected and reported
immediately. Macintosh Pascal is thus
even friendlier than traditional inter-
preted BASIC in detecting errors.

Where BASIC uses the RUN command
to start program execution, Macintosh
Pascal uses GO or 36 -G, Apple's Clover-
leaf command key followed by G in the
manner of the Control-X keystroke se-
quence. Macintosh Pascal also enables
execution of a program with break-
points (called Stops) placed within the
code (GO-GO), or single-step execution
of the code with (STEP-STEP) or without
(STEP or Cloverleaf-S) breakpoints. The
GO-GO and STEP-STEP commands run
a program with breakpoints, pause
briefly at each Stop, and then continue,
updating variables or expressions in the
Observe window (see "Macintosh
Pascal's Development Tools").

Figure l is a Macintosh screen with
the Macintosh Pascal program, Auto-
Sketch, being executed in single-step
mode. The Run menu appears at the up-
per center of the display. Breakpoints
have been inserted into the code and
are shown in the listing window as
miniature stop signs within the left scroll
bar. The miniature hand with pointing
finger shows the command that will be
executed next. The Text and Drawing
windows show the program's output.

Macintosh Pascal program fragments
cannot be run alone using the com-
mands in the Run menu. There is an In-
stant window that provides this capabil-
ity, however. Within this window, you
can enter, edit, and execute any Macin-
tosh Pascal statement. The Instant win-
dow has great potential as an educa-
tional aid but has additional capabilities
as well that make it one of the lan-
guage's development tools.

Macintosh Pascals
Development Tools

Interestingly, Macintosh Pascal's pro-
gram-development tools double as
learning aids and can make the process
of writing programs more efficient. The
Instant window is a good example.

Students can use the Instant window
to see how a specific command or pro-
gram segment works. More experienced
programmers can use this window to
help create desired operations because
it also can be used to change the value
of a variable in a running program.
Using the Instant window, you can play
"what if" games with variables in a

program while it is running.

This intraprogram interactivity is the
guiding philosophy behind the lan-
guage's program-development tools.
Besides the Instant window, you can use
an Observe window to watch the value
of variables and expressions change as
a program executes; the Text and Draw-
ing windows to see the text and graph-
ics output, respectively, of the current
running program; or the Clipboard win-
dow, which provides access to the Clip-
board system utility, used to move text
or graphics from one window or pro-
gram to any other program or window.

Figure 2 shows a Macintosh Pascal
program called Oscillation in a display
that includes the Instant and Observe
windows. The Observe window, in the
upper right corner, shows that the value
of the Accel >0 expression is false, while
the value of the variable Vel is 0.272. The
Instant window enables the execution
of a single for loop, with its result shown
in the Drawing window.

You can access Macintosh Pascal's
other development tools through the
File, Edit, and Search menus, and a
special Pause menu that appears only
while a program is executing. The func-
tions available for file manipulation in-
clude opening, closing, saving, restoring
after editing (Revert), and program print-
ing. With the edit functions, you can cut,
paste, copy, and clear (delete). Search
functions are Find, Replace, and Every-
where (search and replace). The special
Pause menu provides the single HALT
command that stops program execution.

Using Macintosh Pascal

Although the Macintosh makes full and
extensive use of the mouse, Macintosh
Pascal enables you to select many of its
functions from the keyboard by using
the Cloverleaf key as a control key File
and window functions cannot be in-
voked from the keyboard, but most edit,
search, and run functions can be.
Because these functions are the ones
most often used during program devel-
opment, this "mousetrap" ensures that
programmers are not hindered much by
the ubiquitous rodent.

Macintosh Pascal consumes approxi-
mately 50K bytes of the Macintosh's
memory, leaving more than 35K bytes
for programs. Program disks provide
approximately 100K bytes of space for
program storage.

Through Think Technologies, Apple
plans to offer a system programmer's
toolkit for the development of applica-
tions software. The toolkit will be re-
leased four to six months after Macin-
tosh Pascal's debut. ■

138 BYTE • IUNE 1984

COMPUTERS and more. . .

is your place to buy for SELECTION, SERVICE and SAVINGS.

We know that your needs are not the same as everyone's, so we don't treat you "just like every one else."

Your needs are special. That's why COMPUTERS and more. . . is your place to buy for. . .

• • • SCHOOL

COMPUTERS

IBM

64KPC w/2-320 drives 2295
PC XT w/256KRAM 4795
PCJR 128K CALL

APPLE

The Macintosh caB

Apple Starter Syetem 1299

Apple He 899

New Apple Products . call

COLUMBIA

16001 w/1 year war ,2498
1600-IPackw/lyr war.27SS
1600 4 CPU only ...3454
VP Portable. ;...,.. 2349

Rainbow 100 .......'2295

Rainbow 100 + 4495

2369
2195

EAGLE

PC XL 3395

Spintll 2699

CORONA

DeskTop w/2 drives

Portable w/2 drives .

TELEVIDEO

TS 1605 CALL

Teletote SALE

Multi-User Systems . . . CALL

ZENITH

2150 , . ON SALE

Z160 CALL NOW

SHARP

PC-5000 15291

NEC

We sell and service all
Nee Micros CALL

LEADING EDGE

PC 2199

For our complete selection

call for our line cord and

price list for all computers.

SSORIES

IBM

389 RIO-Plus 64K 269

R10 64K + 1/0 cd ... 269
SR10 by STB .... on sale
Optical Mouse by Visi 199
Quadboard Ex 64K ..319
Quadboard II 64K .. 249

Quadvue 289

Orchid Tech CALL

1200B w/Sfl 429

Tecmar Access . . . CALL

116 80 Col Card ......... 109

..54 294 K by Synelex .... 499

79 MicroModera lie w/Sft 239
159 Koala Pad 79

97 "h Appli-Cards ........ call

1 Year Warranty Available

) ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa. MasterCard, or bank wire
transfers. Visa, MC, service charge of 2%. Mail orders may send charge
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personal check (allow 10 business days lor personal or company checks to
clear). Please add 3% ($5.00 minimum) tor UPS shipping, handling, and
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Opened products not returnable. Restocking fee for returned merchandise.
Equipment subject to price change and availability. Retail prices differ from
mail order prices. Calif, residents add 6% State Tax. Company and school
P.O.'s accepted on approval IBM & Apple are registered trademarks.
INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOMED

TELEX 697120, DATAMAX ATTN: OEPT. 322

...HOME

PRINTERS

JUKI

6100 18 cps 419

Tractor 109

Cut-Sheet Feeder ... 529

EPSON

Fx-100 CALL

Fx-80 CALL

LQ-1500 NEW

ABATI

LQ 20 Parallel 389

LQ 20 Serial 429

DAISYWRITER

Daisy 2000 w/48 K Buf. 949
Tractor for 2000 ... 119
Cut-Sheet Feeder . . . 659

RICOH

RP 1300 35 cps ...
RP 1600 45 cps Ser.

. 979
1395

. 689
. 219

RP-1200 20 cps L/Q
Tractor-All Models .

TRANSTAR

Transtar 120P 399

Transtar 120S 399

Transtar 130P 579

Transtar BOS 579

Tran 130 Sheet Feeder 329

TOSHIBA

P1351 P 1599

P 1351 S 1599

P 1340 P 799

P 1340S 799

RITEMAN

Riteman Plus 329

RitemanBluc 359

MANN-TALLY

We carry all

Mann-Tally Printers CALL

SIEMANS

PT 88 Ink Jet 759

Pt 89 Ink Jet 994

ANADEX

9500 B 995

9625 B 1195

9000 B 989

STAR

Power Type New CALL
Delta IO & 15 .... CALL
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Radix 10 & 15 .... CALL

OKIDATA

Call for our low sale prices
on all OK! Printers

SOFT

FOR PC & XT

Easywriter 1

Lotus 1-2-3

Lotus Symphony . .

R:Base4000

DesQ

MultiMate

Volkswriter DeLux
Wordstar

.... 189
- - 319

... call
...349
...339

... call
...199
on sale!

Home Acct. Jr 54

Tax Advantage Jr 54

Persona! Development 67

Home Accountant Plus . 99
: Concurrent CP M 86 . . . 239
; CP/M 86 . . C%L

T.I.M.

Q-Base ...... ,.,\

Verse Form

Ask Micro (ea package }

Smarteom D

Inview ^.».

Micro Terminal .......

MAC

Friday

dBase II

Micro Soft Basic ......

MultiPlan

Chart ,.

Filewriter 2
Rescue at Rigel
Easywriter I Sys.
Kids on Keys Jr.
Creative Calc. . .
Creative Filer . .
Creative Writer

Pipes ..,

Save New York

. 119
. 24
.189
. 24
.34
.34
..34
..24
..24

Call for our free price list
of software

MONITORS

APPLE

Friday 169

C Dex (each 36

Quick Code 179

MicroPro ..... on sale!

PFS: File 83

PFS: Report 83

PFS: Graph 83

Visicalc 3.3 169

Visicalc Enhanced . . 179
Letter Perfect w/Mail 99

dBase II call

Tax Prepare '84 179

Magic Window n ... 97

AND TERMINALS

PLOTTERS

AMDEK

Princeton Hx-12 . .. . ..< 464

Princeton SR-12 ... on sale!
Princeton Max 12 .... 179

Taxan 420 467

Taxan Amber , . 119

Taxan Kx 122 . ......... 159

Quadram Quadchrdme 499
Quadram Color ..;.. 449

Zenith 131

Zenith 135

Zenith 122 .;

Amdek 310 A ...
Amdek Color II .
Amdek Color IV
NEC 1216

Amplot-4 Color .... 719
Amplot II Digital ... 899
X Y 6 Color 949

ENTER

Sweet-P tor Apple . . . 729
Sweet-P for IBM ...789
Sweet -P Model 100 ..519

HOUSTON-INST

DMP-40-2 call

DMP-401* 959

C-ITOH

Cx-4800 549

STROBE

M100 1-Pen . . 489
M260 8Pen . . 779

WYSE300 .
WYSE 100 .
QUME 102A .
QUME 103A .

TERMINALS

.... 969 Teleuideo 914

.... 689 Televideo 924 ..

.... 534 Teleirtdeo 910+

. . CALL Televideo 960 . .

SERVICE

DISK DRIVES

Tandon 1002 219

CDC for IBM (320 K) 229

SPECIAL NOTE TO OUR CUSTOMERS:
Because Hard Disk Drive companies are re
thinking their prices downward, please call fo-
lates! prices lor: QUADRAM, TECMAR, DA
VONG, CORVUS. PEGASUS AND OTHERS

COMPUTE

EXTENDED WARRANTIES AND
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FOR MORE
INFO.

3620 30TH ST., SAN DIEGO, CA 92104
TO ORDER (619)291-1442

"SE HABLA ESPANOL"

$50 to $200 rebate on system purchases

CALL FOR MORE INFORMATION.

* On All Pre-paid Cash Orders In Cont. U.S.

V/SA*

P.O.'S ACCEPTED
ON APPROVAL

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 139

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS -

MPU (2MHz)

MPUw/Ctock . .

MPU w/Clock at 3MH;

CPU— B-brt (Internal Clock) 1MHz

CPU-8-bil (External Clock) IMKz

MPtl-8 Oil (6MHz)

CPU-Sgi chipB-DH<l28bts Ram)

CPU (256 Bytes RAMI

CPU (64 bytes RAM) .

CPU w/ Basic Micro Inlerpreier

CPU 16-bil 5MHz . -. .

40 CPU 8/16-Bit.

40 HMOS BAM I/O Port-Timer

40 RMOSEPflOMMPU

Z80. ZfiOA. Z80B. Z8000 SERIES -

40 CPU (MK3880N)(780Cl 2Mh;

18 Counter Timer Circuit

40 Dual Asynchronous Rec. /Trans

40 Direct Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

40 Serial I/O (T.CB and RxCB Bonded)

40 Serial 1/0 (Lacks 0TR8)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB).

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU (MK3880N-4)<78OC-t)4MHz

28 Counter Timer Circuit

40 Dual Asynchronous Rue /Trans

40 Direct Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O interlace Controller . .

40 Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCB Bonded)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB)

40 Senal I/O (Lacks SYNCB)

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU (MK3880N-6I 6MHz

28 Counter Timer Circuit

40 Dual ASyncti Receiver/ Transmitter

40 Parallel I/O interlace Controller

48 CPU Segmented . .

40 CPU Non-Segmented .. , ,

40 Senal Comm Controller

40 Counter/ Timer & Parallel I/O Unit

Digitalker

/680Q/6800Q SERIES —

MPU witn ciock and RAM (2MHz)
Peripheral inter Adapter
MPU

MPU with clock and RAM
CPU (1MHz) External [Locking)
pfi pn*r,ii Inter Adapt (MC682G)
P'ltifiiv ii'le-nipi Comroller . . .
1024xB'bHR0M(MC68A30-8)
Asynchronous Comm Adapter
Synchronous Serial Data Adaptei
0-6000Q5 Digital MODEM
MPU 16BH (8MHz)
General Purpose Int Adapter
Multi Protocol Comm Controller
Enhanced Prog Comm. Int.

Synchronous Dala Interlace ISIRCI

Byte HAM 16-Bitl/O

40 RAM with i Port and Timer

20 Octal D flip Flop Tn State |74C374|

24 8-bitlnput/0utput(74S412).

24 Priority Interrupt Control

16 Bi Directional Bus Driver

16 Clock Generator /Driver

16 Bus Driver

28 System Cont /Bus Driver (74S428)

28 System Controller (74S438I

24 I/O Expander tor 48 Series

IB 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922)

20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923)

28 Display Controller f 74C91 1 )

28 Display Controller j 74C91 2)

40 Asyn Comm Element

28 Prog. Comm. I/O (USART) . .

24 Prog Interval Timer ..,.,....,..

40 Prog Peripheral I/O (PPI)

40 Prog DMA Control

28 Prog Interrupt Control

40 Prog CRT Controller

40 Prog Keyboard/ Display Interlace

20 8-Brt Tn-State Bi- Directional Trans

20 8-Brt Bi- Directional Receiver

20 8-bilBi-Directional Receiver

20 8-Bit Bi- Directional Receiver

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver

40 8-bit Univ. Peripheral Interlace

40 16KEPRCM with I/O .

DISK CONTROLLERS

40 Single Density
40 Single/Dual Densrtyilnv)
40 Snrjifv Double Density (True)
40 Dual Density/Side Select (Inv.)
40 Dual Density/Side Select True

SPECIAL FUNCTION

B Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)
8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ1
21 Communication Chip
18 Floppy Disk Read Amp System
24 Microprocessor Real Time Clock
16 Micro Compatible Time Clock
40 Microcontroller w/64-digit RAM

and Direct LED Drive
40 Microprocessor w/64-digil RAM

& Direcl LED Drive w/N Buss Int.
20 32-seg VAC Fluor Drvr (20-pin pkg )
t Prog Oscillator /Divider (60Hz| . .
8 Prog Oscillator/Divider(100Hi)

29 95
29 95
29 95
29 95

"fini DYNAMIC RAMS

1103
4027
4116N-2

4116N-3

4116N-4

4164N-150

4164N-200

MM 526'

MM5262

MM5270

MM5280

um2% .■

UMv* j
MM5290-4
MM5298-3

1 024x1 1 300ns )

.. 99

4096xt (250ns) .

16,384x1 (150ns)

1 89-8/14.95

16,384x1 (200ns)

1.69-8/1295

16,384x1 (250ns)

1.49-8/10.95

65 536x1 (150ns)

6 95-8/49 95

it.

65.536x1 (200ns)

595-8/44 95

1024x1 (300ns)

49-8/1 95

2048x1 (365ns)

4096x1 (250nsl MK4096

4096x1 (200ns) 2107

3 95

16.384x1 (150ns)

16,384x1 (20QriS)

1 69-8/12 95

16.384x1 (250ns)

1 49-8/10.95

8192x1 (200ns)

2114L-2
2147
2148
TMS4045

(650ns|
(450ns)8iOi
(350ns )
(450ns) L P
(450ns) 81 tt
[450ns ) MOS

(70ns)

1 49-8/995
1 95-8/13.95
1 75-8/11,95
225-8/1495

18 4096x1

18 1024x4 (70ns)

18 1024x4 (450ns )

TMS40L47-45 20 1024x4 (450ns)

510! 22 256x4 <450ns)CM0S

MM5257 IB 4096x1 (450ns) 4044

HM61I6P-3 24 2048x8 (150ns) CMDS

HM6116P-4 24 2048x8 (200ns) CMOS

HM6116LPJ 24 ?048x8 (200ns) L P CMOS

HM6264P-15 28 6192x8 (150ns)CM0S

27LSO0

7489

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S206

74S289

82S10

82S25

1702A

2708

2708-5

TMS2516

TMS2532

TMS2564

TMS2715

2716

2716-1

27160-5

2732

2732A-3

2 732 A- 4

27320-4

27580-A

2764-4

2764-3

MM52040

MCM68764

27128

74S188

74S287

/4S288

74S3B7

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S476

74S47B

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

82S23

82S115

82S123

82S126

8ZS129

82S130

82S185

82S190

B2S191

1B 256x1 (80ns) LP
IB 16x4 (50ns)310i
22 256x4 (250ns)
18 256x4 (250ns)CM0S
16 1024x1 (250ns)CMDSl65O1|
IB 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518)
IB 16x4 (35ns) 93405
IB 256x1 (80ns)934l0
16 256x1 (60fis}93411 .
1G 16x4 (35ns) 3101
16 1024x1 (50ns)0 C (93415)
16 16x4 (50ns)0 C (74S289)
PROMS /EPROMS

24 256x8 (1us)

24 1024x6 (450ns) - -

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM0O246

24 2048x8 (450ns) 2716

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532

28 8192xB (450ns)

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage

24 2048x8 (450ns)

24 2048x8 (350ns)

24 2048x8 (550ns)

24 4096x8 |450ns)

24 4096x8 |300ns)

24 4096x8 (450ns) 21V

24 4096x8 (550ns)

24 1024x8 (450ns)

28 8192x8 (450ns) . ,

21 8192x8 (300ns)

24 5l2x8(1us)

24 8192x8 (450ns)

28 16.384x8 (450ns) 128K EPROM

16 32x8 PROMOC (6330-1)

16 256x4 PROMT S (6301-1)

16 32x8 PROMT S (6331-1)

16 256x4 PROM OC (6300-1)
" PROMT S (6309-1)
PROMT S (6349-1)
PROM C (6348)
PROMT S (OM87S296N)
PROMOC (6340)

39 95
9 95
2.25
3 95
3 95
395
395

20 256x8

20 512x8

24 512x8

1024x4 PROMT S

PROM T.S
PROMOC (6305)
PROM T.S (6306)

18 1024x4 PROMO C (6352) . .

18 1024x4 PROMT S (82S137)
PROMO.C (27S18) .
PROMTS (27S15)
PROMT S (27S19)
PROMOC (27S20)
PROMTS (27S21) ..
PROMO C (27S12)

- -BP24S81)

1024x8
16 512x4
16 512x4

24 512x8

16 32x8

16 256x4

IB 256x4

16 512x4

DM87S18QN 24
0M87S"
DM87S184N
DM87S185N

2048x4 PROM T S (
24 2048x8 (80ns)
24 2048x8 '""

1024x8 PROMO.C (82S180) .

1024x8 PROM T.S. (82S181)

2048x4 PROMOC I82S184)

2048x4 PROMT S (82S185)

DM87S190N 24 2048x4 PROM C (82S190)
DM87S191N 24 2048x8 PROMT S (82S19V
DATA ACQUISITION

DC10 Mostek DC/DC Convert

9V.

2.95

MC3470P 18 Floppy Disk Read AMP System
MC1408L7 16 7-bit D/ A Convener (DACIJ807LCN) . , .1.49
MC1408LB IB 8-bilD/A Convener (DAC0808LCN) ...2.25
ADC0803LCN 2D8-bitA/DCo.nvt:iici it' ?I.SB"l . .4.95

MB-bitA,'D Converter 1 1LSB) , ... 3 49
16 8bitD/A Converter (0 78% Lin ) 1.95

2B8-b*tA/D Converter |8-Ch Multi ) 4.49

408-bitA/DConverter(i6-Ch Multi ) 9 95
24 10-bil O/A Conv. Micro Comp (0 05%) 7 95
20 in b.'D/AConv Micro Comp. (0 20%) 6 95
16 10-bilD/AConv. (0 05% Lin.) .. .. 7 95
16 tO-bit D/A Conv. (0 20%"- '

D AC 1000
DAC1008
0AC1020
DAC1022
DAC1222
LM334Z
LM3352
LM399H

Constant Current Source
Temperature Transducer
Temp Comp Prec Ret ( 5ppm/C)

6.95

AY-5-1013A 4030KB>udUar1(TH1602)

LOW PROFILE
(TIN) SOCKETS

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)
STANDARD

1-9 10-99 100- up

TTrTnT

^m^

SOLDERTAIL
STANDARD (TIN)

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS
(GOLD) LEVEL #3

14 pin WW
11, pin WW
IB pin WW

1.7t

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6'/i% Sales Tax
Shipping — Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance
Send S.A.S.E. lor Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c each
Send S1.00 Postage for your
FREE 1984 JAMECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change

lameco

ELECTRONICS

VISA 1

DT1050 — Applications: Teaching aids,
appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica-
tions, language translations, etc.

The DT1O50 is a standard DIGITALKER kit encoded with 137 separate
and useful words, 2 tones, and 5 different silence durations. The
words and tones have been assigned dlscrele addresses, making it
possible to output single words or words concatenated into phrases
or even sentences The "voice" output ol the DT1050 is a highly in-
telligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesiz-
ed. The vocabulary is chosen so that it is applicable lo many pro-
ducts and markets.

The DT1050 consists of a Speech Processor Chip, MM54104 (40-pin)
and two (2) Speech ROMs MM52164SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pin)
along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematic
diagram on the application sheet.

DT1050 Digitalker™ $34.95 ea.

MM54104 Processor Chip $14.95 ea.

0T1057 - Expands the DT10SO vocabulary from 137 10 over 260

words. Includes 2 ROMs and specs.

Pari No. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

■HfMil^liLl

PtrtNo

7045IPI

7045EV/Kit*

7106CPL

FE02Q3D

7106EV/Ki1*

7107CPL

7107EV7K(t*

7116CPL

7201IUS

72G5IPG

7205EV/Kif

7206CJPE

7206CEV/Ki1*

7207AIPD

7207AEV/Krt*

7215IPG

7215EV/Kit*

7216AIJI

72I6DIPI

7217IJI

721MIPI

7224IPL

7226AEV/KI1-

CMOS Precision Timer . ...

Stopwatch Ctiip. XTL .

Vh Digit A^D (LCD Drive)

31* Digit LCD Display for 7106 & 71 16
IC, Circuit Board. Display . .

3Vj Digit A/D (LEO Drive)
IC. Circuit Board. Display
3V? Digit A/D LCOOlS HLD
Low Battery Volt Indicator
CMOS LED Slogwatch/ Timer
Stopwatch Chip. XTL . ......

Tone Genera lor

Tone Generator Chip, XTL

Oscillator Controller

Freq Counter Chip. XTL

4Func CMOS Stopwatch CKT

4 Func Stopwatch Chip. XTL

8 Digit Univ. Counter C A . ... .

BDigii Freq. Counter C C. .......... ,

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.A

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.C
LCD4V* Dign up Counter DR1

5 Function Counter Chip. XTL

130009 1963 INTERSIL Data Book 03560

29.95
19.95

.10.95
.11.95
10.95
74 95

$9.95 I

74HC High Speed CMOS

74HCOO

74HCOQ

74HC02

74HC03

74HC04

74HCU04

74HC0S

74HC10

74HC11

74HC14

74HC20

74HC27

74HC30

74HC32

74HC42

74HC51

74HC58

74HC73

74HC74

74HC75

74HC76

74HC85

74HC86

74HC107

74HC109

74HC112

74HC113

74HC132

74HC137

74HC13B

74HC139

74HC147 I

74HC151 1

74MC153 1

74HC154 I

74HC157 t

74HC158 t

74HC160 1

74HC161 I

74HC162 1

74HC163 1

74HC164 t

74HC165 1

74HC173 1

74HC174 1

74HC175 I

74HC192 I

74HCT93 1

74HC194 1

74HC195 1

74HC237 I

74HC240 i

74HC241 i
74HC242
71HC243

74HC244 I

74HC245 I
74HC251
74HC253
74HCU04

74HC2W
74HC2H
74HC266
74HC273
74KC280
74HC299
74HC366
74HC367
74HC373
74HC374
?4HC3'SO
74HC393
74HC533
74HC534
74HC595
74HC688
74HC4002
74HC4017
74HC40?)
74HC40;>4
74HC4O40
71HCAW.
74HC407S
74HC407B
74HC4511
74HC4514
74HC4538
74HC4543

u'lrnillKi'pd AH others a

74C00
74C02
74C04
74C08
74C10
74C14
74C20
74C30
74C32
74C42
74C48
74C73
74C74
74C85
74C86
74C89
74C90
74C93

ESI

74C95

1 39

74C107

.89

74C151

2 49

74C154

3 49

74C157

2 25

74C160

1 19

74C161

1 19

74C162

1 19

74C163

1,19

74C164

1 49

74C173

1 19

74C174

1 19

74C175

1 19

74C192

1.49

74C193

t 69

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74C244
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74C906
74C911
74C912
74C915
74C917
74C922
74C923
74C925
74C926
80C95
B0C97

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
vmPHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

TL071CP

TL072CP

TL074CN 1

TL081CP

TL082CP

TL084CN 1

LM301CN

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM309H

LM310CN

LM311CN

LM312H

LM3I7T

LM317K

LM31BCN

LM319N

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320K-24

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM320T-24

LM322N

LM323K

LM324N

LM32907

LM331N

LM3342

LM335Z

LM336Z

LM337MP

LM337T

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM340K-34

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340T-15

LM340T-24

LM341P-5

LM341P12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LF347N

LM34SN

LM350K

LF351N

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377N

LM380CN

LM3B0N
LM381N

LM382N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM391N-80

LM392N

LM398N

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE531V

NE544N

NE550A

NE555V

XR-L555

LM5S6N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

NE571N

LM703CN

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

LM739N

LM741CN

LM747N

LM748N

LM1310N

MC1330AI

MC1349

MC1350

MCI 358

LM1456V

LVi.i'.Jir.N

LM1488N

LM1489N

LM1496N

1.9S

LH1605CK

U<K>

LM1800N

LM1871N

LM1872N

3V.S

LM1877N-9

249

LM18B9N

2.7h

LM1896N

LM2002T

IRS

ULU2003A

XR2206

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XR2207

2-95

XR2208

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LU2877P

1.Wh

LM2878P

LM2901N

LM2902N

LM2907N

LM31B9N

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LM3900N

LM390SCN

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LM3914N

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LM3915N

29S

LM3916N

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RC41S1NB

RC4194TX

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LM4250CN

129

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3.9b

30003 1982 Nal. Linear Data Book n952pgs ] .$11.95

140 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

HOME COMPUTER ACCESSORIES

RS232 ADAPTER FOR
VIC-20 AND COMMODORE 64

The JE232CM allows connection of standard RS232
printers, modems, etc. to your VIC-20 and C-64. A 4-pole
switch allows the inversion of the 4 control lines. Com-
plete installation and operation instructions included.

• Plugs into User Port • Provides Standard RS232 signal
levels • Uses 6 signals {Transmit, Receive, Clear to Send,
Request to Send, Data Terminal Ready, Data Set Ready).

JE232CM $39.95

VOICE SYNTHESIZER
FOR APPLE AND COMMODORE

NEW!

JE520AP

JE520CM

• Over 250 word vocabulary -affixes allow the formation ol more
than 500 words • Built-in amplifier, speaker, volume control, and
audio jack • Recreates a clear, natural male voice * Plug-In user
ready with documentation and sample software • Case size:
7'A"L x 3V«"W x 1-3/8"H

APPLICATIONS: • Security Warning • Telecommunication

• Teaching • Handicap Aid

• Instrumentation • Games

The JE520 VOICE SYNTHESIZER will plug right into your
computer and allow you to enhance almost any applica-
tion. Utilizing National Semiconductor's DIGITALKER
Speech Processor IC (with four custom memory chips),
the JE520 compresses natural speech into digital mem-
ory, including the original inflections and emphases. The
result is an extremely clear, natural vocalization.
Part No. Description Price

JE520CM For Commodore 64 & VIC-20 $114.95

JE520AP For Apple II, 11+ , and //e $149 95

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER
8K to 64K EPROMS - 24 & 28 Pin Packages

Completely Self Contained - Requires No Additional Systems for Operation

■ Programs and validates EPROMs ■ Checks lor properly erased EPROMs

■ Emulates PROMsor EPROMs ■ RS232C Computer Interface for editing and
program loading • Loads data into RAM by keyboard * Changes data in RAM
by keyboard ■ Loads RAM Irom an EPROM * Compares EPROMs tor contenl
differences -Copies EPROMs -Power Input: 1 1 5VAC, 60Hz, leas than 10W
power consumption ■ Enclosure: Color-coordinated, light tan panels with
molded end pieces in mocha brown ■ Size: IWli 8%"Dx 3VH -Weight
5*. lbs.

The JE664 EPROM Programme* emulates anO programs various 8-Bit Word EPROMs Irom 8K to
64K- Bit memory capacity Data can Oe entered into ine JE664's internal 8K x 8-Bn RAM in three
ways: (1) from a ROM or EPROM. (2) from an external computer via the optional JE665 RS232C
BUS, (3| from its panel keyboard The JE6W's RAMs may Oe accessed lor emulation purposes

'rrjm 1'u; [i.ii'c '■■ 1i";l s.'n ki>l W. .in r ■ »t j .■ : r . . ; . iiiu-rapruce'isnr li' ; ji.nirning and fir'Mil.Tui' . the

JE664 allows lor exami nation, change and validation ol program content. The JE664's RAMs
can be programmed quickly to all " l"s (or any value), allowing unused addresses in the EPROM
to be programmed later without necessity ol "UV" erasing The JE6fW displays DATA and
ADORESS in convenient hexadecimal (alphanumeric) format. A "DISPLAY EPROM DATA"
button changes the DATA readout irom RAM word to EPROM word and is displayed in Doth
hexadecimal and binary code. The Iront panel features a convenienl operating guide The JE664
Programmer includes one JM1SA Jumper Module (as listed below).

JE664-A EPROM Programmar $995.00

Assembled & Tested (Includes JM 1 6A Module)

JEB65 - HSZ32C INTERFACE OPTION - The RS232C Interface Option implements
computer access to the JE664's RAM. This allows the computer to manipulate, store and
transfer EPROM dala to and from the JE664 A sample program listing is supplied m MSASIC lor
CP/M computers. Documentation is provided lo adapt the software to other computers with an
RS232 pon. 9600 Baud, 8-bit word, odd parity and 2 stop bits.

FOR A LIMITED TIME A SAMPLE OF SOFTWARE WRITTEN IN BASIC FOR
THE TRS-80' MODEL I, LEVEL II COMPUTER WILL ALSO BE PROVIDED

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JE66S Option $1195.00

Assembled & Tested (Includes JM16A Module)
EPROM JUMPER MODULES - The JE664's JUMPER MODULE (Personality Module) is a
plug-in Module thai pre-sets the JE664 'or the proper programming pulses to the EPROM and
configures the EPROM socket connections lor that particular EPROM.

JtSMtn™

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EPfM HUWWIUIU

MCI

JMOM

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. . 114.95

KEYBOARDS

HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD

■ Great keypad tor many home and business computer applications

■ SPST switching ■ Mounted on PC. board ■ Size 5" l_ x 3" W x IV H
- Color: Grey ■ Weight: 1 lb. ■ Spec available

K-14 $9.95

•W8W

13VLx4VWx VH

18" T -x7VWx 1VH

Nationally Known
Manufacturer!

21V L x 9.8"Wx3VH

MICRO SWITCH

ASCII Encoded Keyboards

■ Large selection of keyboards ■ Hall effect
switching ■ Some have parallel interfaces ■ Some
have serial interfaces ■ All have status LEDs and a
minimum of 68 keys • Some with numeric keypad
capabilities, cursor controls, or both • Styles may
vary ■ Weight: 2 lbs. • No specs available

KB-MISC $9.95

Mitsumi 54-Key Unencoded
Matrix All-Purpose Keyboard

• SPST keyswitches ■ 20 pin ribbon cable connec-
tion • Low profile keys ■ Features: cursor controls,
control, caps (lock), function, enter and shift keys
■Color (keycaps): grey ■ Wt.: 1 lb. • Pinout included

KB54 $14.95

71 -Key ASCII Cherry Keyboard

■ 7 bit parallel ASCII with strobe • 1 1 key numeric
keypad ■ SPST mechanical keyswitches • 15/30
card-edge connector ■ Features: escape, control,
cursor controls, plus 10 add'!, special function keys
• Color: white - Weight: 2 lbs. ■ Spec, included

KB1801 $29.95

87-KEY ASCII Cherry Keyboard

■ 12-key numeric keypad ■ Cursor keypad • SPST
mechanical keyswitches ■ 40-pin header connector

■ Colors: main and numeric keypad -orange; Cursor
keypad-yellow • Weight: 2 lbs. • Spec included

KB8600 $34.95

106-KEY 8-BIT SERIAL ASCII
KEYBOARD

• The terminals were designed to be daisy chained
around a central host computer and used as indi-
vidual work stations • Hall effect switching ■ numeric
and cursor keypad ■ 10 user definable keys ■ 50"
interface cable with 9-pin sub-miniature connector

• 7 LED function displays • Security lock • N-key roll-
over • Automatic key repeat function -Color: (case):
white w/black panel— (key caps): grey and blue
■ Weight: 6% lbs. ■ Data included.

KB139 $59.95

POWER SUPPLIES

TRANSACTION TECHNOLOGY, INC.
5VDC @ 1 AMP Regulated Power Supply

• Output: +5VDC fl 1 .0 amp (also +30VDC regulated) ■ Input: 1 1 5VAC, 60 Hz
■Two-tone (black/beige) self-enclosed case ■ 6 foot, 3-conductor black
power cord ■ Size: 6V L x 7" W x 2V H • Weight: 3 lbs.

PS51194 $14.95

New!

^-^R

Power/Mate Corp. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

-Input: 105-1 25/210-250 VAC at 47-63 Hz -Line regulation: ;0.05%- Three
mounting surfaces ■ Overvoltage protection ■ UL recognized - CSA certified
Bart No. Output Size Weight Price

EMA5/6B
EMA5/6C

5V@3A/6V@2.5A 4VL x 4"W x 2VH 2 lbs.
5V@6A/6V@5A 5WL x 4VW x 2VH 4 lbs.

$29.95
S39.95

ASTEC SWITCHING REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

• Apple III Power Supply ■ Multiple outputs tor bench top uses and other
applications ■ Input: 1 15VAC, 50-60 Hz @ 3.0 amps • Output: +5VDC @ 1 .0 amp,
+ 1 2VDC @ 1 .0 amp, -1 2VDC • 1 .0 amp, +24VDC @ 2.5 amp, -24VDC • 2.5 amp
■ Size: 1 5" L x 3V W x 2W H • Weight: 2'k lbs.

AS1155 $39.95

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.6 AMR 1 2VDC • 1 .5 AMP SWITCHING

■Input 115VAC, 50-60NJ 3 amp/230VAC. 50Hz • 16 amp -Fan volt 'power supply
select switches (1 I5/230VAC) -Output: 5VDC S 7.6 amp. 12VDC© 1 5 amp ■ 8 loot black
power cord -Size: 11 VLx IS^-Wx 3 s * "H -Weight: 6 lbs.

PS94VOS $39.95

KEPCO/TDK 4-OUTPUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY
• Ideal for disk drive needs of CRT terminals, microcompuiers and

videogames- Input: 11 5/230VAC,50/60Hz- Output: +5V@ 5 Amp, +12V®
1.8 Amp, +12V @ 2 Amp, -12V @ 0.5 Amp • UL recognized -CSA certified
- Size; 7VL x 6-3/1 6"W x 1 VH ■ Weight: 2 lbs.

MRM 1 74KF $59.95

4-CHANNEL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

■ Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process
control applications • Input: 90-130VAC, 47-440HZ • Output: +5VDC • 5A,
-5VDC@1 A; +12VDC@1A, -12VDC@1A- Line regulations: ±0.2% ■ Ripple:
30mV p-p ■ Load regulation: * 1 % • Overcurrenl protection • Adj: 5V main
output ±10% -Size: 6WLx1VWx 4-1 5/1 6"H -Weight: Vb lbs.

FCS-604A $69.95 each

Switching Power Supply for APPLE II, 11+ & tie"*

■ Can drive four floppy disk drives and up to eight expansion cards

• Short circuit and overload protection • Fits inside Apple computer

■ Fully regulated +5V@5A, + 12V@ 1.5A, -5Vfi.5A.-12Ve.5A

■ Direct plug-in power cord included • Size: 9VL x 3VW x 2VH

• Weight: 2 lbs.

KHP4007 $79.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6 1 /a% Sales Tax
Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c each
Send $1.00 Postage for your
FREE 1984 JAMECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change

'MasterCard

ameco

ELECTRONICS

VISA"

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
6/84 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 178043

4 Digit Fluorescent Alarm Clock Kit

MEW!

• AM/PM indicator

• Automatic
display dimmer

• Bright 4-dlgit 0.5' high display • 10 minute snooze alarm

The JE750 Clock Kit is a versatile 12-hour digital clock
with 24-hour alarm. The clock has a bright 0.5" high
blue-green fluorescent display. The display will automat-
ically dim with changing light conditions. The 24-hour
alarm allows the user to disable the alarm and immediat-
ely re-enable the alarm to activate 24 hours later. The kit
includes all documentation, components, case and wall
transformer. Size: 6VLx 3V 4 "W x 1 VD.

JE750 Alarm Clock Kit $29.95

DISK DRIVES AND SUPPLIES

5V4" APPLE™

Direct Plug-In

Compatible Disk Drive

• U»i Stiugin SA390 mechanics • 143K
lormittid tlorigi • 35 Irsck* - compatible,
with Apple controller • Complttt witti conntt-
1o> ind cable — just plug Inlo your disk con
trailer cird • Sin: B"L x 3Vi"W .
B-9/l6"D • Weight ■!'■■. Ibt.

ADD-514... $195.95

+5VDC @ 6 Amps
+12VDC@4Amps
-12VDC® 0.5 Amps

Microcomputer

Power Inc.

Regulated

Power Supply

• Perfect for computer or disk
drive systems • Supply has AMP
connectors for direct connec-
tion to two 5V disk drives

• Cooling fan • Input: 1 00/1 1 5/
200/230VAC, 47-63HZ ■ Output
(above) • Weight: 9 lbs.

CP167 $59.95

»••■■-

13VLx6VWx5"H

I i.\dlS7rj£5 Protect Yourself...
DATASHIELD

VeafktaV Surge Protector

l^K^&f^A ■ Eliminates voltage spikes and EMI-RFl noise

laHV^^' before it can damage your equipment or cause

lWj* data loss ■ 6 month warranty ■ Rower dissipa-

l " ^ .. tion (100 microseconds): 1 ,000,000 watts ■ 6

1 -ViP •* sockets ■ 6 foot power cord - Normal line volt-

l ' jg- : --igp|" age indicator light • Brown out/black out reset

' switch - Weight; 2 lbs.

Model 100 $69.95

Protect

Yourself..

DATASHIELD'

Back-Up
Power Source

hfcgL i Provides up to 30 minutes of continuous 120

KB jf- I VAC 60Hz power to your computer system

(I (load dependent) when you have a black out

N^; : or voltage sag -Output rating: 200 watts -Six

»' month warranty ■ Weight: 19 lbs.

Model 200 (PC200) $349.95

IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT
COMPAQ COMPATIBILITY

SAVE HUNDREDS OF SSS BY UPGRADING
MEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!

Most of the popula, memory boards allow you to add an additional
64K, 128K, 192K. or 2S6K. The IBM64K Kit will populate thasa boards
In 64K byts increments Tha kit Is slmpla to Install — Just Insert the
nine 64K RAM chips In the provided sockets and sal the two groups
ol switches. Directions are included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $49.95

TRS-80 MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K

"Modal 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit
Model 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Throe Kits
Color = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit

"Modal 1 aqulpprt will) Eipiniion Board up to 48K Two Kdi Hoquirod
— OlM Kit Hoquirod lor oooli 16K ol ExpaflllOd —

TRS-16K3*200ns for Color & Model III $12.95

TRS-16K4 -250ns for Model I S10.95

TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Easy to install kits comes complete with 8 ea. 41 64-2 (200ns) 64K
dynamic RAMs and conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80
color computers with D, E, ET, F and NC circuit boards to 32K.
Also converts TRS-80 color computer II to 64K. Flex DOS or OS-9
required to utilize full 64K RAM on all computers.
TRS-64K2 $44.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

8 Chips - 51 Minutes

1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 2708, 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564. Erases up to 8 chips
within 51 minutes (1 chip In 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure
distance of one Inch. Special conductive loam liner eliminates static
build-up. Built-in aatety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only
9.00" x 3.70* x 2.60". Complete with holding tray for 8 chips.

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser . S 79.95
UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb ..$16.95 J

Circle 1 75 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984

IYTE 141

BUILD A PRINTER BUFFER

Aw inexpensive project for the parallel port

by John Bono

Personal computers have eliminated many of life's minor frustrations. Unfor-
tunately, they also have created a unique set of new frustrations. For instance,
have you ever debugged a program with a listing so old that even your hand-
written modifications are modified? If you're like me, you don't want to stop debug-
ging to wait for a new printout. Have you ever been connected to a computer via
a phone line and wished you could get hard copy but your printer was too slow
to keep up with the data transmissions? Perhaps you have a program that produces
so much printed output that you wait until lunch to run it? Tying up your computer
to print data is a waste of time and resources. If these situations sound familiar,
a printer buffer may be the solution.

A printer buffer holds characters to be printed out until the printer is ready to
accept them. It allows the computer sending the characters to dump the characters
and go back to other tasks. In the meantime, the printer prints the characters at
its relatively slow pace.

Software printer buffers do exist, but they have these drawbacks: they are highly
hardware dependent, limited in buffer space, incompatible with some programs, and

still slow down the computer somewhat.

The best solution is a hardware printer
buffer external to your computer. These
devices exist commercially, but they are
relatively expensive. For that reason you
should consider building one, as 1 did.

Photo 1 shows the completed printer
buffer. It consists of only 24 chips, con-
nectors, and a power supply. The entire
unit cost less than $150 to build. The
parts list for this project is specified in
table 1.

How It Works

Figure 1 shows the flow of data from the
host computer through the printer buf-
fer and out to the printer. The computer
sends a byte to the printer buffer inter-
face. The -microprocessor inside the
printer buffer reads the byte and stores
it in RAM (random-access read/write
memory). This process continues until
there are no more characters sent or un-
til the buffer fills up. The buffer uses 64K
bytes of RAM, which means that over

65,000 characters can be stored in the
printer buffer. This translates to about
35 pages of printed material.

Output from the printer buffer takes
place independent of input. The char-
acters are taken from RAM in the same
order as they are input. The micropro-
cessor then sends the characters one by
one to the printer interface. To the user,
these two processes appear to take
place simultaneously so that data can
leave the computer and be printed as
quickly as possible.

Figure 2 shows the block diagram for
the printer buffer. The heart of the sys-
tem is a Z80 microprocessor running
with a 1-MHz clock. It executes instruc-
tions stored in an EPROM (erasable pro-
grammable read-only memory). The
characters are input from the host com-
puter into an 8-bit latch and are output
to the printer through another 8-bit
latch. The printer buffer includes 64K
bytes of dynamic RAM. The RAM has
a multiplexed address input and refresh-

ing requirements, so additional support
logic is required for its operation.

Getting Down to
the Nitty Gritty

Figures 3a and 3b (pages 450 and 452)
show the schematic diagram for the
printer buffer. The 1-MHz clock is
generated by IC1, an MC4024. Exercise
special caution when buying this part
because it is not CMOS (complemen-
tary metal-oxide semiconductor) as its
4000 series number might lead you to
believe. Order only a MC4024. not just
a 4024, and you won't have a problem.
The 0.001 jtF (microfarad) capacitor
across pins 3 and 4 sets the frequency,
and the connections to pin 2 adjust the
frequency somewhat. In this applica-
tion, the clock frequency is not at all
critical— any clock rate between 0. 5 and
2 MHz is acceptable.

IC2 is the Z80 microprocessor that
runs the whole printer buffer. Pin 26
resets the processor when the 68-fiF

142 BYTE

IUNE 1984

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capacitor charges through the 10,000-
ohm (fi) resistor. This system is quite
simple, therefore, all the interrupt and
direct-memory handshaking inputs are
strapped to their inactive state. One
thing I have found is that the Z80 has
an annoying feature of letting its high-
address bus float at certain times, which
causes random chip selects and could
destroy the contents of the RAM. To
avoid this problem, IC5, a 74LS373,
latches the upper-address byte and
keeps it valid during the entire instruc-
tion cycle.

The EPROM memory resides at ad-
dress locations through 2047 (al-
though 2 56 bytes is more than enough
memory). The EPROM chip select is
generated by IC11. This 74LS138
decoder is used as a 5-input OR gate
determining whether the EPROM or the
RAM will be selected during a given
memory cycle. If the output of IC11 is
low, the EPROM will be selected; if it is
high, then the RAM will be selected.

memory consists
of eight 4164 chips. All
of the chip's pins are connected in
parallel except for the data input and
output pins (2 and 14). The interface
from the Z80 to the RAM chips was the
most challenging part of the design. The
dynamic RAM works like this: a row ad-
dress is provided, the row-address
strobe (RAS) goes low, a column ad-
dress is provided, the column-address
strobe (CAS) goes low, and then data
goes either in or out. The level of the
READ/WRITE pin at the time of CAS
determines the data direction. 1C7 and
IC8 are the address multiplexers for the
RAM. When their S input is high, the
low byte of the Z80 address is provided
to the RAM-address input. When their
S input is low, the high byte of the Z80
address goes to the RAM-address
inputs.

The memory-access sequence starts
with the Z80 putting out an address.

The low-address byte goes to the
RAM. The MEMORY REQUEST signal
and either the READ or WRITE signal
then occurs. These signals, with a RAM
SELECT signal from IC1 1, are combined
by IC4 to generate the RAS. Now, the ■>
RAM has the low-address byte. The RAS
signal is delayed slightly by the buffers
of IC14 and IC6 to allow for RAM-
address hold time. Then the delayed
RAS switches the address multiplexers
1C7 and IC8 to provide the high-address
byte to the RAM. The RAS is further
delayed to allow for multiplexer settling
time and then is fed to the RAM to pro-
vide CAS. When CAS goes low, the RAM
either accepts or outputs the data byte
depending on whether the Z80 is do-
ing a READ or WRITE.

(text continued on page 446)

\ohn Bono (23624 137th Ave. SE, Kent. WA,
98031) is an electrical engineer with Boeing
Aerospace Company's Electrical Technology
Organization in Kent, Washington.

ILLUSTRATION BY KIMBLE PENDLETON MEAD

IUNE 1984

143

Only one company can show you so many
And it isn't IBM.

Monochrome text. Color graphics.

Even a new super display adapter that provides

the Best of Both, on one board.

Connect your PC to peripherals like a

modem or printer, with the added

efficiency of print spooling.

IBM today sets the standard in
personal computers.

But what happens when you want
to expand your PC's capability to
something beyond standard?

That's when you have to look
beyond IBM. To the one company
that offers the widest range of prod-
ucts to make your PC work more
powerfully, more efficiently.

Persyst.

Display adapters. Persyst
introduces a significant
technical advance.

Now Persyst redefines the basic
utility of display adapters for IBM
personal computers.

Our BoB™ super display adapter
provides the sharpest text resolution
ever as well as brilliant color graph-

ics—the Best of Both— on one
board. Plus a unique option that lets
you design and download custom
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Circle 373 on inquiry card.

WAIT-LESS PRINTING,

INSTA-DRIVE,
PC/EDIT'" SOFTWARE

DEC RAINBOW

APPLE FAX:
Weather

Maps on a
Video Screen

With a simple converter circuit,

you can use your Apple to display

facsimile weather maps

by Keith H. Sueker

Photo 1: Polar weather from
the Alaskan Peninsula at
extreme left center to Scotland
at extreme upper right. Baffin
Island is at upper center. This
composite photo is made from
five sequential screen displays.

ehind the scenes, at
television and radio sta-
tions and in hundreds of
(airports around the
world, meteorologists
ponder dozens of surface and upper-air
weather maps several times each day.
These maps display information about
pressure, winds, temperature, and many
other factors that forecasters use to
predict the weather.

In this article 1 will describe a way to
display real-time, radio-facsimile
weather maps on the Apple II high-res-
olution video screen. With a short-wave
receiver, a simple converter, and a short
machine-language program, you can
have a new window on the world.

Weather maps come in many forms
and formats. Station NSS in Washington,
DC, transmits a schedule of daily maps
at 0000Z and 1200Z (7:00 a.m. and 7:00
p.m. EST). Some maps have a Mercator
projection, some a polar projection.
Some of the more interesting maps
cover the northern hemisphere from
Alaska to Gibraltar and include latitude
and longitude lines as well as political
and geographical boundaries. Many
maps cover the North American conti-
nent from Mexico to the polar regions.
State and provincial boundaries can be
seen, along with major geographical
features such as the Great Lakes and
Hudson Bay. A sample display is shown
in photo 1.

Other maps show a radar summary of
precipitation over the U.S. mainland
while still others show satellite-recorded
cloud cover over large areas. Although
the satellite maps are computer-
enhanced to include geographical lines,
this fine detail is lost when displayed on
a video screen.

146 BYTE • JUNE 1984

The content of these maps is not
always obvious, and their complete in-
terpretation is beyond my ability. Suf-
fice to say that many maps show
altitude contours for selected upper-
atmosphere pressures, and that highl-
and low-pressure centers are often
clearly shown.

FAX AND WX

Facsimile transmission (FAX) is widely
used commercially for sending drawings
over the common-carrier telephone
lines. It is also used for transmitting
weather maps (WX) to ships at sea on
high-frequency radio circuits.

For mariners, weather is more than a
matter of casual concern. It is vital for
them to have as much forecast informa-
tion as possible on wind velocity, wave
heights, air and water temperatures, and
other marine conditions. Sea-based air-
craft pilots need forecasts of winds,
cloud cover, temperatures, and other
variables for marine operations.
Weather information in the U.S. is col-
lected by land and radio teletype cir-
cuits from a worldwide network of
ground stations and ships at sea. Near-
ly every country in the world cooper-
ates in this effort. Orbiting satellites pro-
vide additional inputs from specialized
sensors. The resulting mass of data is
assembled by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
and fed into computers. NOAAs output
is a daily stream of synoptic and fore-
cast maps for almost anything you
could want to know about the weather.
The maps are transmitted nationally
over FAX wire circuits and selected
maps are also transmitted simultane-
ously on a number of high-frequency
radio circuits through the facilities of the

U.S. Navy Fleet Weather Service. Many
other nations also transmit FAX maps,
and their transmissions can often be
received in this country.

FAX can be visualized as transmission
of a television picture at a snail's pace.
The original copy is scanned in a series
of lines, just as in television. Instead of
the 15.750-kHz horizontal-scan rate of
television, however, a typical FAX scan
rate is 2 Hz or 120 scans per minute.
The luminance information of FAX
transmissions requires only a kilohertz
or so of bandwidth to resolve fine detail
because the scan rate is so slow. The
video of television is audio in FAX, the
result of adapting picture transmission
to the frequency and bandwidth limita-
tions of telephone lines and long-
distance radio circuits. Because a full
FAX picture may require five minutes or
more to transmit, FAX is not a winner
for live action— except possibly for
chess. But it has real utility for handling
still pictures.

Receiving FAX

My personal involvement with FAX
reception began several years ago when
1 acquired a surplus Western Union
Deskfax machine for the princely sum
of $15. This little machine uses a
rotating drum covered with electro-
sensitive paper and forms an image by
sparking a fine wire that advances slow-
ly along the axis of the drum. To make
Deskfax functional on radio weather
FAX frequencies I had to convert it from
180 scans per minute to the standard
120 scans by building a precision 40-Hz
power supply to drive the synchronous
motors. Synchronizing pulses are sent
at the start of each weather map, but
FAX machines run "open loop"; i.e., they

rely on a precise speed match between
the transmitting and receiving scanners.
Crystal-controlled motor drives provide
the required accuracy.

The Deskfax machine also requires a
receiving converter because the trans-
mitted FAX signal is a continuous-wave
carrier frequency shifted by the "video"
information. Commercial FAX receivers
employ automatic gain control (AGC)
circuits with limiters and discriminators
to recover the modulation and convert
it to synchronizing pulses and a signal
voltage that varies with pixel brightness
in the original material. The signal
voltage then drives whatever circuitry
and mechanism is used to produce the
received picture. For this project. 1
designed a much less elegant, but still
functional, receiving adapter.

The Deskfax machine was a lot of fun
to operate, but paper supply was a
problem and the short drum could ac-
commodate only enough paper for a
small portion of each map. When I final-
ly entered the computer age with the
acquisition of an Apple II, it seemed
logical to see if I could put FAX pictures
up on the video screen.

Apple Hi-Res Video

The high-resolution graphics (HGR) dis-
play of the Apple II is arranged as 192
lines of 280 horizontal pixels per line.
(texi continued on page 148)

Keith Sueker (1 10 Garlow Dr., Pittsburgh. PA
15235) is a radio amateur (W3VF) who
worked for 20 years at VJeslinghouse before
becoming Power Systems engineering manager
at Robicon Corp. in Pittsburgh. Sueker has a
B.S.E.E. from the University of Minnesota and
an M.S.E.E. from the Illinois Institute of
Technology.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 147

An attempt to

display the entire

picture width on the

video screen produces

a vertically

elongated picture.

[text continued from page 147)
Each line is organized as 40 bytes of 7
pixel bits per byte. The page is stored
in RAM from hexadecimal 2000 to 3FFF
(8192 to 16,375 decimal). The lines are
not in a simple sequential order but
jump around, presumably to make
things easier for the character genera-
tor and the low-resolution graphics dis-
plays. This design feature makes screen
addressing somewhat complicated.

An individual pixel may be displayed
by setting high the corresponding bit of
the byte in which the pixel resides. Bits
through 6 are displayed from left to
right with bit (the least significant bit)
on the left. The highest bit of each byte
must be a common value to assure pro-
per display positioning. The procedure
in generating the FAX display is to
sample the received radio signal from
the signal converter (see figure 1) 280
times for each half-second scan line,
and to set each pixel bit high or low ac-
cording to the signal level at that mo-
ment. This arrangement only distin-
guishes between black and white.

The transmitted picture resolution is
better than 500 pixels per line, but this
resolution is degraded by transmission
conditions, sampling errors introduced
by digitizing (accomplished at the game
port on the Apple II), and the limitations
of the simple receiving converter. In the
vertical direction (successive scan lines),
line spacing on the screen is such that
lines are much farther apart than their
spacing on mechanical FAX machines
like my Deskfax. An attempt to display
the entire picture width on the video
screen produces a vertically elongated

Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the FAX Converter.

RECEIVER

AUDIO

OUTPUT

3-8il

CM jj

2000ft
CT

€)"

-°1 (+5V)

-°2 (PB1)

APPLE n
GAME

CONTROLLER
!C2 SOCKET

-o 8 (GND)

Tl Transistor-output transformer, 2000GCT/3.20

D1.D2 Germanium diodes, I N34 or equivalent

C1.C2 0.1 /*F

Rl 22,000 Ohms

R2 470 Ohms

Ql 2N4401, 2N3904, or similar type

picture. For this reason, only about 20
percent of a scan line is displayed to
preserve the proper aspect ratio.

Hardware

The receiver signal converter shown
schematically in figure 1 is used for FAX
reception with the Apple II. Audio out-
put from the radio receiver is isolated
and boosted in voltage by the input
transformer, Tl, an output transformer
connected backwards. The impedance
ratio is not critical. Diodes Dl and D2
rectify the signal and charge CI to the
peak voltage of the signal. Germanium
diodes should be used for these rec-
tifiers. Silicon diodes such as the
1N4148 can also be used, but they will
require a considerably higher audio
level from the receiver. Transistor Ql
acts as a level detector and its collector
provides the computer with input using
the game-controller socket. Nearly any
type of NPN signal transistor will be
satisfactory for Ql. The circuit is insen-
sitive to layout and can be built on a
breadboard, a printed-circuit board, or
simply plugged into a prototype board.
Audio leads to the receiver do not have
to be shielded. The Apple's game port
circuitry converts the analog signal from
the radio receiver signal converter to
the digital information used to display
the map video image.

Software

Listings 1 and 2 show the machine-lan-
guage program for FAX picture recep-
tion and the few lines of the BASIC driv-
ing program that call it. The BASIC pro-
gram simply sets the Apple II to full-
page high-resolution graphics mode
that clears the screen and calls the
binary program. I chose to locate this
program in the secondary high-resolu-
tion graphics page (HGR2) because it is
not needed for the FAX display. The
program can be relocated to run in any
convenient location, however.

Let's examine screen addressing for a
moment. The high-resolution screen has
three symmetrical address divisions that
I call "groups." These are each 64 lines
long and have starting addresses of
hexadecimal 2000, 2028, and 2050.
Within each group there are eight "sets"
of eight "rows" (or lines) each. Row ad-
dresses increment by hexadecimal 400
within each set, and set addresses in-
crement by hexadecimal 80 within each
group. This is the scheme the program
follows in computing each new row ad-
dress as the picture is drawn on the
screen. There are probably more
elegant ways of writing the program, so
{text continued on page 1 50)

148 BYTE • JUNE 1984

THIS MONTH'S

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U.S. ROBOTICS Password Modem

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PGS Max-12 (12" Amber, For IBM) .... $189
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RANA ELITE I (Apple Compatible, 163K) . $245

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Printer Mate (Printer Card) $75

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FOURTH DIMENSION 16K RAM Card $49
80 Column Card w/ 64K (lie Only) . . $159
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Shuffle Buffer (32K) $225

KOALA TECH. Koala Pad $89

MICROSOFT Premium Softcard (lie) . $289

MICROTEK Dumpling lb' $149

ORANGE MICRO Grappler* $119

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HARD DISK

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Circle 144 on inquiry card.

[text continued from page 148)

1 offer this code simply as something

that does the job.

In operation, the program sets start-
ing addresses, waits one line, and then
begins at "READ" by sampling the in-
put flag on PB1. This appears as the
highest bit of location hexadecimal

The high-res screen
has three symmetrical
address divisions
called groups.

C061. The bit is rotated left into the
carry flag and then right into buffer loca-
tion hexadecimal 4F05. The bit delay,
hexadecimal 08, between samples
determines the percentage of each line
that is displayed, choosing the proper
aspect ratio as described earlier. This
process continues until 7 bits have been
rotated into the buffer. At this point, the
carry bit is set and rotated into the buf-
fer to complete the byte. Finally, the
byte is written into the next computed
screen location and displayed im-
mediately. Note that the screen refresh
circuitry is continually reading the en-
tire block of memory that comprises the
high-resolution graphics page, although
this action is transparent to the user.

When all 40 (hexadecimal 28) bytes
have been written, the row is complete.
The program then waits before starting
the next row. The wait time is critical to
insure precise synchronism with the
transmitted line rate. At the end of each
group, the program examines the key-
board flag at hexadecimal C000 to see
if a key has been pressed. If so, the
display is halted. This feature allows the
picture to be restarted from the begin-
ning by pressing another key, or to be
held until a second key is pressed. If the
first key is pressed during the last group
formation (at the bottom one-third of
the screen), the full picture will be held.
It can be stored on tape or disk by exit-
ing the program and entering "BSAVE
(filename if disk), AS2000, LS1FFF'

The video display shows about 20
percent of a map's width, and the 20
percent displayed comes up at random
each time the program is initiated. The
restart feature is useful in moving to the
more interesting parts of the map. After
the display is complete, the program im-
mediately begins a new display by over-
writing the old one from the top. The
screen is not cleared because it is useful
to visually "tack" the new section onto
the old one for continuity.

Listing I: The Facsimile driver program, written in 6502 assembly language.

SOURCE FILE: FAXT

4F0O

BITS

EQU

S4F00

4F05

BUFF

EQU

S4F05

C06I

FLAG

EQU

SC061

FCA8

WAIT

EQU

SFCA8

4F10

ROW

EQU

S4F10

4F11

SET

EQU

S4FI1

4F12

GRP

EQU

S4FI2

4F13

SADL

EQU

S4F13

4F14

SADH

EQU

$4FI4

4FI5

GADL

EQU

S4F15

4F16

GADH

EQU

S4F16

cooo

KBD

EQU

SCOOO

com

KBDSTRB

EQU

SCO 10

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME IS FAXT.OBJO

4000:

ORG

$4000

4000:A9

START

LDA

#$08

4002 :8D

STA

ROW

4005:8D

STA

SET

4008:A9

LDA

#$03

400A:8D

STA

GRP

400D:A9

LDA

#$00

400F:8D

STA

SADL

4012:8D

STA

GADL

4015.8D

STA

ADDL

40I8:A9

LDA

#$20

401A:8D

STA

SADH

401D:8D

STA

GADH

4020:8D

STA

ADDH

4023:A9

IN IT

LDA

#$00

4025:AA

TAX

4026:A9

LDA

#$29

4028:20

JSR

WAIT

402B:A9 AA

LDA

#$AA

402D:20

JSR

WAIT

4030:A9

LDA

#$FF

4032:20

JSR

WAIT

4035:A9

LDA

#$FF

4037:20

JSR

WAIT

403A:A9

CHAR

LDA

#$08

403C8D

STA

BITS

403F:A9

LDA

#$00

4041:8D

STA

BUFF

4044:AD

READ

LDA

FLAG

4047:2A

ROL

4048:6E

ROR

BUFF

404B:A9

LDA

#$08

404D:20

JSR

WAIT

4050:CE

DEC

BITS

4053:DO

BNE

READ

4055:38

SEC

4056:6E

ROR

BUFF

4059.AD

LDA

BUFF

405C9D

DFB

$9D

405D:O0

ADDL

DFB

$00

405E:20

ADDH

DFB

$20

405F.E8

INX

4060:8A

TXA

4061:18

CLC

4062 :E9

SBC

#$27

4064.D0

BNE

CHAR

4066:CE

DEC

ROW

4069:F0

BEQ

SETCHK

406B:AD

LDA

ADDH

406E:I8

CLC

406F:69

ADC

#$04

4071:8D

STA

ADDH

4074:4C

IMP

IN IT

4077:CE

SETCHK

DEC

SET

407A:FO

BEQ

GRPCHK

407CAD

LDA

SADL

407F:I8

CLC

4080:69

ADC

#$80

4082:8D

STA

ADDL

4085:8D

STA

SADL

BITS PER BYTE COUNTER.

BUFFER TO FORM DISPLAY BYTE.

INTERFACE INPUT ON PB1.

MONITOR SR WAIT.

ROW COUNTER.

SET COUNTER.

GROUP COUNTER.

STARTING ADDRESS

OF CURRENT SET.

STARTING ADDRESS

OF CURRENT GROUP.

MONITOR SR KBD.

MONITOR SR KBDSTRB.

START NEW PICTURE.
8 ROWS PER SET,
8 SETS PER GROUP.
3 GROUPS PER PAGE
FOR THE DISPLAY.

SET LOW BYTE STARTING
ADDRESS FOR FIRST SET.
GROUP AND ROW.

SET HIGH BYTE STARTING
ADDRESS FOR EACH SET,
GROUP AND ROW.
START A NEW LINE AFTER DELAY.

;(THIS COMBINATION OF WAIT
;TIMES KEEPS DISPLAY ROWS
SYNCHRONIZED WITH SCAN
:RATE OF FAX TRANSMISSIONS.
:DELAYS CAN BE CHANGED TO
:MATCH A PARTICULAR APPLE
;CRYSTAL IF NECESSARY.)
:DONE. READY FOR NEW ROW.
;SET BIT COUNTER FOR
;SEVEN BITS PER BYTE.
:CLEAR BUFFER FOR NEW
:BYTE STORAGE.
:READ INTERFACE INPUT AND
: ROTATE INTO CARRY FLAG,
:THEN INTO BUFFER.
:WAIT BEFORE SAMPLING
INTERFACE AGAIN.
:BYTE COMPLETE? IF NOT.
:TAKE ANOTHER SAMPLE.

:IF DONE. SET HIGH BIT
;IN BUFFER, THEN
.READ BYTE INTO A.
:STORE BYTE FOR DISPLAY AT
;CURRENT SCREEN LOCATION WHICH
:WILL BE UPDATED LATER.

:COUNT OFF BYTE AND

:CHECK TO SEE IF

:DISPLAY IS AT
:END OF ROW? IF NOT,
CONTINUE.

:ONE MORE ROW DONE.
:SEE IF AT END OF SET.
:IF NOT, ADD $400 FOR NEXT

:ROW STARTING ADDRESS
:WITH1N SET AND PREPARE
:FOR NEXT ROW.
:HERE WE GO - NEXT ROW.
:END OF SET? IF SO. CHECK
:FOR END OF GROUP.
:IF NOT. FORM NEW ROW LOW

STARTING ADDRESS BY
:ADDING $80.
;STORE FOR OUTPUT AND
:UPDATE SET ADDRESS.

150 BYTE • JUNE 1984

4088:AD

LDA

SADH

:DO SAME FOR HIGH BYTE.

408B:90

BCC

NEWSAD

:DONT FORGET TO BRING IN

408DM8

CLC

:A POSSIBLE CARRY

408E:69

ADC

#$01

FROM LOW BYTE ADDITION.

4090:8D

NEWSAD STA

SADH

STORE BASE AND CURRENT

4093:8D

STA

ADDH

SET ADDRESS HIGH BYTE,

4096:A9

LDA

#$08

RESET ROW COUNTER

4098:8D

STA

ROW

AND

409B:4C

IMP

IN IT

HERE WE GO - NEXT SET.

409E:CE

GRPCHK DEC

GRP

END OF PICTURE? IF NOT.

40A1:D0

BNE

ZERO

GO DO RESETS.

40A3:AD 00

LDA

KBD

DID THE BOSS PRESS A KEY?

40A6:30

BMI

HOLD

YES. HOLD THE PHONE.

40A8:4C

IMP

START

NO, START ANOTHER GROUP.

40AB:AD

HOLD

LDA

KBDSTRB

NOW WAIT FOR HIM TO

40AE:AD 00

LOOP

LDA

KBD

PUSH ANOTHER KEY.

40BI:I0

BPL

LOOP

NOT YET.

40B3:AD

LDA

KBDSTRB

OK, WE'RE OFF AGAIN TO

40B6:4C

JMP

START

START A NEW PICTURE.

40B9:AD

ZERO

LDA

GADL

FORM NEW LOW BYTE GROUP

40BC:18

CLC

STARTING ADDRESS BY

40BD:69

ADC

#$28

ADDING $28.

40BF:8D

*F.

STA

GADL

STORE FOR BASE GROUP.

40C2:8D

STA

SADL

SET AND

40C5:8D

STA

ADDL

ROW ADDRESS.

40C8:AD

LDA

GADH

DO SAME FOR HIGH BYTE,

40CB:90

100

BCC

NEWGAD

REMEMBERING TO BRING IN

40CD:18

101

CLC

:A POSSIBLE CARRY FROM

40CE:69

102

ADC

#$01

LOW BYTE ADDITION.

40D0:8D

103

NEWGAD STA

GADH

STORE ALL THE HIGH BYTE

40D3:8D

104

STA

SADH

STARTING ADDRESSES

40D6:8D

105

STA

ADDH

AS ABOVE.

40D9:A9

106

LDA

#$08

40DB:8D

107

STA

ROW

RESET ROW AND

40DE:8D

108

STA

SET

SET COUNTERS.

40EI:AD

109

LDA

KBD

ARE WE ON HOLD?

40E4:30

110

BMI

HOLD

YES, HOLD THE PHONE.

40E6:4C

111

IMP

IN IT

NO, START A NEW GROUP.

40E9:00

112

BRK

•*' SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY

NO ERRORS

405E ADDH

405D

ADDL

4F00

BITS 4F05 BUFF

403A CHAR

C061

FLAG

4F16

GADH 4FI5 GADL

409E GRPCHK

4F12

GRP

40AB

HOLD 4023 INIT

C0O0 KBD

C0I0

KBDSTRB

40AE

LOOP 40D0 NEWGAD

4090 NEWSAD

4044

READ

4F10

ROW 4FI4 SADH

4F13 SADL

4077

SETCHK

4FI1

SET 4000 START

FCA8 WAIT

40B9

ZERO

4000

START 4023 INIT

403A CHAR

4044

READ

405D ADDL

405E

ADDH

4077

SETCHK 4090 NEWSAD

409E GRPCHK

40AB

HOLD

40AE

LOOP 40B9 ZERO

40D0 NEWGAD

4F00

BITS

4F05

BUFF 4FI0 ROW

4F1 1 SET

4F12

GRP

4F13

SADL 4FI4 SADH

4F15 GADL

4F16

GADH

COOO

KBD CO 10 KBDSTRB

C06I FLAG

FCA8

WAIT

Listing 2.

A BASIC

program

to load the Facsimile machine driver.

100

D$ =

CHR$(4)

PRINT D$. "BLOAD FAXT.OBJO'

120

HGR

130

POKE 49234,0

140

CALL

16384

This program resulted in part from a
desire to learn more about the Apple
video display and to produce some-
thing useful in the process.

Reception

FAX weather maps are transmitted on
numerous frequencies from many dif-
ferent locations worldwide. Among

Signals can arrive
from different paths
and may augment
or interfere with
each other.

these are Washington, DC; Honolulu, HI;
Bracknell, England; Guam; Tokyo, Japan;
Canberra, Australia; Halifax, Canada;
and Moscow, USSR. At my location
transmissions from Washington are the
most reliable (on frequencies of 3356
kHz, 4975 kHz, 8080 kHz. and 10,865
kHz). Many other frequencies and loca-
tions are available, however. A commu-
nications-type receiver with a beat-
frequency oscillator (BFO) is required
for reception. While a picture is being
transmitted, the signal will sound like a
short tone burst followed by a "skritch"
sound. This is repeated twice each sec-
ond. The tone burst should be tuned to
zero beat so only the "skritch" is heard.
A single sideband receiver is preferred
but not essential.

The Fickle Ionosphere

Reception quality can be highly vari-
able. Long-range radio reception de-
pends on signal reflection from the
ionosphere, and the density and height
of the ionized layers can change rapid-
ly. Signals can arrive from several dif-
ferent paths and may augment or inter-
fere with each other. Multipath recep-
tion is often accompanied by differen-
tial time delays in transmission. The
result is a smearing of horizontal details
or the appearance of echo lines. Atmo-
spheric or man-made electrical distur-
bances can also degrade picture quali-
ty. I mention these effects not to dis-
courage the reader but, rather, to sug-
gest that an element of uncertainty can
add spice to the otherwise orderly
world of digital computing. ■

References

1. Grove, Robert B. Confidential Frequency List. Park
Ridge, N|: Gilfer Associates Inc., pages 68-71.

2. Luebbert, William F. What's Where in the Apple?
Chelmsford. MA: Micro Ink Inc., pages 12-14.

IUNE 1984 "BYTE

151

^1 H

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• Graphically frame your most impor-
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VCN ExecuVision can immediately be
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sharper, more prepared, and more pro-
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For a demonstration of VCN ExecuVi-
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Circle 264 on inquiry card.

C J

SPREADSHEET

IN BASIC

An architect's

cost-estimation

program

BY RODOLFO CERATI

I am an architect, and as such I
often need to estimate building
costs. One good way to do this
is with a spreadsheet. The trou-
ble is, cost estimates often re-
quire several hundred spreadsheet cells,
but my CalcStar spreadsheet only
allows 295. To eliminate this limitation
I wrote my own cost-estimation pro-
gram, EST1MATE.BAS, but 1 wrote it so
that it would look like and be as easy
to use as CalcStar. Specifically, it uses
the same cursor-control codes, instantly
recalculates values, saves and recalls
spreadsheet values on disk, and inter-
faces with a database.

I wrote the program in Microsoft
BAS1C-80, so it should be easily ported
to other CP/M-80 computers. 1 also
grouped the screen-handling functions
in a series of subroutines so you can
easily change them to match your
screen's requirements. Finally. I included
the ability to interface with a database
program that I've written.

To run the program, you'll need: a
microcomputer with a Z80 micropro-
cessor and at least 56K bytes of mem-
ory, the CP/M 2.2 operating system,
Microsoft's BASIC-80 interpreter, and a
terminal with a directly addressable cur-
sor, a clear-screen command, a back-
space-and-character-delete command,
and an erase-to-end-of-line command.
A reduced intensity character display
comes in handy, too.

Using ESTIMATE.BAS

Once you've typed the program in, save
it and type RUN. You'll see a menu that
looks like this:
B=build up a new estimate
E=edit an existing estimate

S=save values on disk

R=read values from disk

L=load another program

ESC = exit

Let's suppose that you type E to edit
an existing estimate. You would then see
a spreadsheet something like the one
in figure 1. To move from cell to cell in
this spreadsheet, you use the same con-
trol codes that you would use for cur-
sor movement in WordStar. The current
cell is indicated by angle brackets
(><). Unlike other spreadsheets,
though, my spreadsheet will not let you
place just any kind of information in the
cells. Instead, you are limited to enter-
ing the type of information called for in
the column headings. For instance, you
may only enter names under "Job type"
and numbers under "Unit cost"; you
may not enter formulas in any of the
cells. Whenever you enter new numbers
under "Unit cost" and "Quantity" and
type the proper command, the program
recalculates the percentages in the last
column and the total value in the "Total
value" row. If you want to add or delete
rows, jump to a different page of the
spreadsheet, or print the spreadsheet,
type a semicolon and capital H (;H) for
a list of the proper commands.

The other items in the menu are self-
explanatory.

Program Notes

I've included many remark statements
in my program (see listing 1), but a few
more words will help, I'm sure. The pro-
gram is built around a two-dimensional
array— ARR$— that contains the contents
of each cell. The array is dimensioned
for 100 rows by 7 columns. Four one-di-
mensional arrays-TP%. L%, POX. and

154 BYTE • IUNE 1984

MSK%— hold the screen-display and for-
matting parameters. Array TP% tells
whether the cell is alphabetic or
numeric, array L% tells the length of
each column, array PO% tells the screen
position of each cell in the spreadsheet,
and array MSK% contains the strings
used by the PRINT USING statements
for formatting purposes.

The variables VM1N%, P%, VMAX%,
PS%, SCR%. HZ%, and VP% contain the
absolute position of the current cell in
the main array and its relative position
on the screen.

The program is sectioned into many
subroutines to simplify programming
and debugging. The most often used
subroutines are at the start of the pro-
gram to minimize the time the BASIC in-
terpreter has to spend looking for them.
The initialization and main menu sub-
routines are at the end.

The program occupies 15K bytes of
disk space in compressed form and 1 8K
bytes in ASCII (American National Stan-
dard Code for information Interchange)
form. If you want to save space, you can
delete all of the remark statements,
which are indicated with an apostrophe.

To adapt the program to other com-
puter terminals, you only need to
change the CRT (cathode-ray tube) rou-
tines in lines 60000 and 60020. If your
terminal doesn't support reduced inten-
sity, you can use reverse video instead.
Or just place a null string (" ") in
variables W$(2) and W$(3).

To change the total number of cells in
the main array, change MAX% in line
60060. To change the number of rows
that are displayed, change the variables
in line 60100. Finally, to change the
screen-formatting parameters, change
the DATA statements beginning in line
60220.

By now you have probably noticed
that my program is not as flexible as
CalcStar. It is, in fact, very specialized,
but it has the same ease of data entry
and display that commercial spread-
sheets have. I've eliminated the flexibil-
ity of commercial programs in favor of
a larger data capacity and a more com-
pact program. I'm sure that you could
adapt this program to your own pur-
poses, especially if your applications are
too large for conventional spreadsheets.

I can provide a copy of the program
on disk in North Star double-density for-
mat for a nominal fee. Please write to
me for details. ■

Rodolfo Cerati [Piazza Europa 26, 12100
Cuneo. \taly\ is part owner of S & R Cerati
Architects.

Code

Job type u.m.

_| 1

Unit cost

Quantity

Amount

I-

1
A/01

1 1
Excavations m3

1.50

1,950.00

2,92 5.00

1.3

B/01

Found, concrete m3

14.50

130.00

1.885.00

0.8

F/02

Steel bars Kg

0.40

40,800.00

16,320.00

7.2

S/03

R.concr. slabs m2

25.50

2,780.00

70,890.00

31.5

H/12

Exterior masonry m2

28.50

1,3 50.00

38,475.00

17.1

H/04

Int. walls (1) m2

4.50

2,050.00

9,22 5.00

4.1

H/02

Int. walls (2) m2

6.75

385.00

2,498.75

1.2

G/10

Plaster m2

5.25

7,450.00

39,112.50

17.4

L/01

Ext. finish m2

6.50

1.850.00

12.02 5.00

5.3

10-

L/02

>Int. finish <m2

2.50

6,200.00

15,500 00

4.5

11-

M/01

Marble floors m2

52.50

195.00

10,237.50

4.5

12-

13-
14-

M/03

Synt. floors m2

28.25

215.00

6,073.00

2.7

Total value -

225,267.50

type : text order : L

-R Col.: 2 Row : 10

contents : Int. finish

Hit ■

Figure
row 10.
[ml).

1: An example of a fictitious estimate spreadsheet. The cursor is at column 2 and
The unit abbreviations are cubic meters [m% kilograms (Kg), and square meters

Listing 1: ESTIMATE.BAS, a construction-costs estimate program with a spreadsheet-like
data entry and display.

i '

2 '

3 '

4 •

5 '

6 •

7 '

8 •

9 ■

10 GOTO 60000
85 '

86
87 '

############
ESTIMATE.BAS
############

Construction costs estimating program
© 1983 — Rodolfo Cerati, Architect
Piazza Europa 26, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
Version 2.0 - date : )une 13th, 1983

< lump to initialization routine

##########

Often used subroutines (lines 100-950)
88 ■ ##########

96 '

97 ' Print formatted value on screen

ELSE PRINT FNC$(PO%(|%),PS%)USING MSK$(|%);ARR$(I%,J%);
120 RETURN

248 '

249 ' Clear partial screen

250 FORT%=l TOGAP%:PRINT FNC$(O.T% + OFS%- l)W$(l):NEXT T%:RETURN

298 '

299 ' Calculate absolute row value in array (P%|

300 P% = VP%-(OFS%-l) + SCR%'GAP%:IF P%>MAX% THEN P% = MAX%:RETURN ELSE
RETURN

318 '

319' Calculate position on screen

320 PS% = P% + OFS%- 1 -SCR%'GAP%:RETURN

348 '

349 ' Calculate bottom limit for screen display

350 VMAX% = VMIN% + GAP%-1:IF VMAX%>MAX% THEN VMAX% = MAX%
360 RETURN

396 '

397 ' Backspace one character

400 IF LEN|DS) = THEN RETURN ELSE PRINT CHR$(8|" "CHR$(8|;

420 IFLEN(D$)=1 THEN D$ = " ":RETURN ELSE D$ = LEFT$(D$.LEN(D$)- 1):RETURN

697 '

698 ' Get line

[listing continued on page 1 56)

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 155

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156 BYTE • IUNE 1984

SPREADSHEET

(listing continued from page 155)

700 LINE INPUT;" ";C$:PRINT CHR$(I 3|;:RETURN

709 ' get single character and echo it on screen

710 GOSUB 730:IFT%=13 or T%>31 THEN PRINT C$;CHR$(13);:RETURN ELSE PRINT"
+ CHR$(T% + 64)CHR$(!3);:RETURN

729 ' as above, but no echo

730 C$ = INPUT$I1):T% = ASC(C$):RETURN

747 '

748 ' Waiting message

750 GOSUB 950:PRINT"Wait "W$I3);:RETURN

897 '

898 ' delete status line

900 PRINT FNCS(0,0)WS(1);:RETURN

947 '

948 ' Display program prompt

950 GOSUB 900:PRINT FNC$(0,0|" "W$(2|;:RETURN

995 '

996 ' ##########

997 ' Print array

998 ' ##########

999 '

1000 GOSUB 350.FOR l% = VMIN% TO VMAX%:PS% = l% + (OFS%- 1)-SCR%*GAP%:
PRINT FNCS(PO%(l|,PS%)USING MSK$(I|;VAL(ARR$(I%,1));
IF ARR$(I%,2)<>" "THEN FOR |%=1 TO NN%:GOSUB I00:NEXT:PRINT
NEXT:RETURN

##########

Print single item & recalculate total

##########

1020

1040

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

1300 GOSUB 300:GOSUB 320:IF HZ%>4 THEN T# = VAL(ARR$(P%,NN%||

1320 ARR$(P%,HZ%) = D$:I% = P%:|% = HZ%:GOSUB 100:IF HZ%<5 THEN RETURN ELSE IF

HZ% = 7 THEN 1360
1340 TI# = VAL(ARR$(P%,NN%-2||*VAL(ARR$|P%,NN%-1)):ARRS(P%.NN%) = RIGHTS(STRS

(TI#),LEN(STR$(T1#»- l):)% = NN%:GOSUB 100
1360 TOT# = TOT# + VAL(ARRS(P%.NN%))-T#:GOSUB I600:RETURN
1395

1396 ' ##########

1397 ' Print top title

1398 ' ##########
1399

1400 PRINT FNC$I0,1|T1$ FNCS(0.2)T2$:RETURN
1495

##########
Print title for total
##########

1496
1497
1498
1499
1500 PRINT FNCS(O.I7)STRINGS(79,45|FNCS(O.I8)"Total •

I600:RETURN
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799

->>>"WS(l);:GOSUB

##########
Print total value

##########

PRINT FNCS(PO%(7).18IUSING MSKS(7|;TOT#:RETURN

##########

Print informations at bottom of CRT screen

using MicroPro's Calcstar conventions

##########
1800 PRINT FNC$(0.19)STRING$(78.45)FNC$(0,20)W$(l)FNC$(15,20)"type :"FNC$I0,2 1|WS(1)

FNC$(ll,21|"contents :"FNCS(0.22)W$(l)FNC$(15,22)"edit :"
1820 PRINT FNC$(35,20)W$(2)"order : ";:IF RD% THEN PRINT"T = B" ELSE PRINT"L = R"
1840 PRINT FNCS(50,20)"Col. :"FNC$(65,20|"Row :"W$(3):RETURN

1845 '

1846 ' ##########

1847 ' 2nd cursor routines

1848 ' ##########

1849 ' display 2nd cursor, i.e. brackets

[listing continued on page 457)

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 157

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158 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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iUNE 1984 • BYTE 159

BYTE

A Computer on Every Desk

by Donna Osgood 162

Programming by Rehearsal

by William Fwzer and Laura Gould 187

Game Sets and Builders

by Ann Piestrup 215

Cautions on Computers in Education

by Slephan L. Chorover 223

Languages for Students

by Fred A. Masterson 233

Microcomputers in the Field

by Robert P. Case 243

Kermit: A File-Transfer Protocol
for Universities. Part I: Design
Considerations and Specifications

by Frank da Cruz and Bill Catchings 255

San Francisco-s Exploratorium

by }ohn Markoff 279

Designing a Simulated Laboratory

by Nils Peterson 287

Education

"BY THE YEAR 1984, there will be millions of general-purpose microcomputers in
schools. . ."-Tom Dwyer, August 1980 BYTE.

Well, it's 1984 and there are about a million general-purpose microcomputers in schools,
but many of them are still used as computerized page-turners and drill-and-practice sergeants.
In 1980, when BYTE published its first education theme issue, the emphasis was on com-
puter literacy and CAI (computer-aided instruction). Today, as computers reach students
in all disciplines, the focus is moving from the computer as an object of study to the com-
puter as a versatile learning tool.

Until recently, computers in education have been mainframes and minicomputers, ad-
ministered and controlled by institutions and dispensed to users. As microcomputers get
cheaper, more powerful, and easier to use, though, they are showing up on students' and
teachers' desks. Computing power is being redistributed to the educational grassroots.

Software designed for education is still largely based on traditional learning materials,
using the computer as a convenient delivery system that can give immediate feedback.
A few innovative researchers and educators, however, are beginning tc explore the com-
puter's real power, not only for computation, but for graphics, communications, and word
processing.

Microcomputers are flooding American college campuses in record numbers. "A Com-
puter on Every Desk" is a survey of schools that are trying to channel the tide to fit their
educational goals.

Educational software suffers in the design loop: educators know what they want from
software, but they can't write programs; programmers are not always versed in educational
theory. The Rehearsal World, a programming environment developed at Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center, is a first step toward a solution. In "Programming by Rehearsal," William
Finzer and Laura Gould describe how a nonprogrammer can design and implement
sophisticated software while the Rehearsal World writes Smalltalk code.

Learning software is only beginning to take advantage of the full power of computer
graphics. Ann Piestrup of The Learning Company describes the design considerations behind
TLC's powerful but playful interactive learning programs in "Game Sets and Builders."

Now more than ever, educators must be aware of the impact of computers on students
and on the process of learning. How can computers best be introduced so that they will
supplement, not supplant teachers? In this issue, Stephan L. Chorover ("Cautions on Com-
puters in Education") and loseph Weizenbaum (in the accompanying sidebar "Another View
from MIT") offer warnings and suggestions to forestall the overzealous automation of learning.

An article by John Markoff on San Francisco's Exploratorium (with a text box on Tfelelearn-
ing's Electronic University), describes examples of alternate forms of off-campus educa-
tion through the use of microcomputers.

Fred A. Masterson of the University of Delaware believes that programming languages
can be useful pedagogic tools as well as programming tools. His "Languages for Students"
describes the strengths and weaknesses of several popular, and some relatively unknown,
languages for education.

There is now a great variety of microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes on many
campuses. Naturally, all these machines need to communicate. One way is to use the Kermit
protocol described by Frank da Cruz and Bill Catchings.

The possibilities for microcomputer applications in science and technology learning are
endless. Examples in this issue include Nils Peterson's "Designing a Simulated Laboratory"
and Robert P. Case's "Microcomputers in the Field."

Microcomputers are changing education— fast. Computing professionals and educators
must work closely together to ensure that these changes are for the better.

— Donna Osgood. Associate Editor

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 161

THEME

A COMPUTER
ON EVERY DESK

by Donna Osgood

A survey of personal computers
in American universities

ACROSS THE COUNTRY colleges and
universities are taking a serious look at
the microcomputer as an essential part
of the educational experience. A few
dozen schools are already putting com-
puters on students' desks, and hundreds
more are exploring the possibilities. In
several colleges, a personal computer
is already as much a part of the cost of
an education as tuition.

Why the move to micros? Plenty of
reasons. Timesharing systems are over-
crowded and expensive to upgrade. Stu-
dents with an eye on the job market are
beginning to demand "computer liter-
acy" from their educations. And major
computer manufacturers— most notably
Apple, Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC), IBM, and Zenith-are wheeling
and dealing to make their computers
attractive.

The availability of personal computers
is an obvious advantage. "Twenty-four
hour access to a computer makes a tre-
mendous difference in the way students
view computing," says David Bray, dean
of educational computing at Clarkson
University. "Before, with our minicom-
puters and mainframes, students had to
walk to the computer center and some-
times wait for hours to get to the com-
puter. Some people are soured on com-
puters that way."

Money is another powerful motivation
for many schools. Faced with overbur-

dened timesharing systems and rapid-
ly increasing demands for computing,
administrators look to micros to absorb
and distribute some of the cost. In most
cases, the student buys the hardware,
often at a sizable discount from the
manufacturer, and pays for it over
several semesters or as part of tuition.
This shifts some of the financial re-
sponsibility for computing to the stu-
dents, though the cost of implementing
a campuswide computer program is still
considerable for the institution.

Clearly, hardware manufacturers see
long-term advantages to having their
machines in students' hands. Schools
such as MIT, Carnegie-Mellon, Stevens
Institute, and Brown have entered joint-
research agreements with manufac-
turers and are doing extensive develop-
ment in hardware, software, and net-
work design. In some cases, the manu-
facturer gets proprietary rights to the
products developed this way. Other ad-
vantages to the computer companies
are not so immediate or tangible, but
may well be important: students who
use a particular machine in college may
be loyal to the manufacturer later, as
consumers and professionals.

Donna Osgood is an associate editor at BYTE's
West Coast bureau. She can be reached at
McGraw-Hill. 425 Battery St.. San Francisco,
CA 94111.

Students, faculty, and administrators
are beginning to view the computer less
as a computing machine and more as
a broadly applicable tool for education
and communication. "Our business is
education, and we shouldn't lose sight
of that," says Robert Golden of Roches-
ter Institute. "Planning for computer use
on campus has got to be curriculum
driven, not just an afterthought to the
selection of some hardware."

Most colleges either have plans to
network microcomputers on campus or
already have networks in place. Many
schools will link the micros to larger
computers for file storage or for ter-
minal emulation. Networks can deliver
electronic mail, student bulletin board
and information services, and electronic
library catalogs as well as communica-
tion among faculty, students, and staff.

Sociologists and psychologists are be-
ginning to study the effects of wide-
spread computer use on students. So
far, the stereotype of the computer ad-
dict glued to a monitor screen and
isolated from human contact just
doesn't hold true. On the contrary, on
many campuses the computer has
brought together students who wouldn't
otherwise have anything in common.

Private colleges and universities, with
their greater financial and administrative
flexibility, have been faster off the mark
than their public counterparts. Even so.

162 BYTE' IUNE 1984

EDUCATION SURVEY

only a handful of schools actually have
large numbers of micros in student
hands today, though several programs
will start this September. No doubt
some school administrators are holding
back to watch and learn from the
pioneers' mistakes. The 1 5 colleges and
universities in the survey that follows are
at the forefront of the movement.

MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

Cambridge, Massachusetts

"Coherence" is the watchword for MIT's
Project Athena, a $70 million joint re-
search and development project with
IBM and DEC. One of Athena's goals is
to make hardware obstacles transparent
to the user, so that a program produced
on one part of the system is available
to all other users. The entire university
will rely on a single operating system
and a comprehensive network.

IBM and DEC are supplying $50
million in equipment, staff, and main-
tenance to the project. DEC equipment
and support will be centered in the
School of Engineering, while the rest of
the institute will use IBM machines. By
dealing with two vendors, and possibly
more later, MIT can preserve flexibility
and transportability for future develop-
ments without being locked in to one
vendor's product line.

In the first phase of the project, equip-
ment on the DEC side will be 63 net-
worked VAX minicomputers with four to
six terminals each. IBM equipment in
Phase 1 will be a distributed system of
500 PC XTs with 32-bit coprocessors,
high-resolution bit-mapped displays,
and local-area network interface cards.
The PC XTs will be organized into sev-
eral local-area networks, each sup-
ported by a file server (an IBM 4341)
and a laser printer.

In Phase 2, beginning in 1985, the ad-
vanced workstations from both vendors

(now under development) will be in-
stalled across campus. The workstations
will have 32-bit processors, high-resolu-
tion bit-mapped displays, and network-
ing capabilities. All Phase 1 software
and curricular material should be trans-
ferable to the more advanced equip-
ment.

Initially, Athena software will be based
on Berkeley UNIX, version 4.2, with an
editor, printing formatter, numerical
analysis and graphics packages, a mail/
file transfer program, and languages (C.
FORTRAN, LISP, and Pascal). The system
will evolve to accommodate new pe-
ripherals and software as well as im-
provements in the user interface.

The emphasis on coherence, which
allows the transfer of information unim-
peded by software and hardware con-
siderations, brings its own restrictions.
A set of rules is imposed on software
design, limiting programming flexibility.
Any group using the Athena network
must agree to observe Athena's rules in
its own programs.

MIT is investing $20 million over five
years to support Project Athena. More
than half of that money will fund faculty
software-development efforts. "The
educational value of Athena rests more
in the software than the hardware," says
Steven Lerman, the project's director.
"We envision an environment where
faculty prepare curriculum materials
linked to the Athena system. What we
hope will come out of this is an entire
new generation of educational software
for the technical curriculum."

Lerman anticipates applications in
laboratory data acquisition and simula-
tions, computation, and visualization.
"The traditional means which we have
to illustrate things in three dimensions
are very limited— you can't control them,
you can't rotate them and look at them
from different directions at will. What
we hope to do is create graphic environ-
ments in which students can explore the
three-dimensional space and really get
an intuitive gut feel for what's going on.
Some students don't need this, interest-
ingly enough, and some students des-
perately need it. Those that don't ac-
quire it are seriously handicapped. The
notion of a good architect or engineer
who doesn't have that three-dimen-
sional instinct is very hard to imagine."

Right now, says Lerman, "Educational
institutions tend to provide a narrow

band of ways to acquire information,
principally the classroom and home-
work. Certain students seem to do well
in one environment and not in another.
I'm hoping that by creating a variety of
software environments, we can extend
the ways in which people can learn."

CARNEGIE-MELLON
UNIVERSITY

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

By 1986, if everything goes as planned,
all freshmen at Carnegie-Mellon Univer-
sity will be required to buy a very
powerful personal computer that will
become an integral part of their educa-
tion. That computer will probably be
the product of Camegie-Mellon's joint
research and development project with
IBM, though the school is not under
contract to buy the machines from IBM.
Over the next few years, CMU will make
the transition from what is now prima-
rily a timesharing system to distributed
personal computers.

According to James Morris, Director
of the Information Technology Center
at CMU, "Computers that are currently
available at a price students can afford
(about $3000) are not adequate to
really make a difference to a student's
education."

Specifications for CMU's machine are
ambitious: it must have a bit-mapped
display of a million pixels, a million in-
structions per second of processing
power, a megabyte of real memory, and
a virtual-address architecture with 32-bit
address spaces. It must be connected
to a local-area network as well.

Can they cram all that into a $3000
computer? "That is a very close call,"
says Morris. "Looking at what is current-
ly available on the market, if you as-
sume that the price will be cut in half
over the next three years, it's plausible.
The price will depend on the market de-
veloping, the competition developing,
(text continued on page 164)

IUNE 1984 "BYTE 163

EDUCATION SURVEY

[text continued from page 163)
and a nontrivial discount from manufac-
turers, I would estimate." A prototype
machine, an IBM PC with a National
Semiconductor 16032 processor, will be
available soon.

The computers will be networked in
what Morris calls a "timesharing file sys-
tem." It will encompass direct point-to-
point communications and electronic
mail but also will enable the user to
browse through all the databases on
campus. "It's the traditional kind of file
sharing you find on timesharing sys-
tems," he says. Instead of hundreds of
users, however, the system will handle
thousands. "We're going to do that with
large numbers of machines and local-
area networks. The user doesn't have to
worry about which machine is storing
the file. Multiple copies of files will be
kept on different machines, and there
will be all sorts of computer system
tricks to increase reliability and perfor-
mance, but it will behave as one giant
file system."

How will this tool change the way stu-
dents work? "I can only speculate based
on my experience at Xerox PARC |Palo
Alto Research Center| over the last 10
years. If you provide people with a high-
powered workstation and get them all
connected into a common network and
provide high-quality printing facilities,
you drastically improve their ability to
communicate with each other. People
have seen fancy computers before.
What they haven't seen before is a com-
munity of 5000 or 8000 people all wired
together with this new communication
medium."

CLARKSON
UNIVERSITY

Potsdam, New York

In the fall of 1983, Clarkson University
issued Zenith Z-100 microcomputers to
all incoming freshmen. Each student
pays $200 additional tuition a semester

and a one-time maintenance deposit of
$200. On graduation, the student sur-
renders the deposit and owns the
computer.

David Bray, Clarkson's dean of educa-
tional computing, believes that if
students are not computer literate when
they leave the school, "then we are
shortchanging them." When these stu-
dents graduate in 1987, he says, nearly
every professional in their fields will be
expected to use a computer. Bray wants
to be certain that Clarkson graduates
will be prepared.

The computers have 192K bytes of
memory, both 8-bit and 16-bit proces-
sors, and one disk drive. Clarkson has
promised the incoming class a com-
plete network by the time they are
seniors and is working on the network
design.

It's the logistics of learning that are
changing at Clarkson, not the curriculum
content. Laboratory and class demon-
strations can use computer graphics to
illustrate principles that cannot be clear-
ly explained in a lecture. Some faculty
members have established office hours
when students can bring in their disks
and discuss their work.

To Bray, word-processing capabilities
are one of the most significant advan-
tages the computer will confer. Already,
he says, students are becoming more
critical of what they write, and for the
first time professors feel free to demand
rewrites.

Bray believes that accessible micros
are the key to getting the faculty in-
volved in computing. Nearly all the
Clarkson faculty have computers. Pro-
fessors who would not use the timeshar-
ing facilities at the computer center will
use desktop computers. Faculty mem-
bers got Z-lOOs six months before the
students did, and many attended
classes and seminars to help them in-
tegrate the machines into their teaching.

Professors must be involved in devel-
oping computer software to integrate
the computer into their classes. A
faculty member who has programming
questions, needs someone to write
small routines, or needs computer help
in a research project will latch onto a
student for help. These one-on-one rela-
tionships between students and facul-
ty members are emerging as a fringe
benefit of the micro program.

The administrators' fear that students

with micros would lock themselves into
closets and become hackers was un-
founded. In fact, according to Steve
Newkofsky, acting dean of student life
at Clarkson, the computer program has
helped break down barriers between
students in different fields by providing
a common ground.

Five years from now, says Bray, "We
will still be teaching chemistry, engineer-
ing, and so on. I don't think the educa-
tional process itself is going to change.
Instead, we will be providing students
with powerful tools and an effective
educational assistant in the computer."

STEVENS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY

Hoboken, New ]ersey

The Computers in Education program
at Stevens has its roots in a decision
made in 1978 to put new emphasis on
computing and computers in the cur-
riculum. By the fail of 1982, a pilot pro-
gram was underway: all freshmen in the
science and systems planning/manage-
ment curricula were required to buy an
Atari 800, at a 40 percent discount from
the retail price. The computers were well
received, and in the fall of 1983 the pro-
program was expanded to include all in-
coming freshmen.

The new group, however, is getting a
lot more computer for its money. The
school contracted with DEC to buy
16-bit DEC 325s with 512K bytes of
RAM and dual disk drives, which would
have cost students about $1800.
Through Stevens's special negotiations
with DEC, however, students are getting
an even sweeter deal: a Pro3 50 with
dual floppy disks and a 10-megabyte
Winchester disk, with software, for
$1950. This 80 percent discount from
the list price is based on an educational
discount from DEC and contributions
from Stevens.

Joseph Moeller, dean of educational
development, emphasizes that

164 BYTE • IUNE 1984

EDUCATION SURVEY

Stevens's approach to integrating the
computer into courses is "curriculum
driven." Computer use in early courses
is designed to develop general com-
puter skills that will be useful later.
Moeller says, "The development of such
a 'computer thread' throughout the cur-
ricula allows for a comprehensive ap-
proach to the effective integration of
computer methods into the course
structure."

A local-area network will eventually in-
corporate students' 350s. The net is
already in place to link all the academic
departments, VAXes, and the mainframe,
and the next major expansion will bring
in the students' computers. Dormitories
are being refurbished to accommodate
the computers, and a conduit is being
installed for the network in the process.

Stevens has not yet finalized a total
networking strategy because of the lack
of standardization in networking tech-
nology. A research project under way
with DEC will lead to development of
a comprehensive local-area network
solution for the entire campus.

Microcomputers are used across the
curriculum. For example, interactive cal-
culus programs help students through
mathematical analysis classes. Chem-
istry courses include graphic simula-
tions and drill and practice in chemical
principles. In an introductory engineer-
ing graphics course, the computer is be-
ing used as an electronic drawing board
and to integrate computer graphics ca-
pabilities into engineering graphics con-
cepts, in the lab, computers will be used
to collect data, interface with equip-
ment, control procedures, and simulate
experiments that might be impractical,
expensive, or dangerous.

Applications in the liberal arts include
a program in political science that
analyzes voting systems and word-pro-
cessing programs that students use to
prepare their papers. Stevens is investi-

Stevens is investigating
the possibility of a
joint project with
AT&T to get Writer's
Workbench running on
the 350s.

gating the possibility of a joint project
with AT&T to get Writer's Workbench,, an
editing program, running on the 3 50s.

"One of the most important benefits
expected from this approach to com-
puters," says Moeller, "is an increase in
student involvement in project work-
both independently and as part of
teams. This was evident during the sum-
mer 1983 term, when approximately 30
faculty members and 20 undergraduate
and graduate students formed software-
development teams to prepare per-
sonal computer course materials for the
fall semester. Many of the undergradu-
ates were among those required to pur-
chase Atari computers in 1982. Such ac-
tivities have continued during the 1983-
1984 academic year and are certain to
increase, including both academic and
research projects in the future."

Moeller believes the computers en-
courage better planning and less dupli-
cation from one course to another.
Faculty involvement, central to the coor-
dination effort, has led to an increase
in interdisciplinary efforts by faculty
members, he says.

Seventy-five percent of the full-time
faculty is actively involved in the per-
sonal computer project. The institute
supports an incentive program to en-
courage faculty members to buy and
use computers. They can purchase the
same DEC 350 system, with additional
language capability, for $1500— paid
over a period of three years— and will
use computers in research and writing
in addition to curricular activities.

"Within five years," says Moeller, "we'll
see every student, every faculty mem-
ber, and most of the staff with a desk-
top computer. This computer will have
the capability of what is now a minicom-
puter with substantial stand-alone com-
puting capacity hooked into a network
to facilitate communications and profes-
sional activities. We are not going to
stop having classes in classrooms with
direct interaction between students and
faculty. There will be a shift in the way
faculty and students interact, and per-
haps an increase in the kinds of learn-
ing that can take place. I expect that
students will approach problems in
ways which take full advantage of the
computer resource at their fingertips
and will be able to address more com-
plex problems in more depth than ever
before."

ROCHESTER
INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

Rochester, New York

Rochester Institute is a larger and more
diverse school than either Stevens or
Clarkson. Computers from several
manufacturers will be available to stu-
dents through the bookstore at a dis-
count, and the school will provide main-
tenance and training, but students are
not required to buy personal com-
puters.

Robert Golden, director of RIT's
microcomputer task force, believes that
fewer than a quarter of the 16,000 stu-
dents will buy micros. He points out that
no one machine would meet the needs
of all the students, who major in such
diverse fields as the fine and perform-
ing arts, hotel management and tourism
studies, and engineering and sciences.

The computers getting the most em-
phasis at Rochester right now are DECs.
The whole range of DEC micros is avail-
able through the bookstore at discounts
of from 30 percent to roughly 60 per-
cent on some special packages, with
training and maintenance facilities
already available. RIT is using some of
its resouces to offer even larger dis-
counts (as much as 82 percent) on some
DEC packages for up to 200 faculty and
staff members.

The school is developing an array of
microcomputer uses in the classroom,
from increased use of computer graph-
ics in fine arts courses to a Survey of
Computer Science course that uses
computers as the primary mode of in-
struction. "We are just beginning the in-
tegration of computers into the class-
room," says Golden, "but we see an in-
credible number of possible applica-
tions in the programs we offer here."

RIT has extensive timesharing facilities

that are not yet overcrowded but could

[text continued on page 166)

IUNE 1984 • BYTE 165

EDUCATION SURVEY

Every building on
campus, including
student housing, is
wired to a digital PBX
network.

(text continued from page 165)
be in the foreseeable future. Golden
sees the school moving toward expand-
ing the availability of micros on campus
to meet the increasing demand for com-
puting. He adds, "The path into the
future is students having micros that can
access larger computers or other micros
through a network."

Although RIT is working with DEC on
a limited Ethernet microcomputer net-
work, the question of what networking
scheme it will use for the entire campus
is still open. Golden says, "There are
technological issues that haven't been
resolved .... There still doesn't seem
to be the degree of compatibility be-
tween brands of micros that we need.
The more you want to do, the more dif-
ficult it is. I've heard it said that the
smart thing to do in computer networks
is to wait . . . there's no great advantage
in being the first."

RENSSELAER

POLYTECHNIC

INSTITUTE

Troy, New York

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, though
similar in size and curriculum to Clark-
son and Stevens, is not yet prepared to
require students to buy computers,
though they will be strongly encour-
aged. So far, few faculty members have
instructional uses for personal com-
puters, and the micros on campus are
being used as intelligent terminals to
the mainframe, for word processing, a
little personal research, and games.

Rensselaer traditionally has offered
easily accessible and plentiful timeshar-
ing to students, but administrators feel
that distributed processing will be the
direction of the future.

Jim Moss, director of computer ser-
vices at RPI, estimates that, of a total
campus population of 6000, one thou-
sand students already have personal
computers. But until computers are an
integral part of the instructional pro-
gram, he says, and until a network is in
place, Rensselaer will not require
students to buy them. For now, there
are two public microcomputer sites on
campus to which students have free ac-
cess. Every building on campus, includ-
ing student housing, is wired to a digital
PBX network, so that students with
micros can access the campus main-
frames or minis and eventually will be
able to communicate micro to micro.

Moss stresses that an electronic infor-
mation environment, not just a comput-
ing environment, will be important in
the next decade. In the past, he says,
the bulk of computing was geared to
problem solving and calculations. Now
the electronic movement and control of
information is central, in the form of
electronic mail, word processing, on-line
libraries, and communication among
faculty and students.

For several years, RPI has provided a
unique scholarship program: 20 stu-
dents a year are awarded a microcom-
puter in addition to their stipend. In a
two-year study, psychologist Linnda
Caporael has compared these students
to a group who brought their own
micros to college and to students with
similar academic talents but without
computers.

"There is this idea that computers are
going to turn people into hackers or
social isolates," Caporael says. "1 was
hardly prepared for the extent to which
computer use was a social activity. Half
of the students in our study reported
that having a computer helped them to
make friends. Most of the information
students get about computers comes
from people— nobody likes to read
manuals, so they get information from
each other. At RPI we have a microcom-
puter facility in a dormitory, which is
damned inconvenient for faculty and
staff, but great for students. I know stu-
dents who own computers that go down
there, because they've got a burning

question and they know they can find
somebody there to answer it."

So far, according to Caporael, stu-
dents are using computers to replace
typewriters and calculators. "There's not
so much of what we call 'emergent use,'
things the computer makes possible
that wouldn't be happening otherwise.
1 think that will change over time. The
niche for computing in education is
there, but the software and applications
just aren't there yet."

CASE WESTERN
RESERVE

Cleveland, Ohio

Case Western Reserve studied and re-
jected the idea of a computer for every
student, at least for the present. Instead,
DEC Pro 3 50s in a computer laboratory
and in clusters around campus serve
many of the students' computing needs.
Case's mainframe had been overbur-
dened and due for expansion until the
microcomputers distributed some of
the load.

Freshman and sophomore computing
students are the computer lab's primary
users. Upperclassmen tend to outgrow
the microcomputers and move on to
the mainframe, according to Case vice-
president Don Schuele. That, he says, is
the trouble with requiring students to
buy microcomputers. Schuele believes
that the school should provide the facil-
ities necessary for an education, but if
a student wants the comfort and privi-
lege of a personal machine, the school
will make it easy to get one.

Case has found the computer lab to
be cost-effective. Within two and a half
years, the savings in time bought from
the mainframe will cover the entire cost
of the lab. "Three years down the road,
if it turns out that the 3 50s are not right
for us, we can sell them and buy new
machines. It won't have cost us a penny,"
says Schuele.

(text continued on page 170)

166 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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JUNE 1984 'BYTE 167

A LOCKED DOOR.ADEAD MAN
jSSIfeanodNfeaad*

— Ns^

THE INCOMPLETE WORKS
OF INFOCOM, INC

Incomplete, yes. But it's not just
because we're always bringing out
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fiction collection. Nor is it simply due
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re-writing, honing and perfecting that
we put into every one of our stories,
our work is seemingly never done.

The real reason is: an Infocom
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until you become a part of it.

You see, as hard as we work at
perfecting our stories, we always
leave out one essential element— the
main character. And that's where you
enter in.

Once you've got Infocom's inter-
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But there is this key difference
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active, not passive. The course of
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In other words, only you can
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Because they're stories that grow
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EDUCATION SURVEY

{text continued from page 166)

STANFORD
UNIVERSITY

Palo Alto. California

Stanford University may well provide a
model for microcomputer programs in
the heterogeneous environments of
large universities. No single microcom-
puter could meet the needs of all Stan-
ford faculty, staff, and students, and no
program to impose a single standard
across the campus could ever be suc-
cessful. Yet, if the proliferation of per-
sonal computers on campus were ig-
nored, the result would be chaos. Stan-
ford's approach is a kind of guided
evolution, using the university's re-
sources to encourage ordered develop-
ment.

"Standardization and control aren't
the style of the institution," says Michael
Carter, director of instruction and re-
search information systems (IRIS). "Our
solution to the problem is to be flexi-
ble and adaptable in getting all of those

devices to be useful in the same
environment."

The idea is to focus attention on a few
microcomputer systems by providing
discounts, training, maintenance sup-
port, and software development. "We
want to focus the rather diffused en-
thusiasm on the campus for a wide
range of products. What we're trying to
do is select vendors and products that
we think would be particularly useful in
our academic and administrative com-
puting environment, and then make
them available to people," says Carter.

Through a program called Microdisk.
Stanford will sell, service, and maintain
microcomputers for faculty, staff, and
students. So far. Microdisk has a con-
tract with Apple and is negotiating with
DEC, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM for
equipment at academic discounts.
Microdisk will offer a lab where pro-
spective buyers can try hardware and
software as well as consultants who will
assure that they make informed pur-
chases.

Carter intends to let the needs of the
Stanford community guide the develop-
ment of the microcomputer program.
Questions that users ask through Micro-
disk are one source of information.
"Our strategy is to learn as much as we
can about where people want to go with
their computing by providing support
to questions," he explains. Experiments
that get microcomputers to students

and faculty, such as instructional and
demonstration labs or the Tiro project
(in which 150 humanities professors
received IBM PCs) are a comparatively
inexpensive way to find out what works
and what doesn't.

All Stanford students will have access
to microcomputers whether they
choose to buy them through Microdisk
or not. Clusters of the more popular
computers will be distributed around
campus for public use. Stanford plans
a combination of broadband and base-
band networking for voice, video, and
digital links to all academic buildings, in-
cluding student residences.

Faculty members will be encouraged
to develop instructional software for the
approved machines. IRIS will provide
development hardware, professional
and student programmers, and consult-
ing to faculty software developers-
provided they write software for ma-
chines widely available to students,
through Microdisk or in the public
clusters.

"What we're trying to do is enhance
academic achievement by applying
computer technology. Our best bet is to
try to focus it a little here, nudge it a
little there, lead a little bit over here.
With so many really smart faculty mem-
bers out there. I want to give them
enough devices so that they know ex-
actly what they want to do. and then fol-
(text continued on page 172)

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE

171

EDUCATION SURVEY

(text continued from page 170)
low them, rather than control the way
they use computers. The trick really is
to remove the obstacles so that those
people can lead the way."

UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN

Ann Arbor, Michigan

"We are putting tools in students' hands
that before were available only to
teachers and scholars," says Karl Zinn of
the University of Michigan. "With
modeling or simulation tools, students
can do more thorough research than
scholars used to be able to do with
graduate assistants cranking things out
by hand. Students now have the re-
sources to do more original and
creative work."

The first segment of the University of
Michigan to implement an extensive
microcomputer program is the College
of Engineering, with its Computer-Aided
Engineering Network (CAEN). Associate
dean Daniel Atkins says, "We are build-
ing what we see as the absolutely essen-
tial computing environment, highly dis-
tributed, with networks connecting
everything." Apple Lisas and Macin-
toshes, IBM PC XTs, and Apollo Engi-

neering Workstations are distributed in
"open computing clusters" across cam-
pus. Engineering students pay a usage
fee of $100 per term.

"We are on a schedule that will essen-
tially equip all our faculty, staff, and
students with the appropriate worksta-
tion within a couple of years," says
Atkins. There will be computers in re-
search labs and in every faculty mem-
ber's office, as well as a computer on
every desk in some classrooms. CAEN
is working with housing administrators
to get computer clusters into
dormitories.

So far, there is no plan to issue com-
puters to individual students, though
that may happen later. Students are free
to buy personal computers, of course,
and as a member of Apple's University
Consortium, the school provides Macin-
tosh computers at about half the retail
price. "We're not sure how many of our
students will buy Macintoshes," says
Atkins. "Macintosh is still not a power-
ful enough machine for all the needs
that engineering students have, but it is
beginning to get very interesting."

Microcomputer clusters will be con-
nected to the university network,
UMnet, to allow access to a variety of
mainframes and to permit file transfer
for storage on mainframes. Eventually,
UMnet will have connections in every
dormitory room for personal com-
puters, adequate dial-up capabilities for
off-campus users, and archival storage
for the entire network.

How will easy access to computing
change the way students learn? "We are
saturating the environment with com-
puters," says Atkins, "and seeing what

the students do with them. One of our
criteria is that the machines support
highly interactive graphics. This is a
'what if environment for engineers,
where they can have experience with
many design iterations using a power-
ful industrial tool." When students in the
technical communications course used
Lisas to produce their papers, instruc-
tors noticed an enormous increase in
the use of figures and graphics.

The key to the success of the pro-
gram, Atkins says, is in convincing the
faculty to make routine use of the com-
puters. CAEN has provided each facul-
ty member with an office workstation,
and most professors are also buying
computers to use at home. The college
provides release time from teaching
and student assistants to help an in-
structor develop applications. There is
another motivation, according to Atkins:
"The fact that the students have this en-
vironment readily available is creating
pressure on the faculty from below. That
was quite deliberate."

The College of Engineering is the test-
ing ground for microcomputers for the
rest of the university, and it is sharing
information with deans of other col-
leges, the campus computing center,
and the university's Center for Research
on Learning and Teaching (CRLT). Atkins
believes it will not be long before all
University of Michigan students have
ready access to personal computers.

Karl Zinn is heading a program within
CRLT to introduce students to micro-
computers, and he is enthusiastic about
the Macintosh. Humanists react well to
a screen that looks like a piece of paper,
(tot continued on page 174)

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172 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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IUNE 1984 • BYTE 173

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EDUCATION SURVEY

(tot continued from page 172)
he says. A small, transportable machine
like Macintosh makes an unthreatening
demonstration possible: you can bring
the machine to the person, rather than
bring the person into a special com-
puter room filled with unfamiliar equip-
ment.

Zinn stresses the importance of activ-
ities that shift the user's focus from the
machine itself to the process of commu-
nicating with other people through the
computer. For several years CRLT has
helped students and faculty use its com-
puter-based conferencing software, first
on the UM timesharing systems, and
now on microcomputers. Convenient
access to microcomputers, Zinn says,
expands personal and academic com-
munication possibilities.

"Computer centers are more and
more going to become information
centers," says Atkins. "If we end up go-
ing in the direction of lots of isolated,
noncommunicating computers, that's
going to be a step backward. We have
to build a network that allows access to
databases, to the technical library, to na-
tional networks, to electronic communi-
ties of people doing research together.
The challenge is not really that of ac-
quiring lots of personal computers. The
challenge is integrating them in a dis-
tributed environment."

Drexel
University

174 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

DREXEL UNIVERSITY

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

"Our approach to microcomputing has
been to enhance undergraduate educa-
tion. We picked a machine that we felt
would support that aim. We are not try-
ing to serve every possible goal that
computers could serve on an academic
campus." Brian Hawkins, assistant vice-
president for academic affairs, feels that
Macintosh is an ideal tool for Drexel
students. Half of the university's
students commute to campus, and
(to! continued on page 176)

Circle 171 on inquiry card. >

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EDUCATION SURVEY

(text continued from page 174)
every term a third of them work in busi-
ness and industry as part of Drexel's
cooperative education program.
Hawkins believes the Macintosh is
powerful, flexible, and portable enough
to meet their needs.

As of this spring, all freshmen are re-
quired to have access to a Macintosh.
Although most Apple University Con-
sortium schools will not have large num-
bers of Macintoshes until fall of this
year, Drexel received a large shipment
of them in February. According to Apple
sources, this commitment was based on
Drexel's aggressive and well-publicized
plan to get computers to all students.

Students can buy the computer from
the university for $1000, with financing
from the school if necessary, or they can
work out independent arrangements.
Disks and some peripherals will be avail-
able from the university bookstore at a
discount.

A student advisory committee and a
student-run users' group were in place
before the computers were distributed
on campus, running demonstrations
and tutorials and raising student com-
plaints and concerns. "We have been
impressed with Drexel's planning," says
Steven Weintraut of the Student Micro-
computers Advisory Committee. "Every
time we come up with a question, they
have an answer."

Drexel freshmen are
required to have access
to a microcomputer.

There are no immediate plans to net-
work the Macintoshes, partly because
the student population is so mobile.
Many will use the computer at home or
at the job. "I can't hardwire that world,"
says Hawkins. "Certainly we have long-
term plans for networks to support our
academic program. Our approach for
the first two years is based on the stand-
alone capability of the machine. After
that, we will network as needed."

Faculty training has run for more than
a year to prepare for the onslaught of
microcomputers. Applications and dem-
onstrations, some of them designed on
other computers, will be available im-
mediately, and a software review center
in the library will enable instructors to
see what is already available in par-
ticular fields.

A fringe benefit of the microcomputer
program, according to Hawkins, is the
faculty's renewed interest in teaching
methods. "Because of the change in
technology, there seems to be a greater
willingness to look at the educational
technology as well as at how to best
present concepts and ideas."

Drexel administrators share a concern
voiced by educators at other schools:
how will the computer change students'
lives? Sociology professor loan McCord
is beginning a five-year study to mea-
sure changes in values, attitudes, stress,
and time use among students and facul-
ty. "You don't have to have an attitude
toward the telephone, but you use it
and it changes the way you approach
problems, lust as the wide use of tele-
phones changed lives, habits, and atti-
tudes, so could the widespread use of
computers."

BROWN UNIVERSITY

Providence, Rhode Island

Brown University is involved in a $50
million research and development proj-
ect with IBM. In a few years, students
and faculty may be using graphics-
based, fully networked IBM "scholars'
workstations" designed at Brown. In the
meantime, a lab full of Apollo com-
puters is changing the way students
learn, and the Macintosh will probably
be a hit on campus.

Microcomputers are just beginning
their incursion into students' lives at
Brown. There is no overall plan to get
a computer to every student, but
Brown's participation in the Apple Uni-
versity Consortium means that the Mac-
intosh will be readily available. Bill
Shipp, director of Brown's Institute for
Research in Information and Scholar-
ship, says, "The fact that a student or
faculty member can have an affordable
machine makes all the difference in the
world. The average student will think of
refrigerators and computers in the same
thought."

English professor George Landow be-
lieves that easy access to computing
can give liberal arts students some of
(tat continued on page 178)

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176 BYTE • 1UNE 1984

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EDUCATION SURVEY

(text continued from page 176)
the same research advantages that
scientists have enjoyed. "With a
scholar's workstation that could tie in to
the university, or perhaps someday the
Library of Congress catalog on line,
someone doing research at a very so-
phisticated level could have a great
many facts immediately available. One
could teach students in the humanities
to do the same kind of hands-on re-
search that has been done for a long
time in science courses.''

Students in computer science courses
at Brown are involved in a new sort of
learning experience, one that may even-
tually be applied in other disciplines. In
a lab equipped with 60 Apollo com-
puters, students can watch dynamic
graphic simulations of algorithms in
operation. A typical lecture in this class
includes a 20-minute "movie" illustrat-
ing an algorithm.

According to Bob Sedgwick, who
teaches the class, more students learn

advanced material faster with the simu-
lations. Enrollment in the course is twice
what it was last year. He found, however,
that there was a limit to the information
people could absorb in the visual form.
"Every once in a while the entire class
would say 'Stop!' and we'd have to
freeze everything for about 1 5 minutes
to explain what was going on. Eventual-
ly the students in the class got to accept
it, though someone coming in from out-
side would be bewildered." Sedgwick
looks forward to next year, when he'll
work with students who already have
experience with the medium.

The simulation system may be
adapted for other computers, including
the IBM workstation and possibly the
Macintosh. "There is a question of per-
formance," Sedgwick says. "I think we
can do a lot on the Mac. but we can't
do everything." What's important, says
Bill Shipp, is to get people in different
disciplines to think about the ways they
work and the kinds of tools they use.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

Hanover, New Hampshire

Dartmouth has a long tradition of stu-
dent computing. In the sixties, when the
school developed its timesharing sys-
tem, students were the principle users,
and computing was a service provided
freely to all. Even before the advent of
personal computers, 95 percent of stu-
dents used computers while at Dart-
mouth. The move toward personal com-
puters will draw from and build upon
the timesharing system already in place.
(text continued on page 181)

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1983

EDUCATION SURVEY

(text continued from page 178)

Entering freshmen will be required to
buy Macintoshes this September. "A
personal computer will be one of the
tools of the trade that every student has,
like a textbook," says William Arms, vice-
provost for computing and planning.
Students can pay for their computers
over time, as with any student cost, and
financial aid will take the cost of the
computers into account.

Macintoshes will be used both as free-
standing computers and as terminals to
the timesharing system, Arms says.
Word and graphics processing, selected
applications, and BASIC are the first
priorities for the Macintosh as a stand-
alone computer. For electronic mail, lib-
rary access, and large programs, the
Mac will serve as a terminal to the
school's larger computers.

Although BASIC was developed at
Dartmouth, Arms says that the com-
paratively crude versions of the lan-
guage currently available are an embar-
rassment to the school. BASIC'S original
authors, John Kemeny and Tom Kurtz,
have promised that a modern version
will be available for the Macintosh by
fall.

The high-speed communications net-
work already in place at Dartmouth will
be extended to all student dormitory
rooms by September. Outlets in dorm
rooms will link students' Macintoshes to
each other, to computers in depart-
ments and administrative offices, and to
the mainframes in the Kiewit Computa-
tion Center.

"The key to all of this is the faculty,"
says Arms. Many faculty members are
already involved in software develop-
ment, funded by a grant from the Sloan
Foundation. When the Dean of Arts and
Sciences surveyed the Dartmouth
faculty, he found that a third had plans
to use the computers in their courses
within a year. The interested faculty
were evenly distributed among the
humanities, sciences, and social
sciences divisions.

Many of the initial proposals for soft-
ware development are based on
materials already available on the time-
sharing system. Conversion projects in
mathematics, writing, philosophy, art,
social science, literature, psychology,
music, and physical sciences are well
under way. Every faculty member who
(text continued on page 182)

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 181

EDUCATION SURVEY

{text continued from page 181)
expects to do curriculum work will have
a Macintosh or a Lisa, some of which
have been donated by Apple. Software
developed at Dartmouth will be shared
with other universities through the
Apple University Consortium and the
Sloan Foundation.

"We have a very simple ambition,"
Arms says, "and that is to be an out-
standingly good liberal arts university.
I would hate to see computing seen as
something special, rather than simply as
a good tool."

REED COLLEGE
Portland, Oregon

Reed is the smallest member of Apple's
University Consortium. A college with a
reputation for rigid academic standards,
it may serve as a proving ground for the
impact of large numbers of microcom-
puters on a student population.

Reed will provide Macintoshes to the
academic community without cost to
students. This is to be accomplished
through donations from friends of the
college and corporations. No one, how-
ever, will be required to use the com-
puter. Richard Crandall, chairman of the
Technical Resource Committee, says, "If

a student finds a personal computer
conducive to thinking, then it is wel-
come. If the personal computer is
forced, it may not be welcome. If a
liberal arts education is going to mean
anything, it has to be supported with ac-
cess, but not requirement."

In August of 1983, Reed published a
five-year master plan for computing re-
sources, covering the microcomputers,
new mainframe and mid-sized com-
puters, development of the Computer
Center, and establishment of an Infor-
mation Resource Center. The Informa-
tion Resource Center will be a central
location for printing facilities and graph-
ics terminals. It will also be a place
where people can meet to discuss their
computer problems and techniques.
"This should reduce some of the isola-
tion that might be caused by many in-
dependent terminals," says Crandall.

The first Macintoshes that arrive at
Reed will go to the Information Re-
source Center. After that, faculty mem-
bers will get computers, then depart-
ment and division support staff. Library
workstations are the next priority, and
individual allocations for students are
last on the list.

Reed plans an icon-oriented network,
which will link all the campus com-
puters, from the mainframe to the inte-
grated system level, to the Macintoshes.
According to Crandall, "The Macintosh
is ideal for this kind of network, because
it's possible for an individual to visualize
the entire Reed campus, academically
and geographically." He adds, "Macin-
tosh has many of the features we would
have designed in if we had specified an
academic computer."

DALLAS BAPTIST
COLLEGE

Dallas, Texas

Dallas Baptist College is a small school,
with only 1300 students. Dallas Baptist's
microcomputer is small, too: in the fall
of 1983 incoming freshmen were re-
quired to buy Radio Shack Model 100
portable computers.

The scope of the project at Dallas
Baptist is certainly not small, however.
The computers are used throughout the
curriculum; in any freshman class, at
least three assignments per term must
make use of the computer.

Word processing is a primary concern
at Dallas Baptist, according to Bill Moos,
assistant professor of computer science.
Students will have the opportunity to
write more and will therefore learn to
communicate better, he says. The word
processor bundled with the Model 100,
supplemented with third-party and in-
house software, is adequate for
students' needs. Moos says.

Computer literacy classes have been
required at Dallas Baptist since 1982.
Now that students have portable com-
puters, introductory computer literacy
is a hands-on course. Everyone learns
{text continued on page 184)

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EDUCATION SURVEY

(text continued from page 182)
at least the rudiments of BASIC pro-
gramming, and the more advanced
BASIC course, though not required, is
well attended.

The goal of the microcomputer pro-
gram is to produce students who will
have a competitive advantage in busi-
ness and industry, both because they
will be familiar with computers and
because they will be more experienced
communicators. "We wanted a general
support tool so that students can in-
crease their overall productivity," said
Moos. "This is not just something more
to learn. We feel our students will have
a head start in business."

DREW COLLEGE OF
LIBERAL ARTS

Madison, New )ersey

The head of Drew's computer initiative,
Richard Detweiler, is a psychology pro-
fessor. Why a psychologist? "We are not
doing something for computer scien-
tists, or even for people who are inter-
ested in computers," Detweiler says. "We
are doing something which is important
for people in today's world."

Detweiler sees two purposes for intro-
ducing the computer: to enhance edu-
cation in the short term and to prepare
students for the computer-driven world
they will face when they graduate. "If
students are to function successfully
and make a contribution to the society
in which they live, the ability to use the
microcomputer or computers in general
as tools, as problem solvers in an every-
day way, is absolutely crucial. The only
way to accomplish that is through a per-

Drew will issue
Epson QX-lOs to
freshmen matriculating
this fall.

The Apple University Consortium

By the end of 1984, twenty-three Ameri-
can universities will have bought 50.000
Macintosh computers for faculty,
students, and staff. As members of the
Apple University Consortium, these
schools will get a big price break on the
machines— students will pay about $1000
(plus tax) for a Macintosh at most Con-
sortium schools.

One of the program's goals, according
to Steve Jobs, chairman of the board of
Apple, is to "help Apple discover new ap-
plications for its products." Software will
be shared among Consortium members.
"There will be a consortia! spirit," says
Drexel's Brian Hawkins. Consortium mem-
bers, however, are not bound by contract
to license to Apple the software they
develop. In fact, some universities are
planning to market their proprietary soft-
ware and are beginning to consider in-
house and third-party development
schemes.

Most schools will have a full compli-
ment of Macintoshes by September. For
now, many colleges have enough ma-
chines for demonstrations and software
development, but not enough to pass out
to students. The exception is Drexel
University (see page 174), where students
received their computers in February and
began using them for classwork with the
spring term.

Apple's retail dealers in university towns

have mixed reactions to the plan. They
cannot match the Consortium's discount,
and many feel they are losing business
to the schools. Some retailers, however,
see the program as a way to open pre-
viously untapped markets. In Provo, Utah,
Brigham Young University has taken steps
to protect the local dealers. Each student
who buys a Mac signs over to the univer-
sity the right to buy the computer if the
student sells it within five years. "We are
a small community, and we must be sen-
sitive to dealers' needs," says BYU's Lynn
McClurg.

No doubt a black market in Macin-
toshes will flourish for a time in many
university towns. Already, ads are show-
ing up in local papers, offering students
a quick profit on the machines. Some will
regret selling the computer, though. No
school will sell more than one to a stu-
dent, and, according to Hawkins, "A stu-
dent who sells his or her Macintosh is
committing academic suicide."

Apple University Consortium members are Boston
College, Brigham Young, Brown, Carnegie-
Mellon. City University of New York. Columbia,
Cornell, Dartmouth, Drexel, Harvard, North-
western. Princeton, Reed, Rice, Stanford, Univer-
sity of Chicago. University of Michigan. Univer-
sity of Notre Dame. University of Pennsylvania.
University of Rochester, University of Utah.
University of Washington, and Yale.

sonai ownership kind of approach."

Drew will issue an Epson QX-10 with
a 16-bit 8088 coprocessor to each fresh-
man matriculating this fall. Rather than
charge students directly for the equip-
ment, however. Drew will allocate funds
from tuition to the project over the next
several years. Students will take the ma-
chines with them when they graduate.
Any faculty member who wants a
computer can have one, and much of
the administrative staff will be using the
Epson. Current students can buy an Ep-
son at a Drew-supported discount or
use the computers that will be scattered
across campus in public clusters.

Drew settled on the Epson QX-10 after
considering many other machines, in-
cluding the Macintosh. "We decided
against the Macintosh because of its
proprietary operating system and the
fact that it would lock us in to Macin-
tosh and Macintosh descendants. We
did not want to be tied to a specific ma-

chine for the future," says Detweiler. He
believes that the large body of pub-
lic-domain software available for MS-
DOS and CP/M will be an advantage to
students.

By September, when freshmen begin
using their computers, software will be
in place for introductory courses
throughout the academic disciplines.
Word processing will be a built-in part
of freshman writing courses, so faculty
can demand refinements and rewriting
wherever necessary. Detweiler believes
that students can absorb the routine
parts of learning, such as names and
dates in history or vocabulary in foreign
languages, through computer drills out-
side of class, freeing class time for
higher-level learning.

"We are a liberal arts institution," says
Detweiler, "and we believe that for
people to be liberally educated they
need to know how to use the computer
as a tool." ■

184 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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IUNE 1984 'BYTE 185

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PROGRAMMING
BY REHEARSAL

by William Finzer and Laura Gould

An environment for developing
educational software

PROGRAMMING BY REHEARSAL is a
visual programming environment that
nonprogrammers can use to create
educational software. It combines many
of the qualities of computer-based
design environments with the full power
of a programming language. The em-
phasis in this graphical environment is
on programming visually; only things
that can be seen can be manipulated.
The design and programming process
consists of moving "performers" around
on "stages" and teaching them how to
interact by sending "cues" to one
another. The system relies almost com-
pletely on interactive graphics and
allows designers to react immediately
to their emerging products by showing
them, at all stages of development, ex-
actly what their potential users will see.

The process is quick, easy, and enjoy-
able; a simple program may be con-
structed in less than half an hour. The
beginning set of 18 primitive per-
formers, each of which responds to
about 70 cues, can be extended as the
designers create new composite per-
formers and teach them new cues.

We were motivated to undertake this
project by our desire to give program-
ming power to those who understand
how people learn; we wanted to elimi-
nate the need for programmers in the
design of educational software. Pro-
gramming by Rehearsal is implemented

in the Smalltalk-80 programming en-
vironment and runs on a large, fast, per-
sonal machine: the Xerox 1132 Scienti-
fic Information Processor (the Dorado).

Computers and Intuition

In the spring of 1980 our attention was
focused on a topic we called Computers
and Intuition. It seemed to us that newly
available, high-resolution computer im-
ages, combined with interactive control
over these images, constituted a new
medium for the presentation of informa-
tion and concepts. We were particular-
ly concerned with the implications that
this interactive computer graphics
medium might have for education.

We were also thinking about how par-
adoxical it was that the computer was
often viewed as an engine for improv-
ing cognitive and analytical skills, while
it might turn out that because of its

William Finzer is a consultant with the System
Concepts laboratory at the Xerox Palo Alto
Research Center and an instructor and cur-
riculum developer in the mathematics department
at San Francisco State University (1600
Holloway. San Francisco. CA 94132).

Laura Gould has been a member of the Small-
talk group at the Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center for the past seven years. She is now Na-
tional Secretary of Computer Professionals for
Social Responsibility (POB 717, Palo Alto. CA
94301).

superlative dynamic graphics, its main
new contribution to education might be
in the enhancement of nonanalytical. in-
tuitive thought.

Such ideas were certainly not new.
Even 1 5 years ago, a few farseeing peo-
ple proposed that computer graphics
would have a profound effect on human
learning. As Brown and Lewis wrote in
1968, "In the same way that books sup-
port man's linear and verbal thinking,
machines will support his graphic and
intuitive thought processes." (See refer-
ence 1.) Similarly, in 1969 Tony Oettinger
wrote "Computers are capable of pro-
foundly affecting science by stretching
human reason and intuition, much as
telescopes or microscopes extend
human vision." (See reference 2.) It
seemed that now we had both the soft-
ware and hardware to realize these
visions.

From these ruminations grew the de-
sign and implementation of a system
called TRIP, which attempted to give
students an intuitive understanding of
algebra word problems through the ma-
nipulation of high-resolution pictures.
(See reference 3.) TRIP, implemented in
the Smalltalk-76 system (see reference
4) on research hardware, a Xerox Alto,
took about two months to design and
four months to implement. It was struc-
tured in the form of a kit so that
{text continued on page 188)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 187

REHEARSAL

\n the Rehearsal
World, only things
that can be seen
can be manipulated

(text continued from page 187)
teachers could add new time-rate-dis-
tance problems fairly easily; it included
a diagram checker, an animation pack-
age, an expression evaluator, and an ex-
tensive help system. Members of the
computing profession were impressed
that we were able to bring to life such
a complex, general, graphical, yet
robust and helpful system in such a
short time. Educators, however, were
usually aghast that so much time and
effort were needed to produce a single
system and that the result was, in their
view, so limited.

After we had pilot-tested TRIP and
were thinking about what project to take
on next, we realized that our interest
had shifted up one level, from the ac-
tual design of educational software to
the design of a "design environment"
for educators. As our colleagues were
busy building .the Smalltalk-80 environ-
ment (see references 5, 6, 7, and 8), we
undertook the task of extending and
reifying that environment to allow cur-
riculum designers who did not program
to implement their own creative ideas.

Designer Control

The work described here is based on
the belief that it should be possible to
place the control of interactive com-
puter graphics in the hands of creative
curriculum designers, those with an
understanding of the power of such sys-
tems but not necessarily with the abil-
ity or willingness to write the complex
programs that are necessary to control
the systems.

Design and implementation constitute
two phases of a feedback loop. In most
design situations, in which program-
ming is a separate and specialized skill,
the designer must somehow convey em-
bryonic ideas to a programmer, perhaps
by sketching on paper or talking. Then
the programmer goes away to write a
program so that something shows on
the screen to which the designer can
respond. This process introduces inter-

ruption, distortion, and delay of creative
design.

In the creation of educational soft-
ware it is particularly important that the
design decisions be made by someone
who understands how students learn
and what they enjoy rather than by
someone whose expertise is in how
computers work. Too much of the edu-
cational software we see today has a lot
of fancy graphics but little real learning
content. We hope that if educators have
more direct control of the computer,
they will create high-quality software.

In the environment we describe here,
the designer begins by sketching the
description, not in words or on paper,
but directly on the computer screen.
This sketching is not free-form but is
done with the aid of specially provided
graphical entities. If the designer's ideas
are rather vague, the process of sketch-
ing may help to define them; if the ideas
are well defined, they can be quickly ac-
cepted, rejected, or improved. In either
case, nothing is lost in the translation
process, as the only intermediary be-
tween the designer and the product is
a helpful, graphical computer system
that gives immediate response. Since
there is no waiting, the designer is in-
volved in a collaborative, creative pro-
cess in which there is minimal invest-
ment in the current production; thus a
poor production can be rejected quickly
and easily, and a good one pursued and
improved.

The Rehearsal Metaphor

A large, supportive design environment
needs a potent metaphor in which the
unfamiliar concepts of programming will
have familiar, real-world referents. Our
goal was that the metaphor would serve
as a guide to the designers without get-
ting in their way.

Smalltalk is an object-oriented lan-
guage. This means that all the basic ele-
ments of programming— strings, num-
bers, complex data structures, control
structures, and procedures them-
selves—are treated as objects. Objects
interact with other objects by sending
messages. Logo is an example of a pro-
gramming language with one object, a
Turtle, which can be sent a limited num-
ber of messages such as FORWARD 20.
Smalltalk has many kinds of objects that
respond to a wide variety of messages.

Our immersion in Smalltalk led us to

extend the object-message metaphor to
a theater metaphor in which the basic
components of a production are per-
formers; these performers interact with
one another on a stage by sending cues.
We call the design environment the
Rehearsal World and the process of
creating a production Programming by
Rehearsal'.

Everything in the Rehearsal World is
visible; there are no abstractions and
only things that can be seen can be ma-
nipulated. Almost all of the designer's
interactions with the Rehearsal World
are through the selection (with a mouse)
of some performer or of some cue to
a performer. Assuming that a designer
has the germ of an idea, the creation
of a Rehearsal World production
involves:

• Auditioning the available per-
formers by selecting their cues and
observing their responses to deter-
mine which are appropriate for the
planned production. If a production
involves getting the student to write
stories using pictures, the designer
might choose a text performer and
a picture performer because the
former responds to the cues setText:
and readFromKeyboard and the latter
responds to growBy. and follotfThe-
Mouse.

• Copying the chosen performers
and placing them on a stage.

• Blocking the production by resiz-
ing and moving the performers until
they are the desired size and in the
desired place.

• Rehearsing the production by
showing each performer what ac-
tions it should take in response
either to student (user) input or to
cues sent by other performers.

• Storing the production away for
later retrieval.

A Scenario

Static words and pictures on paper are
a poor substitute for direct experience
with a dynamic, interactive, computer
design environment. Nevertheless, we
shall try to give the flavor of what it is
like to use the Rehearsal World through
a simple scenario involving two novice
designers, Laura and Bill. Suppose that
these designers are interested in lan-
guage curriculum and would like to
(text continued on page 190)

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REHEARSAL

-j ■■.

______

-ai.^-:Lj'2- ■:••:.'■

Whenever you want information about anything on the screen, please point, at it and press
the middle mouse button (this is called the NAME button). The name of that entity will thei;
appear and will follow your mouse until you press any mouse button. If you drop the name
on either this prompter's box or on the HELP button below, the entity will describe itself.

STAGES

HELP

RESHOW

CLEAR PRINT

Figure 1: The control panel and the prompter's box, showing an initial help message. The icon in the corner is an eraser.

(text continued from page 188)
make some sort of word game. We'll fol-
low their efforts, skimming over many
of the details of their interactions with
the Rehearsal World, with an eye to
understanding some of the design deci-
sions of Programming by Rehearsal
itself. Although one person can manage
both mouse and keyboard quite well,
we'll assume that Laura is in charge of
the mouse and Bill is typing on the key-
board. In what follows, the paragraphs
describing the action of the designers
have been italicized.

Bill and Laura know from their brief
introduction to the Rehearsal World that
all of the performers are clustered
together in troupes waiting to be audi-
tioned for parts in a production. They
know also that the Rehearsal World in-
cludes a help facility that gives
assistance and descriptive information
about how to proceed.

Laura starts by selecting the HELP
button from the control panel at the
bottom of the screen (see figure 1).
Selection of the HELP button causes the
"prompter's box" to fill immediately
with "procedural help" suggesting
something that the designers might
want to do next. When they select HELP
initially, the procedural help message
that appears explains that they can
always obtain "descriptive help" about
anything that they can see on the
screen.

The fact that everything that can be
seen is capable of self-description is an
important component of the Rehearsal
World and one that makes it accessible
to nonprogrammers.

When they ask for descriptive help
about the STAGES button, they learn
that if they select the STAGES button,
they will get a menu of troupes and pro-
ductions. Laura selects the STAGES but-
ton which presents her with a menu of
troupes and productions (see figure 2).

She finds a Text performer in the Basic
Troupe that she wants to audition to
learn what it can do. Laura starts by ask-
ing it to describe itself and is told by the
help system that if she selects the Text
performer, she can edit the text that it
displays. This editing is the default ac-
tion of the Text performer. Laura and Bill
spend a minute becoming familiar with
the simple editor that the Text per-
former provides.

The Rehearsal World uses a three-
button mouse for pointing at things on
the screen. The SELECT mouse button
causes a performer to execute its de-
fault action. The NAME button always
causes the name of the entity to appear
at the cursor point; if this name is

dropped in the prompter's box, a de-
scription of the entity appears. Finally,
the MENU button raises a pop-up menu
for the performer, enabling the designer
to send cues to it. In interacting with a
finished production, only the SELECT
button is used; that is, the NAME and
MENU buttons are not needed by the
student user.

Laura uses the MENU mouse button
to see the category menu for the Text
performer (see figure 3). Certain com-
monly used cues are at the top of this
menu in lowercase, while others are
grouped under categories in upper-
case. Most of the cues and categories
are shared by all performers. Only the
(text continued on page 192)

* *
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*
*
*

PROGRAMMING BY REHEARSAL

hello

! oooooo

■ start < stop j

1 P \

: step : index

true

o,,,,,.,^™,^ . „

Una

TppftL

<_&

U> i o

H • t

9 :45 Q

twenty-five past eleven

, „„,;i i — 1

I 1 17 : 46 : 21

STAGES

The B&HCTMUpe CMWHttS ihe ihree
Text [Jcriariiier which u used to she
x fw msfemi soft buttons on the stl

coiners tli.ii Hr riius' irei'.'eri'ly wrt'lt ■< Tire ursi is a
id .ii—i i ii u law iiiiii'iit it's useful fur licijiiits _> well
ihai 'he user c«i press. There is also a Number

HELP

CLEAR

QUIT

* *

*
*
*
*

*
j *
*
*

I *

1 *
*

' *
j *
l *

Figure 2: The entire Rehearsal World theater, showing the STAGES menu at the left, all
the available Troupes, and a descriptive help message about the BasicTroupe.

190 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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REHEARSAL

Figure 3: A BasicTroupe, containing a
Text, a Number and a Counter, and a
category menu for the Text performer.

(text continued from page 190)

categories at the bottom of the menu

(in bold) are particular to the Text

performer.

In its current prototype form, the
Rehearsal World contains 18 primitive
performers, each of which responds to
a standard set of 53 cues and an
average of 15 cues particular to that
performer. To understand what this
means, imagine a BASIC with a thou-
sand reserved words. This complexity
would be intolerable without a hierar-
chical organization and a simple way for
the designer to browse that organiza-
tion. The Smalltalk-80 system provides
a window, called a Browser (see figure
4), whose visual structure reflects the
hierarchical organization of the objects
and methods in the system. In the Re-
hearsal World, functionality is organized
around performers grouped together
into troupes; the cues that each per-
former understands are grouped into
categories. The result is that designers
never have to scan too much informa-
tion at a time, and, because each level
in the hierarchy has a different screen
appearance, they never lose track of
where they are in that hierarchy.

Our novice designers proceed to re-
hearse the Text performer by sending
it various cues. Laura tries move and resize
and gets a pleasant surprise when the
fonts change so that the text always fits
within the performer's borders. She sel-
ects the SET category and gets a cue
sheet showing the list of cues that have

to do with setting text (see figure 5).
Some cues, like setText:, take parameters
that are indicated by parameter lines
next to the cue. They use the help sys-
tem to discover that they can type any
string as a parameter to the setText: cue.
Bill types goodbye' on the parameter
line. When Laura selects the cue. "good-
bye" appears in the Text performer.

They discover through rehearsal that
the set\umbled cue produces a random
permutation of the characters in the
text. They enjoy looking at the different
bizarre configurations that jumbling a
word can produce and decide to ex-
plore no more, but to make a jumble
game as their first design exercise. As
often happens, interaction with the de-
sign environment itself leads to a
creative idea.

One would not expect jumbling of text
to be a basic capability of a program-
ming language. A programmer who en-
countered a need for such a function
would expect to write a simple routine.
In a design environment, however, we
expect to find a great deal of high-level
functionality, chosen with care by the
implementors of the environment, so
that the designer's attention is not
diverted from the design task itself.

Laura and Bill's initial idea for their
simple production is to use two Text
performers, one to be placed above the

System

Rehearsal-Help
Rehearsal -Controllers
Rehearsal -Buttons
Rehearsal -Clocks

Rehearsal -Control
Rehear sal -Kernel
Rehearsal -Troupes
Rehearsal -Stages
PerformerWorkshop
Kernel -Objects

CircleView

Picture

PictureBoxView

PictureController

HMureVjew

Position

PositionView

RectangleView

other on the stage. The top Text is to
contain the word to be jumbled and the
bottom one is to act as a soft button (a
button on the screen which, when the
student selects it with the mouse,
causes something to occur). In this case
its action will be to cause the jumbling
of the top Text (see figure 6). Laura uses
the copy cue to put a Text performer on
an empty stage.

Any existing performer can be copied.
Thus each performer acts as a pro-
totype from which other performers can
be generated; each new copy will have
exactly the same characteristics as its
prototype.

Laura and Bill use the resize cue to
make the Text performer fill most of the
top half of the stage, and then they copy
it to make a second Text performer
(exactly the same size as the first) in the
bottom half of the stage. Bill types the
word JUMBLE into it, as this is what they
want the user to see. With the blocking
thus completed, they decide to give
each of their performers a mnemonic
name that describes its purpose; they
call the performers fumbledWord and
JumbleButton. Now they are ready to
define the action of the bottom Text,
which they want to act as a button.

Any performer can become a button.

By turning a performer into a button,

(text continued on page 194)

initialize & release & u{

displaying

transformation

accessing

points

copying

Clearing

GET A STORE

MOVE

realForm reverse.
displayForm reverse,
self displayNewPicture,
self changed

Figure 4: A Smalltalk browser showing the Rehearsal-Graphics category, the Picture-
View class, its ALTER category, the message named reverse from that category, and the
method associated with that message.

192 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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REHEARSAL

a^smssmiagaigasss^^

■Text- SET

etTe:u:-w ' goodbye'.

rw\ O-

s setTextFromKeyboaid
® setReverse
$ setJumbled
** setEmpty

www*mzwwm

mmmm

Figure 5: A cue sheet for the SET category of a Text performer. The string 'goodbye has
been typed on the parameter line of its first cue.

inEmpt-V I

egboody

JUMBLE

1 -Jumble Button- BUTTON

becomeAButton

codeForButton Action : w [ ]
performEutton Action

Figure 7: The cue sheet for the BUTTON category of the performer named
lumbleButton. The square brackets on the parameter line indicate that the designer should
write some code between them.

• Ju m b 1 e B U tto n - B U T T O N

ss becomeAButton

* codeForButton Action :

v,,-- [ Jumbled Word setJumbled, 1

performButtonAction

Figure 8: The code, written by watching, which indicates what the JumbleButton should
do whenever it is selected by the user.

(text continued from page 192)
the designers get to decide what will
happen when the user selects that per-
former. One of the categories on every
category menu is BUTTON; its cue sheet
contains the cue becomeAButton (see
figure 7).

After Laura sends the becomeAButton is
cue to the JumbleButton, it no longer
responds to selection by providing an
editor; instead, it simply flashes. It is
now a soft button on the screen, but it
has no action. They must show it what
to do.

They do this by using the cue codeFor-

Button Action: 1 1 to which every performer
responds. Bill and Laura understand
that they are expected to provide a
block of code between the square
brackets to describe the action that
should occur when the user selects the
lumbleButton. The action they want is
very simple; they just want the Jumbled-
Word to receive the setJumbled cue. Bill
knows that he does not have to type the
code; instead the Rehearsal World will
"watch" while they show it what to do.
To the left of each parameter line is
a tiny icon representing a closed eye.
When Laura selects it, the eye opens to

Figure 6: A stage containing two Text
performers, the top one showing a jumbled
word and the bottom one acting as a button
which the user can select to cause the
jumbling to occur.

indicate that the system is indeed watch-
ing. Then Laura sends the setlumbled cue
to the JumbledWord by selecting it. The
code JumbledWord setJumbled ap-
pears within the square brackets of the
codeForButtonAction:\\ cue of the Jumble-
Button, and the eye closes again (see
figure 8).

Two significant obstacles to learning
a programming language are mastering
the language's syntax and learning the
vocabulary. In the Rehearsal World, the
designers rarely have to know either the
syntax or the vocabulary as most writ-
ing of code is done by watching. While
the eye is open, the designers rehearse
a performer and the system makes a
record of this rehearsal. The Rehearsal
World's ability to watch, in combination
with a mouse-driven interface, means
that the designers do remarkably little
typing. The designers know whether or
not the code is correct not so much by
reading it but by observing whether the
effect produced on the stage is the
desired one.

Immediately after Laura sends the
codeForButtonAction:\\ cue. she can select
the newly defined button to see if it
behaves as expected. Each time she sel-
ects the JumbleButton, it flashes and
the JumbledWord jumbles its text.

In a traditional programming environ-
ment, the programmer moves back and
forth between programming mode, in
(tact continued on page 196)

194 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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REHEARSAL

JumbledV

ford

I am a Text, performer, I can be used to make headings, show instructions, or act ss a. labelled
button, Try the cues in my SET caegory to experiment with different, ways of setting my text,

(> j

| accept |
| cancel |

(9a)

■ iViiVMiiiViiYiiiiinMiniiiwYii^^^^

riiYftiTirmiiYiViiiiiiiriYr^

JumbledWord

I am a. word whose letters sie to be jumbled.

Every time the user selects the JumbleButton which is below me on the stage,

my text will be re jumbled.

:ancel

■ ...^"m— n ™..,m: / .^,™^ T ^^^.:-^..- : . S 7»,.--^„-,^n;,^.-,,,-,.: -:.-.;-, m--^-

.,,,-■ ..... I J,l„ ! Jj 1: ,,;! :: .l..l,llg. :■:- " : .... . ; , . I . M., l «, ,| I ; 1,1 .,, ..,..., , . . ,.„., I,, , ..,,, , U..U.,.

'J'gW-W'.Mir

(9b)

Figure 9: Tfte default comment associated with every Text performer [9a) and the edited comment to be associated only with the performer
named JumbledWord (9b).

{text continued from page 194)
which typing code is the dominant ac-
tivity, and running mode, in which test-
ing takes place. In Programming by Re-
hearsal, the designer does not feel any

shift from one mode to another.

Even though their production is very
simple, Laura and Bill decide to docu-
ment it. They have already given the two
Text performers appropriate names:

-Jumble 1-

resize
reshow

erase

destroy

cleanup

wings

JAMEATITLE

FORMAT

DISPLAY

SIDES

POINTS

LIST

ACTION

BUTTON

STORE

PROTECT

ACCESS

LAYOUT

GRIDDING

INITIALIZE

CONVERT

CUES

DEBUG

Jumble 1

gybeodo

JUMBLE

-Jumble 1- STORE

~~H

store
store WithName: w 'Jumble 1'

Figure 10: A stage named Jumblel; it's a category menu and cue sheet
for its STORE category.

JumbledWord and JumbleButtton. They
use the help system to get the default
comment for the JumbledWord and edit
it to be more specific (see figure 9).

As a designer creates new produc-
tions and new performers, the Rehear-
sal World becomes more complex. The
default descriptive help messages can
be changed by the designer by simply
editing what appears in the prompter's
box and selecting the ACCEPT button.
This provides a quick and pleasant
method for providing descriptive com-
ments for productions, performers, and
cues.

It takes our two designers less time to
produce their first fumble game than it
takes to read about it. Although they
have some ideas about how to make the
game more interesting and educational-
ly worthwhile, they decide to store what
they have implemented so far. It is the
stage itself that must be instructed to
do the storing. The stage has its own
category menu and one of its categories
is STORE. They store their efforts under
the name Jumblel (see figure 10).

No fixed set of functions provided in
a design environment will ever be satis-
factory; the designers will always run up
against the limits of that set and wish
for more capabilities. The fact that
stages understand cues suggests one of
the mechanisms for extensibility in the
Rehearsal World: every stage can be
(text continued on page 198)

196 B YTE • IUNE 1984

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Circle 64 on inquiry card.

IUNE I984 -BYTE 197

REHEARSAL

Figure 11: An improved game named Jumble5, which evolved from Jumblel.

(text continued from page 196)
converted into a new performer and
every stage can be taught new cues. A
designer who needs a new kind of per-
former can construct one by aggregat-
ing existing performers on a stage,
teaching that stage some appropriate
new cues, and converting the result into
a new performer.

There are many circumstances in
which the designers may wish to aggre-
gate performers: several performers
belong together as a logical and spatial
unit: a group of performers are to be
used repeatedly within a production or
in several different productions: a pro-
duction is very complex, and creating
a new performer allows a factorization
of the entire problem into smaller ones.

Bill and Laura's jumble game goes
through four revisions until it finally
becomes the one shown in figure 11.
This improved game contains four Text
performers and a Number performer .
The large Text at the bottom is used
simply to give feedback to the student.

The Text labeled "New Word" has been
turned into a button; its button action
is to cause a new secret word to be
chosen from a List and presented in
jumbled form in the top Text performer.
This performer has also been turned
into a button; its button action is to re-
jumble itself. The number of rejum-
blings is shown by the Number per-
former next to it. The Text performer in
the center of the stage is to be edited
by the student who will type the answer
there. Every time that Text is changed,
it will cause the answer to be checked
against the secret word and suitable
feedback to be provided. It does this by
means of its change action.

When a performer changes in some
fundamental way, as when a Number
performer changes its value or a Text
performer changes its text, it executes
its change action. The default change
action of a performer is to do nothing,
but the designer can define this action
for any performer. Certain other per-
formers have additional possible ac-

tions: the Repeater performer has a
repeat action, the List performer has a
selection action, and the Traveler per-
former has a move action.

In the jumble5 game. Laura and Bill
use a List performer to keep a list of
secret words. Since they don't want the
user to see the List, they place it in the
wings fsee figure 12).

While everything should be visible to
the designers, not everything should be
visible to the user of the production.
Wings can hold performers waiting to
appear on stage, data structures like the
List of secret words, or temporary vari-
ables used in computations.

A very simple game grew and pros-
pered as our designers implemented it.
changing in response to their new
understanding of what they were doing,
and to the needs and interests of users
and other designers who experimented
with it. It became something real that
people wish to play with and from
which they can get some increased in-
tuitive understanding of the rules under-
lying English orthography.

Beneath the Rehearsal World
- Through the Trapdoor

The Rehearsal World in some ways may
be thought of as a visible Smalltalk. Al-
though our original intention was to re-
move the need for programming at the
Smalltalk level, it is paradoxically true
that the Rehearsal World provides an
excellent entry point for an incipient
Smalltalk programmer. Designers may
drop through the trapdoor of the Re-
hearsal World: beneath they will find all
the tools of the Smalltalk-80 program-
ming environment. A Rehearsal World
tool found there is called the Performer
Workshop. It looks like a simplified
Smalltalk browser and provides a mid-
level mechanism for creating new
primitive performers and defining new
cues.

For each kind of performer there is a
corresponding Smalltalk class that is a
subclass of class Performer. The in-
heritance mechanism of Smalltalk
allows the subclass to inherit the mes-
sage interface of class Performer. Each
production corresponds to a subclass
of class Stage. When designers store a
production, the Rehearsal World defines
a new subclass of class Stage. Interest-
{text continued on page 200)

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REHEARSAL

[text continued from page 198)
ingly, a stage is so much like a performer
that class Stage is actually a subclass
of class Performer.

When designers create new per-
formers, the Rehearsal World defines a
new subclass of Performer and writes
the code for the appropriate additional
methods that the class will need for lay-
out and for cues. Because the code writ-
ten by the Rehearsal World is indistin-
guishable from code written by a pro-
grammer, one can inspect it and modify
it in either a Performer Workshop or a
Smalltalk browser (see figure 4).

There are two important features of
Smalltalk that are not present in the Re-
hearsal World. The first is the ability to
create a hierarchy of objects. In Small-
talk, when one constructs a new kind of
object— that is, a class— one usually con-

\ j liji i iu

{'yacht'

'tricky'

['jumbled'

'helpful'

['scissors'

['pencil'

ftypist'

ijstudy'

rprogram'

r remote"

rhonor'

jrmustartf'

['salmon*

f utmasdi

I secret word

Figure 12: The wings of the |umble5
game, showing a List performer in which the
current secret word is selected.

structs it by defining a subclass of the
existing class that is most like the new
class. In that way the new class can in-
herit a great deal of the desired be-
havior. In the Rehearsal World, there is
no concept of class. A designer who
wants a new production that is similar
to an existing one can modify the exist-
ing production and store it under a dif-
ferent name. A major weakness of this
method is that modifications made to
the first production will not be auto-
matically reflected in the modified one.
In contrast, a modification made to a
Smalltalk class will be automatically
reflected in its subclasses.

The second difference between Small-
talk and the Rehearsal World is that in
Smalltalk there is a distinction between
a class and an instance of that class. The
class is the abstraction; an object is
always an instance of some class. A
class may have any number of in-
stances. Any changes to the class will
be immediately reflected in all its in-
stances. In the Rehearsal World, there
are no abstractions, thus no classes.
Everything is visible. Any performer can
serve as a prototype and one gets new
performers through copying. What is
lost is the ability to have changes made
to the original reflected automatically in
the copies.

Debugging

Ordinarily, the sooner a program gives
evidence that something is wrong, the
easier it is for the programmer to diag-
nose the problem. Designers in the Re-
hearsal World find that bugs manifest
themselves very quickly because near-
ly all state information is visible and
because the flow of control from per-
former to performer is fairly obvious to
the eye. Even so, a situation will occa-
sionally arise in which the designer can-
not easily account for some behavior on
a stage.

It seems appropriate in Programming
by Rehearsal that help should come in
the form of another performer, the De-
bugger performer (see figure 1 3). A De-
bugger, when placed on a stage, inter-
cepts all the actions that performers ex-
ecute, shows their code, and waits for
the designer to tell it to go on. While
the actions of the production are thus
halted, the designers can investigate the
cause of a problem using any of the nor-
mal Rehearsal World activities such as

opening up cue sheets and sending
cues. Additional actions that may be ini-
tiated are placed in the Debugger's
queue for later execution.

Animation and
Multiple Processes

An intuitively pleasing, though incor-
rect, model for the Rehearsal World
would be that each performer goes
about its business independently of the
others except when it needs another
performer to answer a question or do
something. Performers would be like
people in the real world, capable of in-
dependent action but interacting
through requests. Animation, you might
think, would be easy because each per-
former would have its own rules for
moving around on the screen. In this
model, which we call the one-process-
per-performer model, each performer
would essentially have its own proces-
sor for its private use. Trouble comes
when performers have to share re-
sources and coordinate that sharing.
Several schemes for dealing with these
problems have been developed over
the years.

Our own solution to the problems in-
troduced by having one process per
performer was to allow each user action
to initiate a single independent process
that either runs to completion or, as
with animation, continues in an infinite
loop. A single production can. at any
given time, have any number of different
processes running in it. (Beyond that,
there can be several stages on the
screen at a time, each running its own
processes.) This one-process-per-user-
action model has so far proven to be
both intuitive and powerful, though we
see it as an area where further research
is necessary.

Designers at Work

Since the Rehearsal World is a proto-
type system, very few designers have
had a chance to experiment with it. The
first one to actually use the system was
loan Ross, a curriculum designer from
the University of Michigan. loan created
many interesting productions using the
Picture and Turtle performers. She
helped us to debug the system and to
understand how to improve it on all
levels as we prepared for a pilot study.
We spent a month responding to the
(text continued on page 202)

200 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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201

REHEARSAL

[text continued from page 200)
issues that Joan raised as a result of her
experiences and then invited Dan
Fendel and Diane Resek, curriculum de-
signers and faculty members of the
Mathematics Department at San Fran-
cisco State University, to visit for three
days to see what they could create in
the Rehearsal World. They are very ex-

perienced designers, familiar with the
power of interactive computer graphics,
but they are not programmers.

We gave them a tour of the system
and within 45 minutes Dan and Diane
had taken over and were using the Re-
hearsal World themselves. They started
by investigating a simple production we
had made about probability and soon

Plotter

.mm***** * *********!* mmmmmmmmmmm m mmmmmm mm m m mmm mmmm mm mm mm m m mmmtm mmmmmmm*

4000*

i clear! [

J'LOT jj

x * x + 100

l . ;;v

; ill

Loop

iterate

![x setValue: Loop getlndex. |

point setX: x / midX * (Graph getWidth / 2).

point setY: expression evaluate / midY * (Graph

jgetHeight f 2).

[Turtle 1 goto: Point + Graph getBottomLef t. ]

I 5

j 1

^^^M Run

Doit

•j

Debugger |

Figure 13: A stage on which a Debugger performer has been placed temporarily so that
the designer may observe the code for each successive action.

suggested and implemented some im-
provements. They found out how it
worked by looking at the button actions
and change actions of the performers,
both on stage and in the wings. By the
end of the first afternoon, they had
turned it into a game that bore only a
slight resemblance to our original ex-
ploratory activity. In the process, they
had auditioned Texts, Numbers, Lists,
and Repeaters to discover their capa-
bilities, dealt some with the blocking of
the stage, written a fair amount of code
by watching, and understood about but-
ton actions, change actions, and repeat
actions.

Dan and Diane spent an hour the next
morning away from the machine, de-
signing with words and a pencil. In the
course of this design session, they re-
fined their embryonic ideas for a frac-
tion game through discussion of both
the pedagogical issues and the fantasy
through which they should be trans-
mitted. They also considered which Re-
hearsal World performers they would
need in their proposed game. The fan-
tasy involved a cave filled with gold
dust. They envisioned the ceiling of the
cave as an irregular set of stalactites:
they saw the floor as tiled. The student's
problem would be to sweep a vertical
broom through this cave, one floor tile
at a time, trying to collect as much gold
dust as possible without ever allowing
the broom to touch the ceiling. The
broom would stretch or shrink by a cer-
tain fractional amount which the student
would specify before each move. For ex-
ample, if the student edited the fraction
to read 2/1, the broom would become
twice as tall when it moved.

They had other design criteria as well.
They wanted the game to configure it-
self differently every time the START
button was selected, and they also
wanted to make it easy for a designer
to specify an easy cave, with broad floor
tiles and very little variation in the ceil-
ing, or a hard one. They wanted to have
a score that was expressed as a percent-
age of the available gold dust: they
wanted some sort of disaster to occur
if the student made the fraction too
large and the broom touched the ceil-
ing. They decided to call their produc-
tion GoldRush (see figure 14).

We found this description quite over-
whelming for an initial project, as we
{text continued on page 204)

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REHEARSAL

■■■:...-. ■ ,.. .■:■■...■■.■.■■■ .-.:■,-

; Sul&RushWmj

Floor
Director

1 2 5

■ioldF.ush

start stop

\|
1

step index

floorwidth

Tile List

100,0

M.WSS

Ceiling Heigh

Rectangle Fo;iU*ii

H Hi

Ceiling
; Director

2824.0

0.3

Ceiling Area

Panel Height

4498.06

20.0806

Room Area

Floor Top

Rectangle!

Rectangle2
R*Ct&ngle3
Rectan?le4
RectanjleS
Rectansle6
Rectangle?

Rect
Maker

Stretch
'n

Shrink

GO FOR THE GOLD!

MOVE

Rect List

Rect Width

checker

26.7741

13.3871

PARTS

SCORE

Hew Br H

t Old Br Ht

■

■.'■J' l

0806

Disaster
Director

END

I-rocir. iijj

•

Figure 14: The GoldRush game and its complicated wings, showing more performers backstage than are on stage.

[text continued from page 202)
had expected them to embark on some-
thing at the level of the Jumble Game
described earlier. Rather than starting
with a toy example for practice, they
were embarking on a real-world task
after only one day's experience. We wor-
ried that they had chosen something
too difficult for them to accomplish in
the remaining two days.

By lunch time they had figured out
how to use the Turtle to draw the floor.
They said, "We need a Floor Director to
be in charge of drawing the floor," and
placed a button in the wings labeled
FloorDirector for that purpose. They
used this same strategy to make a Ceil-
ingDirector, a Checker to test whether
or not the broom was touching the ceil-
ing, and a DisasterDirector in charge of
what should happen when it did. Cer-
tain performers had become, if you will,
visible procedures. They invented this
strategy on their own, led to it by the
Rehearsal World's emphasis on buttons.

Next to these directors in the wings,

they placed the performers that would
be needed by the directors to accom-
plish their tasks. These performers fulfil
the role of variables; since everything
in the Rehearsal World must be visible,
all variables must be represented by
performers. By grouping their per-
formers in a logical manner, they could
debug their program easily by selecting
a button, like the CeilingDirector, and
simply watching what happened, both
on stage and in the wings.

Their next task was to implement the
broom (for which they used a Rec-
tangle), the START button, and the
MOVE button. The action of the START
button was simply to cause the Floor-
Director and the CeilingDirector to per-
form their button actions. The action of
the MOVE button was first to move the
broom and then to ask the Checker to
determine whether or not the broom
was touching the ceiling. If it was. it
asked the DisasterDirector to perform
its action; if it wasn't, the Checker com-
puted the score. That they had not yet

even designed the disaster didn't mat-
ter; they were using top-down program-
ming techniques, realizing that they
could return later and replace the
empty code block of the Disaster-
Director with whatever they wanted.

By the end of the day, the Floor-
Director and the CeilingDirector were
both working properly and they could
move the broom through the cave. They
started to plan the randomness that
they wanted to build into the button ac-
tion of the START button.

The next day they made a fraction to
be edited by the user, creating it from
two Numbers and two Rectangles, one
to act as the line between the Numbers,
the other to act as a frame. This looked
and worked fine, but they soon dis-
covered that it was a great disadvantage
to be dealing with four independent
performers instead of a single unified
one: whenever they decided that their
fraction was the wrong size or in the
wrong place, they had to resize or move
(text continued on page 206)

204 BYTE- IUNE 1984

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REHEARSAL

[text continued from page 204)

four performers commensurately.

Consequently they felt the need to
create a new Fraction performer, which
they did by placing two Numbers and
a Rectangle for the central line on an
otherwise empty stage. Since other per-
formers would need to use the values
of the numerator and denominator of
this Fraction performer, they taught this
stage the new cues getHumerator, get-
Denominator, and getValue. Then they told
it to convert itself into a new performer
named Fraction and promptly used it in
their production.

By the end of the third day. they had
a game that worked, that they could re-
spond to, that they liked, and that still
needed improvement.

An extra day of work was devoted to
adding new features. A Number per-
former called Parts was added that
could be edited by the user; its change
action was to show the broom divided
into the number of parts indicated. This
additional piece of design arose from
their interaction with the production;
had they been working entirely from a
paper sketch, this improvement might
not have occurred to them.

They then invited others in our re-
search center to play. Although it had
been designed for third-graders, our
colleagues found the game interesting
and fun to play. They were impressed
with the quality of the game and espe-
cially with the fact that the designers
were nonprogrammers, yet had im-
plemented something so complicated
in only a few days.

Eventually we found some children of
an appropriate age to be students; they
also enjoyed playing the game and
spent many hours trying to make a per-
fect score. Diane now plans to reimple-
ment GoldRush at San Francisco State
using the Rehearsal World design as a
prototype but changing it to run on dif-
ferent hardware, which might include
color and have a different pointing
mechanism.

Research Questions

Our experiences with designers have
given us confidence that our general
ideas about how to make the power of
computers accessible to nonprogram-
mers are correct. We believe that inter-
active, graphical programs could and
[text continued on page 208)

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REHEARSAL

{text continued from page 206)
should be built inside an interactive,
graphical programming environment.
We believe that for such programs,
some sort of visual, spatial program-
ming will eventually supplant the cur-
rent process of writing lines of textual
code. Nevertheless, we have many un-
answered questions about the nature of
visual programming.

An important aspect of the Rehearsal
World is that everything is made visible:
only things that can be seen can be
manipulated. Thus, rather than thinking
abstractly, as is necessary in most pro-
gramming environments, a designer is
always thinking concretely, selecting a
particular performer, then a particular
cue, then observing the cue's instant ef-
fect. We know that much of the initial
accessibility of the system is due to this
concrete, visual, object-oriented ap-
proach. What we don't know are its
shortcomings.

As designers create increasingly large
and sophisticated productions, they
may find it a nuisance to have to instan-
tiate everything (even temporary vari-
ables) in the form of a performer. There
are problems with space on the screen
and with visual complexity. Some of
these problems are addressed by the
ability to collapse a large set of per-
formers into a single new one, which can
be made very small while still retaining
its original functionality. This helps not
only with space but with factoring the
production into significant pieces.

While beginning designers benefit
from the concreteness, more experi-
enced ones will benefit from being able
to think in more general and abstract
terms. They are led to think in general
terms by the fact that all performers re-
spond to a large set of common cues:
they are led to think in abstract terms
through the manipulation of Lists and
Repeaters. Still, it may be difficult to
build productions, for example, that
need to access large amounts of data.
At some point, the concreteness may
become a barrier rather than an advan-
tage.

We know that the "watching" facility
is very important to beginners and
makes it possible for them to "write"
code without learning a language. But
it's really very simple and is in no way
"programming by example": it employs
(text continued on page 210)

208 BYTE- IUNE 1984

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REHEARSAL

[text continued from page 208)
no generalizations but merely makes a
textual record of a performer being sent
a cue, perhaps with parameters. Again,
advanced designers might be led to
think abstractly rather than specifically
if the Rehearsal World provided a more
powerful watching facility that was cap-
able of some form of generalization.

In the Rehearsal World, button action
and change action are the major mech-
anisms for expressing the interactions
of all performers; a few performers, like
the Repeater, the List, and the Traveler,
have other special actions as well. De-
signers find these actions very natural
and so far have had no difficulty
describing their needs in these terms.
However, the Rehearsal World does not
provide designers with the facility to
create new types of actions for new per-
formers, and this may become a prob-
lem in the future.

The Rehearsal World supports mul-
tiple processes in such a natural way

that our designers are not surprised by
the existence of this facility as they in-
terrupt whatever they're doing to do
something else. However, we have little
experience with designers using mul-
tiple processes in some production and
expect a variety of conceptual and
mechanical difficulties to arise.

Designers express actions in a pro-
cedural fashion, instructing a performer
to send a cue under certain conditions.

We are curious about how designers
would deal with a constraint-based
Rehearsal World in which the relation-
ships between performers were ex-
pressed in terms of conditions that
should always hold true (for example,
that the value of a Number should
always be twice that of another
Number). We hope that researchers
working on similar design environments
will explore these questions. ■

REFERENCES

1. Brown, Dean, and loan Lewis. "The Pro-
cess of Conceptualization.'' Educational
Policy Center Research Note EPRC-6747-9.
SRI Project 6747. December, 1968.

2. Oettinger, Anthony, with Sema Marks.
Run, Computer, Run. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1969.

3. Gould, Laura, and William Finzer. "A
Study of TRIP: A Computer System for
Animating Time-Rate-Distance Problems." In-
ternational lournal o\ Man-Machine Studies (1982)
17, 109-126.

4. Ingalis, Daniel H. H. "The SmalItalk-76 Pro-

gramming System: Design and Implementa-
tion.'' Conference Record of the Fifth Annual ACM
Symposium on Principles of Programming languages.
Tucson, AZ: 1978.

5. BYTE, August 1981.

6. Goldberg. Adele. Smalltalk-&0: The Interactive
Programming Environment. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1984.

7. Goldberg, Adele, and David Robson.
Smalltalk-SO'. The language and its Implementation.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983.

8. Krasner, Glenn, ed. Smalltalk-80,, Bits of
History, Words of Advice. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1983.

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1698
1899

Hayes

300

20;

HRI ... 16 cps

569

1200

49:

HR25 23 cps

765

1200B

43;

HR35 34 cps

Call

Micromodem lie W/T , ,

24i

Dynax

DX15 14 cps

US Robotics

3o;

477

Password

Keyboard

149

Autodial 212A

46C

IDS

Novation

Prism 132 color

1535

Access 1,2,3

45<

Prism 80 color

1419

Apple Cat II

27/

Transtar

Prometheus Products

315 color

450

Promodem 1200

36!

Silver Reed

Options Processor

550

595

Memory

$30 per 16K up to 64K

Alphanumeric Display
Procom Software-Apple, IBM

Rixon

PC212A

P212A

78
78

415

IBM ACCESSORIES

Ast Research

6-Pack 225

Combo Plus 225

Mega Plus • . 225

64 K Ram Set 55

Plantronics

Color Plus 375

Hercules Computer

Hercules Graphics Card 350

Amdek

MAI 477

Koala

Koala Graphic Tablet Call

Everex

Dual Display Call

Number 9
Number 9 1448X1448 Call

500

Spirit
160

Juki

18 cps

Teletex

12 cps

Mansman Tally

80 cps
160 cps

DISK DRIVES

For IBM

Tandon TM100-2 . .
Teac 55B Yi Height
Panasonic/Shugart Vi Height

CDC

For Apple

Super 5 % A Height

Quentin Ap 100-Y

Quentin Ap 105-Y Vi Height

Quentin Controller

Rana 1

Rana 1 with Controller

431

450

315
641

180
175
194
220

203
242
213
48
255
325

HAVE IT YOUR WAY

18 Slot Chassis
125 Watt Power

and
IBM Compatible CPU

li ■
Willi

m^t^^a^

IMP SYSTEM — $1,300
The S-100 Concept for IBM Compatible Systems

You want a computer. You like the flexibility and options
of the IBM PC. EXCEPT there are some things that you want
your way. YOU:

• Don't like the funny keyboard.

• Want 1 /2 height drives so you can add a hard disk later.

• Want a powerful supply that is adequate for disk expansion.

• Want more than three additional slots.

• Want a faster or different CPU.

• Want higher resolution graphics.

• Want Dvorak or other keyboard layout.

List Our

TIME SPECTRUM 395 Call

APSTEK 369 Call

CRAMBO 359 Call

BIG BLUE 600 Call

EASIBOARD + 15 functions 350

Maynard Sandstar 230

PC GT 80186 8MHz 1195 Call

Scion 1595

Halo-lntlgnt High Res Graphics 150

PROTIUM 1195

Keytronics Keyboard QWERTY 169

Keytronics Keyboard DVORAK 169

Keytronics Keyboard 5151 255
Lotus 1-2-3 users, you need this keyboard

COMPUTERS

Franklin OMS 1200 1709

Columbia 1600-1 2600

TAVA PC 1900

Eagle I 1650

Eagle II 2050

Eagle III 2270

Eagle IV 3500

Eagle PC-2 2730

Eagle 1620 3400

Eagle 1630 ' . 5270

Eagle 1640 6400

SOFTWARE

Ashton Tate

dBase I!
Friday

Software Arts

TK Solver
Solver Pac

Seasoned Systems

Sure Stroke Dvorak Tutor

Sorcim

Super Calc 111

Micro Pro

Wordstar
Mail Merge
Spellstar
Pro Pack

MBSI

Realworld Gl
Realworld AR

ATI

For Most Software Programs

Hayes

Smart Com

Micro Stuff

Crosstalk

TERMINALS

Televideo

Micro Rim

RBase

Hard Disks Call

914
925
950

3000

Wyse
Teletex

569
460

ONX System 5
De Smetc

389
184

189

258
131
131

475

533
533

72
134

344

Call
Call

California Residents add 6.5% State Sales

Tax

Shipping extra for outside USA, FPO and

APO

Please include an address reachable by

UPS, no P.O. boxes, and your phone number

where you can be reached during the day.

(21 3) 344-4455

Knowledge Systems Inc.

19707 Ventura Blvd.
Woodland Hills, CA 91364

Circle 1 83 on inauirv card

ORDERING TERMS

Prepaid: Money Orders, Cashier's Checks, Cer-
tified Checks, Bank Wire Transfers, Master Card,
Visa, AMEX (add .3% for AMEX) and Personal
Checks (allow 15 banking days for all personal
checks). Please include Valid Driver's License #
and Major Credit Card for Identification.

#B5

THE WORLD S LARGEST

ORDER RRM

ALL MAIL: Conroy-LaPointe, Inc. 12060 SW Garden Hace, Portland, OR 97223
SHOWROOMS AT: PORTLAND, OR and SEATTLE, WA - BOTH OPEN M-SAT 10-6

HARDWARE for your
APPLE

APPLE lie. 128K. 80 COLUMN

APPLE II*. STARTER SYSTEM BY APPLE

CALL
CALL

APPLE MACINTOSH CALL

LUMTH) WUMANTY t, 100% Parts S Labor tor 90 days by us

DISK DRIVES

: Amdisk I. 3" Micro Floppy, 143K J 299 J 249
♦ CENTRAL PT.. filer. Utility S Apple DOS $ 20 $ 15

* A2 143K Disk Drive
A2 Controller Card

* A4Q 160K. Drive

* A70, 286K, Drive
A40A70 Controller

$ 479
t 100
$ 449
$ 599
$ 100

$229

t n

$299

$299
$ 79

1/2 HIGH 'LPS. A40, Belt Drive. 163K $ 299 1 199

noiucc TEAC, T40. Direct Drive, 163K {349 $219

l/Hllca TEAC, T8D DouWe Sded. 326K J 449 $329

Controller Card by ComX $110 $ 59

Rana Elite 1, 163K. 40 Track $ 379

$259

— — Elite I 326K, 80 Track $649
•fg Elite 3, 652K, 160 Track 5 849
■eW Elite Controller $ 145

$429

$539

$ 89

RAM EXPANSION

♦ ALS, ADD Ram (lit) 16* S 100

$ 49

* ComX.80 col, ♦64K RAM.for He, 1 Yr. Wry $ 199

$ 99

* RAM Card. lYr.Wty, (II*) 16K $ 179

$ 39

• Mkneoft, RAM Card (II ♦) 16K $100

$ 69

« Titan /Saturn RAM Card (II ») 32K $249

$169

RAM Card (11+) 64K $425

$299

RAM Card (II*) 128K $599

$399

VIDEO CARDS

« ALS, Smarterm ll(* or e) SPECIAL $ 179

* ComX 80 col. *64K RAM(lle) 1 yr. wry $ 199
' ' orel $279

$379
$ 35
$149
$ 39

Video Term 80 col.

* UltraTerm (+ or e)

Soft Video Switch (11+)
Enhancer II |ll*|
Function Strip (11+)

We Have Full Motor Line. Cell.

$129
$ 99
$189
$279
$ 25
$ 99
S 29
Up 10 35% off.

MISCELLANEOUS

ALS,TheCP/MCardV3.0|*ore) $399 $279

1 Card (+ ore) $169 $109

ASTAR, Rf Modulator, to use TV $ 35 $ 25

* CCS, Serial Interface 7710 (Set BAUD) $ 150 $ 99
Chalkboard. Power Pad $ 100 $ 75

>. Wld Card (copier, II* only) $110 $ 85

Mid Card 2 (copier. * or e) $ 140 $ 99

_ xi. System Saver $ 90 $ 65

Key Tronic KB200 keyboard (11+) $298 $219

Koala. Touch Tablet w /Micro Illustrator $125 $ 85

Kraft, Joystick (Ap 11/11+) $ 65 $ 49

PaddlelAp 11/11*1 $ 50 $ 39

MSA Sup R fan (* ore) $ 50 $ 39

Z80Softcard(*ore| $345 $345

Z80Softcard Plus (* ore) $465 $465

Z80SoftcardPremium(ll«) $695 $479

ZSOSoftcard Premium(lle) $495 $339

MIcroTefc, Dumpling 64, Buffer $349 $269

* Orange Micro, Grappler Plus (e or *) $ 175 $119

16K Buffer Board for Grappler Plus $175 $119

Buffered Grappler Plus, 16K $245 $179

Paymar, Lower Case Chip. Rev. 7(11*) $ 50 $ 39

* PCPI, Applicsrd, 14 features 6Mhz $375 $275
RH Electronic*, Super Fan II $ 75 $ 59

* Titan /Saturn. Accelerator II $599 $449
Tranaand/SSM, AI0II, Serial/Para l/F $225 $169
TG Product*. Game Paddles (11+) $ 40 $ 29

Joystick (11+) $ 60 $ 45

Vldn.PSIO l/F Card $229 $169

WICO, Mouse. Complete $179 $119

SOFTWARE for votir APPLE

BUSINESS

* Applied Soft Tech., Versaform $389 $259
Artsci, Magic IMndo* II $ 150 $ 99

Magic CombofWind.Mail&Words) $225 $149

* Athlon- Tate, dBase II (Ret) CP/M 80] $700 $385

Friday (Requires CP/M 80) $295 $199

BP1Sy*t*m»,GL.AR.AP.PRorlNV.each $395 $269

» Broderbund.Bank St Writer or Speli.ea $ 70 $ 45

Continental, GL.AR.AP or PR. each $250 $165

* Home Accountant $ 75 $ 49
Tax Advantage $ 70 $ 47

Dow Jon**, Market Analyzer $350 $275

Market Manager $300 $235

Market Microscope $700 $525

Fox & GeDer, Quickcode or dGraph. ea. $295 $185

d Utility ("or dBase II) $ 99 $ 66

Haydan. Pie Writer (Specify 80 col. bd) $150 $ 99

* Howard Soft. Tax Preparer, 1984 $250 $185
UK. Letter Perfect w /Mail Merge $ 150 $ 99
Micro Pro, (all require Z8DCP/M Card)

* WordStar w/applicard 8CP/M SPECIAL $ 695 $295
InfoStar w/apphcard SCP/M SPECIAL $ 695 $295
WordStar ~ + Training Manual SPECIAL $495 $239
SpellStar - or MailMerge'-ea SPECIAL $250 $129

* WordStar Professional, 4 Pak SPECIAL $695 $395
Options Pak, SS/MM/SI $295 $175

Mtaoaoft Multi-Plan CP/M or Apple DOS) $250 $169

* Oabome/ComX. (Disk and Book) (Stat, Bus. 8 Math)

Some Common Basic Programs [75 ea.) $ 100
Practical Basic Programs (40 ea.) $ 100

l, Requires CP/M UMBasic, 64K

$395
$399
$249
$969
$295
$189
$125

Series 40 GL 8. AR JAP, all 3

Meet Perfect Writer /Spellet-2pak

Perfect Filer or Perfect Calc. each

Perfect Writer /Spel /Filer /Calc(4)

Pearttoft, Personal Peart

Quark, Word Juggler & Lexicheck (lie)

Serwible, Sen. Speller or Bookends, ea.

Sierra/On-Une. Screenwriter Pro. 2 Pak $200

Screenwriter II $ 130

The Dictionary NEW! $ 100

Gen. Manager ll-NEW! $230

Homeword $ 50

* Silicon Valley. Word Handler $ 60

* List Handler $ 50

* Handler Pak (Word, List & Spell) $130
Software PuHiahina, PFS File $ 125
(specify + or e) Ff S: Report $ 125

PFS: Graph $125

PFS: Write (lie) $125

D8 Master Version 40 $ 350

DB Utility I or II $129

Advanced DB Master % 595

$ 49
$ 49

$239
$249
$149
$499
$195
$139
$ 85
$135
$ 89
$ 69
$155
$ 34

$229
$ 87
$495

VhaCorp, Visicalc 3.3(11+)

Visicatc Enhanced (lie)
Visicalc Advanced (lie)
Visilile or VisiDex, each

$250 $169

$250 $179

$295 $210

$250 $179

UTILITY & SYSTEM

_ i. Apple Mechanic or Diskquik. ea.

Double-Take or GPL E each $35 $ 25

Typefaces (Req. Ap. Mechanic) I 20 $ 15

DOSS Boss or Utility City, each $ 30 $ 22

Tip Disk »1 $ 20 $ 15

Pronto DOSS $ 30 $ 20

Alpha Plot $ 40 $ 27

Central Point, Filer. DOS 33 8 Util $ 20 $ 15

Copy II Plus (bit copier) s 40 $ 30

' i, Compiler -Applesoft BASIC $ 129 $ 85

Epaon, Graphics Dump $15 $ 9

Have*. Terminal Prog. (SM or MM.ea j $ 100 $ 65

* Ineofi. GraFORTH by Paul Lutus $ 90 $ 65
Microsoft A IDS $125 $ 85

Fortran 80 $195 $135
COMPLETE MICROSOFT UNE IN STOCK

* Omega. Locksmith (Txl copier) VerS $ 100 $ 75
Penguin, Complete Graphics System I! $ 70 $ 53

Graphics Magician $ 60 1 41

Phoenix, Zoom Grafix I 40 § 34

Qualify, Bag of Tncks $ 40 $ 29

Terrapin, Logo $ 150 $ 99

LRHico. Essential Data Duplicator III I 80 I 49

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

Atari, Centipede, PacMan or Donkey K.,ea. $

Beagle Bro*.. Beagle Bag $ 30

Bluechip, Millionaire $ 60

Broderhund Choplifter or Lode Runner.ea $ 35

Arcade Machine $ 60

Apple Panic $ 30

BudgeCo., Pinball Constr. Set $ 40

r Continental. Home Accountant $ 75

Datasoft, Aztec or Zaxxon, each $ 40

Davidson. Math Blaster! $ 50
Edu-Ware. (Large Inventory)

Hayden. Sargon II (Chess) $ 35

Sargon III (Chess) $ 50

Infocom, Zork 1,11, III, or Starcross. each $ 40
Koala, Full line in stock, CALL
Learning Co., (Large Inventory)

Micro Lab, Miner 2049er $ 40

Microsoft. Typing Tutor $ 25

Monogram, Dollars and Sense $ 100

Origin, Ultima III $ 60

Scarborough /Lightning, Mastertype $ 40

Sierra/On-Line. Ultima II $ 60

Sir-Tech, Wizardry $ 50

Spinnaker, Kindercomp (others in stock) $ 30

Sub Logic, Flight Simulator II $ 50

Call

$ 29

$ 34

$ 27

Call

PRINTER
COMBO SALE

ONE TIME. QUANTITY LIMITED

*OKIDATAML80

80cps,

Pinfeed, 80 col
132 col. condensed
96ASCII. Graphics, Parallel
list Price $299

COMBOA for Apple or IBM- $549 IM $450

ML80 + dBase II

COMBO B for Apple or IBM- $494 save $500

ML80 ♦ WordStar + Mail Merge + SpellStar* Star Index
COMBO C for Apple ll+/e- $474 aave $520

M180 ♦ Appfcard CP/M ♦ 13 Features) ♦ WordStar or InfoStar
COMBO D for IBM-PC- $397 Mve $550

ML80 + 50Generik~DS/DD diskettes + Bank Street Writer
Home Accountant Plus + 3 insert Trix educational games.
COMBOE for Apple II +.'e- $291 taire $420

Ml 80 + 50Generik'-SS/SD diskettes + Bank Street Writer
+ Insoft 3 game pak + Home Accountant

NEC PC-820LA $649

Includes word processing and
13 other programs: 32K ROM
& 1GK RAM both expandable
to 64* RS232 Disk, Printer.
Cassette and Bar Code inter-
faces built-in: AC or DC Com-
plete line in stock.

♦a/JaY" Computer, PC8201A 16K(64K $800 $649
faMJV Data Recorder, PC8281A $115

Pnner.PC8221AThermal,40col $ 170

$ 99

$149

^- MEANS A BEST BUY

DISKETTES

CDC. lOOea SS/DD, 40T (Apple, IBM)
lOeaSS/DD, 40T (Apple. IBM)
100eaDS/DD.40T(IBM,H/P)
lOeaDS/DD, 40TIIBM.H/P)
DYSAN. lOea SS/SD (Apple, etc.)

10eaDS/DD48T(IBM.H/P.etc.)
MAXELL, 10each.MDL SS/DD
10each.MDZDS/D0
VERBATIM. lOea MD52501. SS/DD
10eaMD34,DS/DD

LIST
PRICE

$550
$ 55

$750

ou>

PIKE
$239
$ 26
$295

GENERIK"' DISKETTES - AS LOW AS $1

W/Jackets. no labels, top quality. 90 day limited warranty by us.

10 ea SS/SO, 35 Track (Apr*, Atari)
100 ea SS/SD, 35 Track (Apple. Atari)
1000 ea SS/SD, 35 Track (AppMtari)
10eaDS/DD.48TPI(IBM, H/P)
100eaDS/OD,48TPI(IBM,H/P)
1000 ea DS/DD, 48TPI (IBM, H/P)

$ 42 $ 17

$ 415 $ 130

$4150 $ 995

$ 63 $ 25

$ 626 $ 170

$6260 $1400

NO HASSLE
MONEY BACK
GUARANTEE
ON GENERIK S

GENERIK™
DISKETTES

Each at lOOO quantity.

SS/SD $1.00 Each
DS/DD $1.40 Each

for the ATARI

RAMA 1000 Drive. 320K $ 449 $ 369

KOALA. Pad w/Micro lllus. $ 100 $ 75

MODEMS JS&

ACCESSORIES

out

PPJCE

$ 99 $ 79

ANCHOR Signalman MK I (RS232)
Signalman Mark XII

HAYES, IBM-PC Smartmodem 1200B
IBM-PC Smartcom II Software
Stack Chronograph (RS-232)
Stack Smartmcdern 300(RS 232) $289 $225
Smartmodem 1200 (RS-232) $699 $535
MicromodemlOOIS-lOObus) "
Micromodem lie w /Smartcom

IBM-PC to Modern Cane

$399 $269

$599 $439

$149 $109

$249 $169

$399 $275
$329 $239

NOVATION, IBM-PC Access 1-2- 3 Pack. $595 $445

Apple Cat II Modem 300 BAUD $389 $269

212AppleCat 1200BAUD

Cat

J-Cat

212 Auto Cat

Smart Cat 103/212
TRANSEND/SSM.

Transendl lor Apple II $ 89 $ 69

ModemCard lor the Apple II $299 $259

Transmodem 1200 $ 695 $ 559

SOFTWARE -St E APPtt OR IBM UTILITY SOf 1KJARE SECTIONS

$725 $559

$189 $139

$149 $104

$695 $579

$595 $415

MONITORS? 1 *

I ACCESSORIES

* AMDEK, 12- Green, #309; $ 200

* 12" Amber, WOOA $210

* 12" Amber, HlOAtor IBM-PC $230

* 13" Color I, Composite $379

* 13" Color II, RGB, Hi Res $529
DVM. Color II or III to Apple II I. f $199
13-,CotorlV.RGB,720Hx400V

NEC. 12- Green, Model 1260MA $150

12" Green, Model 1201MA $199

12" Amber, Model 1205MA $ 210

12"Color,RGB,1216FA(IBM&NEC-PC| $ 599

12"Cotor, Composite, 12!5A(Apple) $399

* PRINCETON, RGB Hi Res, HX- 12 $795

* RGB Hi Res, SR- 12 $799

* Amber, MAX- 12fwono6rd.) $249
QUADRAM.QuadchromelZ-RGEIColor $695

Quadscreen 17" 968x512 $1995

2ENITH, 12" Green, Mdl. ZVM 123 $ 200

PRINTERS SBS

DOT MATRIX:

EPSON, RX80, 100 cps

FX80. 160 CDS

FX100, 160 cps

MX100F/T. (JOcps. w/Grafrax+

Apple II Graphics Dump
MANNESMANN 160L 80col. 160cps
TALLY, 180L132COI. 160cps

* Spirit 80 col SOcps
NEC. PC-8023A, FT. 120cps, 80col. para

PC-8025, 120CPS, 136 col, para
Cable, 8023/8025 to IBM-PC
OKIDATA. 82A. 80 cot, 120 CDS, para
83A, 132 col, 120 cps, para

92. 80 col, 160 cps, para.

93, 136 cot, 160cps. para
2350P,Pacemark, 350cps,para
2410P,Pacemark, 350cps,para.

ORANGE MICRO.Grappler+, for Apple
PRACTICAL, Mcrobjff kvUne 64K,Para.
Mcrobuff In-Line 64K,Ser.
QUADRAM, Quadjet. Jet Color Fnnter

• STAR MK.. Gemini 107.120cps.23K

Gemini 15"X,120cps,2.3K

LETTER QUALITY:

NEC, 15LQ, 14cps, Pariw/TF, lOlcol
TTX. 1014, 13cps, ParaiSer., Pin&fric.

UST
PRICE

$ 695
$ 649

PRINTER INTERFACES and BUFFERS:

IBM-PC to Epson or Star Micro Cable $ 60 $ 31
Apple I /F & Cable for Epson or Gemini $ 95 $ 51

SUADRAM.
icrofazer, w/Copy, PP, 8K,*MP8w/PS $ 189 $ 13!
Microfarer. w/Copy. PP, 64K, «MP64w/PS $ 319 $ 231
MicrofEer, w/Copy, PP, 128K.W/PS $ 465 $ 34!

Mictotaec Snap-on, 8K, PP Epson w/PS $ 179 $ 14!
Microfazer, Snap-on, 64K, PP, Epson w/PS $ 319 $ 231
All Irtcrofarers are expandable (w/copy to 512*0 (SnapHXi to 64K)
SUPPLIES.' Tractor Feed Paper, Ribbons, Daisy Wheels.

41CX, Calculator NEW $ 325 $ 275
41C. Calculator $ 195 $ 149

41CV, Calculator w/22K $ 275 $ 219

HYPERION

Portable Computer $3690 $.2990

Checks allow 20 days to clear No COO Prices reflect a 3% cash discount so ADD 3% to above prices lor VISA or MC. For US Mainland, add 3% ($5 minimum) lor shipping, insurance and handling (SI&H) by UPS UPS ground
is standard so add 3MJ10 minimum) more tor UPS Slue tor SI&H. Add 12% total {$15 minimum) tor SI&H lor US Postal. APO or FPO. For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada. UPS is in some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write,
or specify Postal Foreign orders e.cept Canada lor SI&H add 18% {$25 minimum) tot SI&H eicept lot monitors add 30% {$50 minimum) tor SI&H. All prices. availaMity and specifications subject to errors or change without
notice so call to verity All goods are new, include warranty and are guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices and our assurance that you will get new unused products. ALL SALES ARE FINAL Call before returning goods lor
repair or replacement Orders received with insufficient SI&H charges will be refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 6A.M. to 6 P.M PST, Monday through Friday and lOto 4 Saturday 6AM here b 9A.M. in New York

OUR REFERENCES: We Have been in computers inO electronics since 195& a computer dealer since 1978 and in computer mail order since 1980, Banks 1st Interstate Bank. (503) 643-4678 We belong to the
Chamber of Commerce {503} fj*4-0121*idftre«MarluAngAssocurmor M^

CASH & CARRY OUTLETS:

Over-the-counter sales only. Open Monday through fnday, 10:00
until 6:00 Saturday. lftOOuntil 6:00

POITUMID, OREGON— NEW tOCATION! At Part 217. Tigard at
intersection of 217 and 99W. Coming from Portland on 99W, take
immediate left after 217overpass and Texaco Station Call 620-5595.
SEATUE. WASH.-3540 128th Ave. SE. Bellevue. WA 98006 Tel:
641-4736 in Loehmann's Rata near Factoria Square, S£ ol Hwy
405 « 90 and at SE 3Hh $ Dichards.

212 BYTE' IUNE 1984

Computer Exchange

LOW PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHA T THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT!

SUPPLY CENTER for IBM-PC or XT

256KIBM-PCorXT

320/360K Disk Drives by CDC

90 Day Warranty By Us

Call for Details

Coming soon products for the PC Jr.

® 1 984, Service Mark ol Conroy-LaPointe. Inc.

• 1 984 by Conroy-LaPointe. Inc.
All Rights Reserved

DRIVES

CONTRPL

DATA OR "I

indon

320K/360K DS/DD DISK DRIVES

With Detailed Installation Instructions
30 Day Warranty by Factory Authorized Distributor

Same as now #0 1 O
installed by IBM ^£19 S229 For One.

HALF $199 HEIGHT

LIST OUR

PRICE PRICE

ComX T Disk Drive Power Cable $ 8 $ 6

Amdisk V, ! 4 height internal, 320/360K $ 329 $ 249
Amdisk III, Dual 3" Micro Floppy. 320/360K $599 $529
Cable, Amdisk III to IBM-PC interlace OK

MAYNARD

FloppyDnveControlBrdupto4dnves $215$ 189

same with Parallel Part $ 300 $ 239

Internal 10 meg Hard Disk $1395 $1195

OUR AD

#B5

NO SALES TAX

AMItPlf m 4 ' in 'l Multiple Board, Color
MIVIL/CI\ Graphics, Mono, 128K

LIST
PRICE

fTe

ComboRus, 64K. S/P/C
ComboHus, 256K, S/P/C
MegaPlus II, 64K, 2S/P/C
MegaPlus II, 256K. 2S/P/C
256K MegaPlus II Expander
SiicPakPlus, 64K, S/P/C +S/W
SxPakPlus. 256K.S/P/C *S/W
SxPakPlus. 384K.S/P/C +S/W
For SixPak w/ Game Port, add
l/0Plusll,S/P/CC
IA}Plusll, s/p/cca;
1/0 Plus II, 2S/P/CC/G

$599 $519

$395 $279

$695 $495

$495 $375

$795 $595

$395 $295

$695 $495

$895 $595

$ 50 $ 39

$215 $150

$265 $185

$315 $215

$799 $599

$875 $695

Z Plus 64. fast Z80B, 64K para port

Chalkboard, Power Pad, Req. Kit $100 $ 73

*ComX Era»IW™25« RAM Cart »/Fa^™ RAM dirt

emulator and spooler software. $ 495 $ 325

CURTIS UNH Monitor bit & swivel base $ 50 $ 39

3to9foot keyboard cable $ 40 $ 30

Vertical CPU "System Stand" $ 25 $ 19

Monochrome Ext Cable Pair $ 50 $ 35

HERCULES Graphic, tod. Mono $499 $349

Key TrOniC KB515Q 3d keyboard $209 $159

* KB5151. Stit keyboard NEW $ 255 $209

Knala «'*"««ta|ii $150 $109

■ lUOia Programmer's Guide $ 15 $ 12

MAYNARD M "«* ln * 1 " IS Card, MFC $ 89 $ 79

CAIinCTAD Memory Card no RAM $230 $169

oANUolAH Memory Card 256K $499 $395

Modules for Sandstar in stxk Cai

* Internal lOmeg Hard Disk $1395 $1195

Mtf^OA C/rjETRAMCard 256K $ 550 $ 385

rviivsmsdvjr i SlStMCali 256K $ 625 $ 469

SystemCard 64K $ 395 $ 295

Mouse $ 195 $ 145

MOUSE SYSTEMS, PC Mouse w/sofrware $ 295 $ 195

$1490 $1090
$ 695 $ 495

ORCHID PCnet-StarterKftlAN
unullu PCnet'-Circuit Board Kit

PLANTRONICS

Qxdr Board SCokxmagK, 16color,w/Para $ 559 $ 395
Color Board & Draftsman, 16 color,* /Para $ 559 $ 395

QUADfV\M

* Quadlink NEWEST VERSION
Quadboard, no RAM. expand to 384K
Quadboard 64K, expand to 384K
Quadboard 256K, expand to 384K

* Quadboard, 384K

Quadboard II, no RAM, expand to 256K
Quadboard II. 64K. expand to 256K
Quadboard II. 256K. 6 function
Quad 512 « 64K plus serial port
Quad 512 * 256K plus serial port
Quad 512 » 512K plus serial port
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THEME

GAME SETS
AND BUILDERS

by Ann Piestrup

Graphics-based
learning software

ONLY RECENTLY ARE computer scien-
tists and educators beginning to col-
laborate to create learning software that
can fulfill the promise of the personal
computer to transform education. A few
educators have begun to think like com-
puter scientists, and some programmers
are beginning to understand children's
learning needs.

Schools lag far behind business,
science, medicine, and law in respond-
ing to changes in the culture. Children,
for the most part, are getting a token ex-
posure to the power of computing in
schools, and only minimal exposure to
the computer as a graphic, playful, in-
teractive medium with which to learn
concepts and skills.

Early educational software used in
computer-aided instruction (CAI) has
been primarily text-based. While useful
for factual drill and effective at teaching
what standardized tests measure, too
often there is little in such software to
engage the learner's imagination.

Much of the graphics-based "enter-
taining education" software now dis-
tributed for the home is like a slow
video game, with a thin veneer of
educational content and merely
decorative graphics. The purpose of
such programs is to teach a limited set
of facts, such as math problems or spell-
ing words. Many of these programs re-
quire only that a child press a single key,

then passively watch while the com-
puter does tricks— the computer has all
the fun. Once the child learns the
minimal content and exhausts the
limited bag of graphic tricks, interest in
the program is gone.

In contrast, powerful learning software
programs, such as learning game sets
and builders, use graphics to convey
meaning, not to decorate the screen.
They teach learning strategies and fun-
damental, generalized skills upon which
others can be built.

Powerful Learning

Powerful learning is carefully se-
quenced, with content that offers real
value to the child. It is playful, with
features of a game and characteristics
of literature (themes, characters,
elements of surprise), and it has a
simple, clear user interface.

In effective learning games, play can
begin in a very few minutes. To achieve
this, commands for getting in and out of
programs and for reaching instructions
and the menu should be straightforward
and consistent. A simple user interface
frees the user from the details of man-

Ann Piestrup is chairman and founder of The
Learning Company {Suite 170, 545 Middle-
field Road. Menlo Park, CA 94025). She holds
a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the
University of California at Berkeley.

aging the game and allows the child to
focus on playing, and therefore learning.

Designers of learning software must
be constantly aware of the cognitive
"load" the mind can absorb and must
present a carefully measured amount of
new information with a proportional
amount of familiar information.

Powerful learning software can offer
several approaches to the same
material and thereby encourage the
learner to think flexibly. This flexible
thinking can carry over outside the con-
text of the game. There are no single
correct answers; there are patterns to
find and alternatives to consider.

Fascination with concepts can be an
intrinsic motivation, leaving the child
free to operate at his or her learning
edge. The best learning software offers
options, such as editors that enable
children to create their own games or
to create original graphics or text.
Games need to have a smooth flow, with
no barriers between steps. Children
should be able to choose their own
pathways through a set of games and
to play any game as many times as it
poses a challenge.

Motivation

With a whimsical story line, humor, and

a warm, nonjudgmental tone, learning

games can be endearing and delightful

(tot continued on page 216)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 215

GAME SETS

Photo la:

The first game in

the Bumble set.

Find Your

Number, presents

the concepts of

numerals, number

lines, and greater

than and less

than.

Photo lb:

Find the Bumble

combines these

elements in a 4

by 4 array.

Columns and rows

are highlighted as

numbers and

letters are plotted.

Concepts are

represented both

in words and

symbols.

Photo Ic:

Butterfly Hunt

offers a larger grid

and removes arrow

clues, leaving only

tot explanations.

The horizontal

axis is plotted

first, then the

vertical axis.

{text continued from page 215)
to younger children. A theme character
can tie programs together in a fantasy-
evoking way. The best games are ele-
gantly simple, so that a small input has
a dramatic output.

Exciting games may offer an element
of chance, or competition with an op-
ponent or against the clock; there is a
sense of risk and the unexpected. With-
in a game, children can be encouraged
to play cooperatively, to seek joint solu-
tions to a problem.

Learning games, like other software,
books, and movies, convey values. De-
signers must be sensitive to the values
that schools and parents want to teach.
Good learning software interests both
sexes and avoids gratuitous violence.

Learning Game Sets

A learning game set is a series of pro-
grams structured so that concepts and
skills learned in earlier games form a
foundation for later games. Learning
game sets focus attention narrowly and
offer manageable bits of new informa-
tion, and they guide the learner with
prompts throughout the learning ex-
perience. While working through the
game set, children can learn complex
skills and advanced concepts. In addi-
tion, they can learn strategies for ap-
proaching visual information.

All games in a set should have a uni-
fying theme, which could include a char-
acter, story, and cohesive metaphor.

Bumble Games and Bumble Plots from
The Learning Company (Menlo Park.
California) are examples of learning
game sets. These programs present a
focused set of information and skills,
such as using numerals, number lines, ar-
rays, and grids (photos la through If). A
fantasy character named Bumble from
the planet Furrin guides the learning.

In these games, each time a child
presses a key, some action is shown on
the screen. The child can press another
key within three seconds to make some-
thing else happen. The player sets the
pace of the game and therefore has a
sense of control over the medium.

Children playing games in the Bumble
set work through fundamental concepts
such as counting, greater than and less
than, positive and negative numbers,
columns and rows. When they can enter
x,y coordinates fluently in a four-
quadrant grid, they catch robbers in

216 BYTE • IUNE 1984

GAME SETS

moving cars, name coordinates for a
sonar detector, and plot tic-tac-toe posi-
tions. Then they can plot their own
graphics with a simple editor that is
presented like a game.

These games encourage play because
there is no way to lose. Children can
cooperate or compete in guessing
numbers and often transcend the issue
of winning or losing by assuring that
each child has a turn to play at alternate
times when it is obvious that the next
entry will win.

Children maintain interest in a pro-
gram like Bumble Games for many
months or even years. The concepts are
very basic— how space relates to
number. The concepts of row and col-
umn lay the foundation for beginning
to use spreadsheets and to plot com-
puter graphics. The programs also en-
courage children to build spatial
awareness, to formulate strategies, and
to experience success in learning.

Children can transfer skills learned in
these games to new situations, such as
finding points on a map from grid ref-
erences. Thus young children can learn
the skills that many of us struggled with
in junior high school. Kindergarten
children who can fluently plot graphics
on a computer may present a challenge
to the schools, but they show that com-
puter learning games can teach impor-
tant concepts in a playful, powerful way.

Builders

A builder is a program with real-time,
animated graphics, with which a user
can put parts together to make some-
thing new. Nothing in text could
simulate a builder program, with its
functional graphics. Its purpose is to en-
courage learning by doing in an ex-
ploratory environment. A builder could
teach a specific content, such as elec-
tronics, chemistry, biology, or music. Ex-
amples are Pinball Construction Set
from Electronic Arts and our own
Rocky's Boots.

Builders provide a metaphor to the
real universe, with a defined and inter-
nally consistent geography, elements
(often icons) such as building parts and
connectors, and rules. For example, in
Pinball Construction Set, the player uses
icons to create a simulated pinball
machine. The machine is a game board
with movable bumpers and flippers,
{text continued on page 218)

Photo Id:

Visit from Space
substitutes a grid
for the array. For
the first time in
the set. numbers
label both axes.

Photo Ie:

\n Tic lac Toe,
children must
enter numbers in
x.y format.
Columns and rows
are no longer
highlighted as
points are plotted.
Children must
plot many
coordinates on the
same grid, using
a game strategy.

Photo If:

In Bumble Dots,
children use
standard pair
notation to plot
original graphics
on a 10 by 10
grid. These
graphics become
the basis of a
game.

IUNE 1984

IYTE 217

GAME SETS

Photo 2a:

Players using

Rooky's Boots can

design machines

using AND. OR.

and NOT gates.

Photo 2 b:

In the game room

in Rocky's Boots,

players build

logical kicking

machines to solve

problems.

Photo 2c:

Rocky's Boots has

a graphics editor

that players use

to create new

games.

{text continued from page 217)
which can act according to the rules of
real pinball machines or according to
rules modified by the player.

The internal geography of Rocky's
Boots is represented as a set of rooms
with doors and walls (photos 2a through
2c). The player uses elements such as
wires, logic gates, and sensors to build
simulated electronic devices according
to the internal rules of Rocky's world
and the broader rules of combinatorial
and sequential logic.

Within the parameters set by a
builder, players can recombine ele-
ments according to structuring rules.
They can create games, generate novel
solutions to puzzles, edit and rework
their creations, and in doing so explore
fully the properties of the elements and
rules. The program designer creates
tools that are open to the player's ex-
ploration. At the same time, the limits
of the program's universe (of the
physical space, its elements, and rules)
help structure learning. This permits
both freedom and focus within the
same environment.

The exploratory character of a builder
encourages invention and divergent
thinking. An ordinary computer-aided
instruction program, in contrast,
requires single, predetermined correct
answers from a passive user. The
builder says, "Use your mind. Here are
some examples— now go make your
own." A child experiencing a builder
environment can develop persistence,
self-confidence, a sense of mastery, and
the ability to make choices.

Successful builder programs must not
be punitive or judgmental, as some CAI
programs are. Rather than operating in
a binary, right-wrong mode, they present
an environment in which any action
has a natural consequence. A badly
planned or clumsy action will produce
unsatisfying results— an inelegantly de-
signed machine doesn't do much— but
it is up to the player to judge the out-
come. The player can redesign the
machine, seek new solutions, and im-
prove upon the design until he or she
is satisfied. Thus, the learner deals not
only with information but with knowl-
edge and insight.

The player can gain insight by trying
many approaches to the same problem.
The program designer presents an
abstract concept in a builder whose

218 BYTE- IUNE 1984

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

GAME SETS

elements make the concepts concrete.
The player gains direct experience with
the concepts, has time to think, to
formulate and test hypotheses, ap-
proaching the building environment
from many angles. The parameters of
the builder focus attention on a small
set of realities and allow the player to
manipulate concrete objects in order to
achieve a "felt" awareness of broader
concepts. These new concepts are not
empty words or mere labels but the
beginnings of insight.

For example, the designer of Rocky's
Boots wanted to convey logical
concepts inherent in AND, OR, and NOT
gates. He represented these as Tinker-
toy-like parts with symbols used by
electrical engineers. He added color
and animation to model electric current
flow. The player begins by working
through structured tutorials, then
combines and recombines elements,
directly experiencing the abstract
concepts of AND, OR, and NOT. After
completing a series of puzzles, the
player can create original games. Some
people apply what they have learned in
the context of the game to new
situations in real life. These players have
gained insight into very important
concepts in electronics and logic.

Builders are simulations that can defy
the laws of the physical universe. By
suspending disbelief, the player can
enter a special reality, then stand out-
side it to gain insight into the modeling
process itself. For example, in Rocky's
Boots, the presence of electric current
in a wire or gate is represented in red,
absence of current in white. Players use
this color coding to understand the cur-
rent flow in complex circuits, then some
make the conceptual leap: this is a
model, and like any model, it has limita-
tions and is not a complete represen-
tation of reality. Children who can make
this connection have learned an impor-
tant principle in science: we are bound
by our models.

A New Generation of
Learning Software

Learning game sets and builders are
new genres of educational software.
Children using these programs explore
powerful visual environments. Through
their play with these tools, children can
acquire not only skills and knowledge,
but insights at a new level. ■

TOTAL CONTROL

FORTH: FOR Z-80®, 8086, 68000, and IBM® PC

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GRAPHICS. GAMES. COMMUNICATIONS* ROBOTICS

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1YTE 219

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222 B YTE • !UNE 1984

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THEME

CAUTIONS ON

COMPUTERS

IN EDUCATION

BY Stephan L. Chorover

Effects on the
student-teacher relationship

"TO PROPHESY IS extremely difficult."
says an old Chinese proverb, "especially
with respect to the future." Nevertheless,
the proliferation of personal computers
in the educational environment seems
certain to have a profound and far-
reaching effect upon teachers, students,
and the educational enterprise as a
whole.

As a student of "psychotechnology,"
I am interested in the material and con-
ceptual impact of sociotechnological
change upon both the thought process
and behavior of individuals, and the
organization and development of
human groups. What is the relationship
between computer-based systems and
the human social systems within which
they develop or into which they are in-
troduced? As an educator and psychol-
ogist, 1 am interested mainly in the
human side of this question, as we make
the transition to computer-based sys-
tems of instruction.

Only experience and time will tell
whether or not the computerization of
education will actually revolutionize the
ways in which we teach and learn, but
it will undoubtedly have many more or
less profound effects upon how stu-

dents and teachers relate to one
another.

Among the questions that 1 would like
to see addressed are these: How will
the evolution of computer systems af-
fect the fundamental form and content
of the educational enterprise? What ef-
fects will it have on the personal and
professional lives of students and
teachers? How will it affect relations be-
tween, and patterns of interactions
among, individuals and groups?

Carnegie-Mellon University is devel-
oping an integrated computer network.
CMU President Richard Cyert wrote in
Science (November 11, 1982) that: "An en-
vironment that is densely populated
with computers represents a new type
of world. We need to know the impact
of such an environment on social inter-

Stephan L. Chorover (Department of Psy-
chology. MIT, Cambridge. MA 02139) is a
neuropsychologist and professor of psychology at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He
is the author of From Genesis to Genocide:
The Meaning of Human Nature and the
Power of Behavior Control (MIT Press,
1979) and a frequent commentator on devel-
opments in the field of "psychotechnology."

actions. We also must study the effects
of decisions made by the process of
communicating over a network, as op-
posed to face-to-face meetings. There
are, in fact, a large number of issues that
require study at the inception of the
radical change we are making."

At Carnegie-Mellon, he reports, the
task of studying these questions has
been assigned to a committee of social
and computer scientists.

Schools as Factories

Ostensible experts, including many of
this year's political candidates, are in-
clined to issue alarms about the declin-
ing "efficiency and productivity" of
American commerce and industry,
especially as compared to that of the
lapanese. Equally expert analyses of the
present state of our educational system
tend to reflect and reinforce this per-
spective. I have been unable to find a
single example of a recent, officially
authorized review of American public
school education that is not predicated
upon the view that we are falling woe-
fully behind our principal competitors
in the international race for industrial
(tot continued on page 224)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 223

COMPUTER CAUTIONS

[text continued from page 223)
and commercial supremacy in the
world. Once that premise is accepted it
is easy to offer the conjecture that one
reason for this sorry state of affairs is
the failure of our educational institu-
tions to provide a proper grounding in
the skills required for national success
and international leadership.

In the context of this conception of
education, we should examine what the
experts are telling us about the role of
computers in education. In a recent
paper entitled "Productivity and Tech-
nology in Education," Dr. Arthur S.
Melmed, an official of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Education, tells us that the
problem of "how to improve productiv-
ity in education" will be "perhaps the
central problem for education and edu-
cational research for the remainder of
this decade." Failure to deal successfully
with this problem, he continues, will
have profound and far-reaching delete-
rious effects on our national economy.
What is to be done? Here is his answer:
"The key to productivity improvement
in every other economic sector has
been through technological innovation.
Applications of modern information
and communication technologies that
are properly developed and appropri-
ately used may soon offer education
policy makers ... a unique opportun-
ity for productivity management."

Though some readers may think it
strange to speak of education in such
crassly materialistic terms, there is
nothing new in the idea of the school
as a kind of "factory." As early as 1916,
Professor Ellwood Cubberly, Dean of
Stanford's School of Education, proud-
ly proclaimed our schools to be "fac-
tories in which the raw materials are to
be shaped and fashioned into finished
products" in accordance with "specifica-
tions for manufacturing (derived from)
the demands of twentieth-century
civilization."

Richard Cyert, in a Carnegie-Mellon
press release of October 20, 1982. ex-
pressed his belief that the network of
personal computers developed at
Carnegie-Mellon "will have the same
role in student learning that the devel-
opment of the assembly line in the
1920s had for the production of auto-
mobiles. The assembly line enabled
large-scale manufacturing to develop.
Likewise, the network personal com-

puter system will enable students to in-
crease significantly the amount of learn-
ing they do in the university."

Displacement, Deskilling, and
Alienation

My father would have said: "There is no
free lunch." The improvement in produc-
tivity achieved in other economic sec-
tors through the development and de-
ployment of technological innovations
always has effects upon the people
whose productive activities are direct-
ly affected. Not all of the effects are
reducible to measure and number. For
the vast majority of men and women
whose work lives have been signifi-

Though some may
think it strange to
speak in such terms,
there is nothing new in
the idea of the school
as a kind of factory.

cantly affected by automation— the prin-
cipal mode of industrial innovation— the
response has not been entirely salutary.
All too often automation has led to
worker displacement, deskilling, and
alienation. What reasons do we have to
believe that technological innovation
(computerization) will follow a different
course and lead to a different outcome
in the field of education?

Let us imagine ourselves to be edu-
cational policy makers involved in try-
ing to decide which way to turn in the
helter-skelter transition toward com-
puter-based systems of instruction. Let
us assume that ours is an underfinanced
public school system in an American
city and that our teachers feel they are
underpaid and overworked.

Let's assume that we are responsible
for determining whether (and if so, how)
to introduce computers into the
elementary school and high school cur-
ricula. Let us suppose further that we
are concerned with "improving our pro-
ductivity" and that we are already keep-
ing track of our system's "inputs and
outputs" through the use of standard-
ized academic achievement tests.

Into this situation comes a well-trained
and well-meaning team of computer ex-
perts and cognitive scientists. Perhaps
they have come from a major scientific/
technological university or computer-
development corporation nearby. In any
event, they bear what appears to be a
carefully crafted proposal: one that they
and others have been working on for
some time in the laboratory. They
believe it is time for a field test.

Precisely what have they been work-
ing on? "Improved educational produc-
tivity," says one. "Computer-aided in-
struction," says another. "Computer-
jfeased learning," claims a third.

They explain that the tutorial mode of
teaching, using individualized instruc-
tion, is much more efficient than the
classroom mode. They have designed
a courseware package of both hardware
and software, with which a student who
has no prior computer experience can
work in a self-paced manner. Subject
matter is broken down into codable
units and presented to the student at
the appropriate time. Any information
a student needs can be encapsulated
in a computer program.

After an initial investment in the hard-
ware and software, they point out, the
system will, be extremely cost-effective.
Instead of teachers who are subject-area
specialists, the school can hire relatively
unskilled people to be "resource man-
agers" and "system monitors," more
commonly known as stockroom atten-
dants and security guards. The univer-
sity (or company) will provide all the ex-
pert assistance the school will need, in-
cluding curricular material, lesson plans,
and examinations. The school will be
able to say "goodbye teacher," and
good riddance to that skyrocketing pro-
fessional payroll.

To the objections now arising, let me
hasten to insist that what I have
presented is more than a caricature.
"Goodbye teacher" was, in fact, the title
of an article written almost two decades
ago by Professor Fred S. Keller, a be-
havioristically inclined psychologist who
was one of the leading developers of an
earlier system of automated instruction
inspired by the work of B. F Skinner. The
so-called "Keller Plan" is one of the old
theories that has died along with many
other well-intended measures for in-
creasing educational productivity
through automation.

224 B YTE • IUNE 1984

COMPUTER CAUTIONS

"Computer tutor" systems have the
same form, content, and intended ap-
plications as that just described and are
presently under development in many
academic and corporate contexts. My
scenario is based, in part, on a lecture
presented recently at MIT by a visiting
professor of cognitive science. The in-
terpretation of the foreseeable effects
of the computer tutor upon the quality
of work life in the classroom (especial-
ly as it touches on the deskilling of the

teacher's role) is taken directly from a
conversation with him.

A Crisis in Education

What is to be done? I do not presume
to say what researchers and systems de-
velopers in this field should do, or how
educational policy makers ought to re-
spond when confronted with proposals
of this kind. Nevertheless, I am con-
vinced that developments in the rapid-
ly evolving field of computers in educa-

tion are bound to have an effect on all
of us who are part of the American
educational system.

I hope that the problem of automa-
tion in education will give us a reason
to stop, think, and reconsider the prob-
lem of sociotechnological transition in
deeper and more humane ways. Mean-
while, let me suggest that the experi-
ence gained in many places thus far
provides a provisional basis for saying
(text continued on page 226)

Another View from MIT

by Joseph Weizenbaum

\oseph Weizenbaum, Ph.D., a Professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, made the following comments in a telephone interview conducted by Donna

Osgood, a BYTE associate editor, on the effectiveness of computers as learning tools.

We in the United States are in
the grip of a mass delusion
with respect to the education
of kids with computers. The belief that
it is very urgent that we put computers
in primary and secondary schools is
based on a number of premises, of which
only one is true. The true premise is that
the whole world is becoming increasingly
pervaded by computers. But then peo-
ple infer that in a world pervaded by
computers, everybody must be "com-
puter literate" in order to be able to cope
with the world at all. A second inference
is that a high degree of computer literacy
assures one a good job, while computer
illiteracy condemns one to life on the
margin of the coming information society.
I think most people imagine computer
literacy to consist largely of the ability to
communicate with computers, to operate
them and to be able to correctly inter-
pret their output. Hence, computer
literacy is generally interpreted to mean
knowing a computer language or two,
and probably involves facility with the
computer's keyboard.

Another illusion is that computer-lan-
guage learning is like other kinds of learn-
ing. That, of course, is best done very
early in life, indeed, the earlier the bet-
ter. This provides a lot of fuel for the
pressure on the schools to begin com-
puter training very early and to make it
part of the school curriculum from
kindergarten to grade 12.

Again, all of this is based upon the true
assumption that the computer is begin-
ning to pervade and will continue to per-
vade our society. 1 would like to draw an

analogy to something else that is ubi-
quitous in our society— the electric motor.
There are undoubtedly many more elec-
tric motors in the United States than there
are people, and almost everybody owns
a lot of electric motors without thinking
about it. They are everywhere, in auto-
mobiles, food mixers, vacuum cleaners,
even watches and pencil sharpeners. Yet,
it doesn't require any sort of electric-
motor literacy to get on with the world,
or, importantly, to be able to use these
gadgets.

Another important point about electric
motors is that they're invisible. If you
question someone using a vacuum
cleaner, of course they know that there
is an electric motor inside. But nobody
says "Well, I think I'll use an electric motor
programmed to be a vacuum cleaner to
vacuum the floor."

The computer will also become large-
ly invisible, as it already is to a large ex-
tent in the consumer market. I believe
that the more pervasive the computer
becomes, the more invisible it will
become. We talk about it a lot now
because it is new, but as we get used to
the computer, it will retreat into the
background. How much hands-on com-
puter experience will students need? The
answer, of course, is not very much. The
student and the practicing professional
will operate special-purpose instruments
that happen to have computers as com-
ponents.

The emphasis on learning computer
languages early is misplaced. It is clear
to me that computer languages are not
like natural languages. I think they are

more like mathematical languages or
physics. They require a certain intellec-
tual maturity, and when you have that in-
tellectual or mathematical maturity, you
can learn them relatively quickly. It isn't
worth spending a lot of time on at an
early age.

The counterargument that we should
begin with baby steps early, like teaching
BASIC to eight-year-olds, is going in ex-
actly the wrong direction. BASIC is, from
a pedagogic point of view, an intellectual
monstrosity that we should start to eradi-
cate and not attempt to use as a basis
for anything.

I'm trying to argue that the introduc-
tion of computers into primary and sec-
ondary schools is basically a mistake
based on very false assumptions. Our
schools are already in desperate trouble,
and the introduction of the computer at
this time is, at very best, a diversion—
possibly a dangerous diversion.

Too often, the computer is used in the
schools, as it is used in other social estab-
lishments, as a quick technological fix. It
is used to paper over fundamental prob-
lems to create the illusion that they are
being attacked.

If Johnny can't read and somebody
writes computer software that will im-
prove Johnny's reading score a little bit
for the present, then the easiest thing to
do is to bring in the computer and sit
Johnny down at it. This makes it unnec-
essary to ask why Johnny can't read. In
other words, it makes it unnecessary to
reform the school system, or for that mat-
ter the society that tolerates the break-
down of its schools.

JUNE 1984 'BYTE 225

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COMPUTER CAUTIONS

(tot continued from page 225)
what should not be done. Computer-
based systems should not be intro-
duced from the top down.

Too many schools still follow a well-
established recipe for disaster: first,
policy makers choose the hardware,
then decide on the software. They then
teach teachers and other staff how to
use the system, and finally, everybody
tries to figure out what the goals of
system utilization are to be and whether
the system already in place can help
meet those goals.

Instead, teachers and students should
be involved at all stages of the process,
including the initial and difficult (often

Too many schools still
follow an established
recipe for disaster:
first, policy makers
choose the hardware,
then decide on the
software.

neglected) one of defining the educa-
tional values and goals that any such
system is intended to serve.

It would be a very serious error to
look only at the technical aspects of
computers in education and to think
only in terms of quantifiable productive
efficiency. It is only in the context of a
supportive educational community— a
human environment conducive to learn-
ing—that the hazards of automation can
be avoided.

What then needs to be done in the
design of educational systems that will
include the use of computers? Without
attempting to give a comprehensive
answer, as the details will vary from case
to case. I would suggest that we must
take it as our goal to draw people into
an intimate and creative human context.
The people who are on the receiving
end of the innovations have to be in-
volved in the transition. We are at a turn-
ing point, if you will, a kind of crisis. The
Chinese character for "crisis" is made
up of two other characters: "danger"
and "opportunity." ■

226 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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LANGUAGES FOR
STUDENTS

by Fred A. Masterson

Evaluating programming languages
for use in education

ONE OF THE MOST enlightened forms
of computer-aided instruction (CAI) en-
courages students to use a program-
ming language to explore problem do-
mains, classes of related problems. In
addition to enhancing computer
literacy, such exploration helps students
acquire strategies for learning about
new problem domains. But all program-
ming languages are not created equal;
some are more appropriate for this ap-
plication than others.

I have four requirements for a CAI
programming language: simplicity,
power, compatibility, and cognitive rich-
ness. "Simplicity" refers to the ease with
which students can learn a program-
ming language, at least to the degree
that they can use it to solve simple
problems. "Power" is a measure of the
ease with which a programming lan-
guage can be applied to complicated
problems. Simplicity and power are
relatively independent. Some program-
ming languages are difficult to learn but
provide relatively easy solutions to
complex problems, while some simple
languages do not.

The third requirement for a CAI pro-
gramming language is that it be com-
patible with other computing applica-
tions. A programming language en-
countered in a CAI context may be the
first computing experience for many
students. There should be a positive

transfer between a CAI programming
language and such common computing
applications as word processing,
statistics packages, and other popular
programming languages.

"Cognitive richness" measures the
extent to which the programming lan-
guage facilitates thinking about various
problems. Cognitively rich languages
provide easy ways to represent and test
hypotheses about the rules governing
problem domains. In contrast, cog-
nitively poor languages may actually
block reasoning about a problem do-
main by producing an antagonism be-
tween natural ways of thinking and the
representations allowed by the lan-
guage. This requirement is closely
related to those of simplicity and power.
Indeed, ease of learning and ease of ap-
plication necessitate a rich notation for
representing problems.

Mainstream Languages:
Neither Simple
Nor Powerful

Such mainstream programming lan-
guages as FORTRAN, ALGOL, and
Pascal are widely distributed and widely
used in academia and industry. The
same languages tend to be popular in

Fred A. Masterson is a professor of cognitive
sciences and psychology at the University of
Delaware {Newark. DE 19711).

both settings, since industry hires the
graduates of academia, and curriculum
planners are sensitive to the needs of
industry.

FORTRAN (Formula Translation),
because it was the first high-level lan-
guage, established a dominance that
still prevails in physical science and
engineering, though most versions of it
lack overall coherence and well-
designed flow-of-control commands.
FORTRAN programs make heavy use of
conditional branching statements that
send control to different parts of a pro-
gram, so that programs for all but the
simplest tasks must be read in a zigzag
fashion, instead of in a smooth flow
from top to bottom. (However, RATFOR,
a UNIX version of FORTRAN, and FOR-
TRAN 77 incorporate ALGOL-like flow-
of-control commands.)

ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) shows
a higher degree of internal consistency
and sophisticated control structures. As
a result, it became a universal language
for communicating algorithms in com-
puter science. ALGOL control structures
such as BEGIN . . . END, IF. . .THEN . . .
ELSE, FOR ... DO, and WHILE ... DO
set a precedent for future solutions to
flow of control in programming lan-
guages. However, ALGOL lacks a stan-
dard set of commands for reading and
writing data.

(tat continued on page 234)

JUNE 1984 'BYTE 233

STUDENT LANGUAGES

{text continued from page 233)

Pascal, a descendant of ALGOL, is do-
ing well in academia. Pascal is trim
enough to run in the 48K- to 64K-byte
memory limit that characterizes many
of the personal computers commonly
used in educational settings. It is small
enough to be easily implemented, and
its trimness makes its syntax and
semantics easy to specify and relative-
ly easy to grasp.

A major drawback to FORTRAN,
ALGOL, and Pascal as programming
languages for student use is that they
are not interactive. In order to try
even the simplest commands, a student
must enter them in a source-code file,
run a compiler to produce an object-
code file, and then run a linker to make
an executable program file. Con-
sequently, experiments with one or a
few commands consume dispropor-
tionately large amounts of time and
effort. A much better environment
would be an interactive one in which
small sets of statements could be tested
immediately.

A second major flaw in these pro-
gramming languages is that all complex
procedures must be broken down into
steps that manipulate the contents of
single memory locations in the com-
puter. Although the computer is forced
by its architecture to deal with memory
locations one at a time, a programming
language suitable for student use
should disguise this limitation, making
it seem that entire arrays or lists of
numbers or characters can be manipu-
lated by single commands.

The "one thing at a time" limitation is
often built into programming languages
as a limitation on the values of user-
defined functions, which must be the
contents of a single location in memory.
Thus, functions cannot return arrays or
lists as values— only single numbers or
items. Subroutines in FORTRAN or
procedures in ALGOL or Pascal must be
used to compute more complicated
data structures. As a result, procedure
or subroutine calls are used much more
frequently than functions. This is
unfortunate, because a sequence of
function applications can convey a
clearer picture of a computation than
an equivalent sequence of procedure or
subroutine calls. For example, consider
the problem of squaring each element
of a matrix named MATRIX1 and then

transposing the result. If SQUARE and
TRANSPOSE could be coded as
functions, a solution would be

MATRIX2 := TRANSPOSE (SQUARE

(MATR1X1))

Since this is not possible in any of the

aforementioned languages, the solution

would have to look something like this:

SQUARE (MATRIX 1,
TEMPORARYMATRIX)

TRANSPOSE (TEMPORARYMATRIX,
MATRIX2)
where the first argument of each pro-
cedure is the matrix to be operated
upon and the second argument is the
result of the operation. (In FORTRAN,
"CALL' would precede "SQUARE" and
"TRANSPOSE".) By comparison, the
functional notation is considerably
clearer.

BASIC:

Simple But Not Powerful

A high degree of interactiveness is
essential to the potential simplicity of
a programming language. One of the
best-known interactive programming
languages is BASIC (Beginner's All-
Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
Successive lines of a BASIC program are
typed directly to the BASIC system, and
a program can be run immediately, with-
out the delays interpolated by compil-
ing and linking. In addition, most BASIC
systems can execute single lines of com-
mands outside of formal program def-
initions.

BASIC became the programming lan-
guage for microcomputers during the
middle to late 1970s because it was
small enough to fit in the limited mem-
ories of early microcomputers. The
price of this compactness was reduced
performance.

Like FORTRAN, BASIC lacks adequate
control structures. Many versions
restrict variable names to no more than
two characters, making the use of
mnemonic names nearly impossible.
However, BASIC'S most egregious flaw
is the absence of procedures or subrou-
tines. Many manuals erroneously de-
scribe BASIC'S "GOSUB" command as
a subroutine facility. In fact, it is no more
than an unconditioned branch from one
to another block of code, with the abil-
ity to later return to the original block.

Fortunately, standards for an im-
proved version have been drafted by
the BASIC Committee of the American

National Standards Institute (ANSI). The
proposed standard allows multicharac-
ter names for variables and ALGOUike
flow-of-control commands. The new
standard also supports true subroutines
with calling parameters and local
variables.

APL and LISP:
Powerful But Not Simple

All the languages we've looked at so far
have only moderate power because
they suffer from the "one thing at a
time" limitation mentioned earlier.
Restricting our search to readily avail-
able programming languages, two avoid
this limitation— APL and LISP. Imple-
mentations of APL (A Programming
Language) and LISP (List Processing lan-
guage) are available for many main-
frame and minicomputer systems and
for some microcomputers. APL and
LISP are highly interactive and extreme-
ly powerful, but their unusual notations
have daunted many would-be users.

In some ways, APL and LISP are two
of the best-kept secrets in computer
software. While both have devoted
users, neither has gained widespread
acceptance, probably because of the
notational problems mentioned above.
Yet beneath those quirky notations lie
programming systems that can be de-
scribed as "futuristic" when compared
to ALGOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, and
Pascal.

APL and LISP let users think in terms
of data structures. The data structures
favored by APL are arrays (scalars, vec-
tors, matrices, and arrays with more
than two dimensions). In LISP, the data
structures are lists (and the elements of
a list may themselves be lists). Both APL
and LISP enable the user to define func-
tions that return entire data structures.
Thus, embedded function applications
can be used to clarify the hierarchical
structure of a computation. Here is the
APL command for the earlier example,
squaring each element of a matrix and
transposing the result:

MATRIX2 <- TRANSPOSE SQUARE
MATRIX 1

APL and LISP are also highly interac-
tive. A function can be executed as soon
as its definition has been entered. In ad-
dition, you can execute commands in
"immediate execution mode" without
embedding them in a function defini-
[text continued on page 236)

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STUDENT LANGUAGES

(text continued from page 234)
tion. Thus, it is very easy to try out
various commands to see how they
work. This is especially valuable in
powerful languages such as APL and
LISP, where the effects of one-line com-
mands can be relatively far-reaching.

Both APL and LISP encourage a
modular programming style In which
problems are broken down into several
short function definitions. Since each
function can be tested separately, logic
errors are relatively easy to detect and
rectify, lb further aid debugging, both
languages enable the user to set "trace
points" and "break points" in functions.
Trace points enable the user to follow
the flow of control from function to
function or from line to line In the same
function. Break points suspend execu-
tion at preselected locations In func-
tions so that the user can check the
state of the computation at those
locations.

APL and LISP let the user store large
numbers of function definitions and
data ob)ects in the user's core Image,
thus greatly reducing the need for disk
file save and retrieve commands. The
user's core memory image Is allocated
dynamically, expanding when additional
functions or structures are created and
contracting when functions or structures
are reduced or eliminated. Memory al-
location is completely transparent to
the user, so that "dimension state-
ments" are not required to warn the
system of future memory requirements.
At any time, the entire memory image
can be saved as a single disk file and
retrieved later, Thus, the user can load
an entire core image from disk, modify,
delete, or add functions and data struc-
tures to that image, then save the en-
tire core image back to disk.

APL and LISP are self-contained pro-
gramming-language environments. They
have coordinated facilities for memory
management, error recovery, and I/O
formatting defaults that enable users to
customize the environment to fit special
requirements.

Although both APL and LISP are in-
teractive and powerful, they use offbeat
notations and eccentric built-in editors.
APL uses unusual characters and re-
quires special terminals outfitted with
APL keyboards. LISP has standard char-
acters but uses reverse Polish notation
and uses parentheses often to delineate

the structure of a computation.

Neither APL nor LISP has structured
commands for controlling iterations.
Fortunately, both languages encourage
programming styles that reduce the
need for iteration, because both pro-
vide many commands that process en-
tire data structures at once. Indeed,
many of the applications of iteration in
other languages involve the one-at-a-
time processing of sequential elements
of a list, vector, or array— processing
that can be done in a single APL or LISP
command. The use of recursive pro-
gramming techniques further reduces
the need for iteration in APL and LISP.

ampl and logo:
Simple and Powerful

Fortunately, programming-language sys-
tems without notational difficulties can
be based on APL and LISP. AMPL (A
Modified Programming Language), de-
veloped at the University of Delaware,
is a dialect of APL that avoids the spe-
cial APL character set. |For a list of
publications on AMPL, see the
bibliography on page 238.] Logo,
though Inspired by LISP, does not rely
as heavily on parentheses and allows
the use of standard notation (in addition
to reverse Polish) for arithmetic opera-
tors.

Despite notational simplification,
AMPL and Logo retain many of the ad-
vanced features of their parent lan-
guages. In particular, both AMPL and
Logo have the following features:

1. interactive, interpreted code

2. powerful primitives for creating
and altering whole data structures

3. functional notation that often em-
phasizes the hierarchical structure of
a computation

4. dynamic memory allocation

5. stored workspaces containing
variables and function definitions

6. user access to system variables

The Logo programming language is a
simple yet powerful tool that children
can use to explore the worlds of geo-
metry, mathematics, and physics. How-
ever, far from being just for children,
Logo has many sophisticated features
that will sustain the interest of advanced
programmers.

We have used AMPL as part of an in-
troductory college-level course in
statistical data analysis. Our goals are

twofold. First, and most important, we
want to provide our students with a
simple yet powerful tool for exploring
mathematical and statistical relation-
ships in sets of experimental data. Our
second goal is to further the cause of
computer literacy. This is the first ex-
posure of most of our students to com-
puters. Thus, it is extremely important
that the experience be Interesting and
that it transfer to other computer ac-
tivities. Perhaps the strongest motive
behind the design of AMPL was to rid
APL of its major eccentricities and thus
increase its commonality with other
computing notations and systems.

AMPL enables students to experi-
ment with the grammar of algebra.
There Is a close correspondence be-
tween the structure of AMPL expres-
sions and the equivalent algebraic ex-
pressions. Thus, each time a student in-
teractively tries an AMPL expression, he
or she learns a little more about the
rules governing the evaluation of
algebraic expressions. The end result of
such learning can be dramatic. Students
with poor math backgrounds, who
otherwise would have difficulty grasp-
ing algebraic evaluation rules, learn the
rules relatively easily by interacting with
AMPL.

In addition to computing the values
of statistics, students use AMPL to do
sampling experiments. The experiments
simulate coin tossing, sampling from
continuous distributions, sampling cor-
relation scatter plots, and so on. Such
experiments give students a dynamic
understanding of sampling variability
and illustrate the basic logic of statistical
inference.

Cognitive Richness:
Languages to Think with

Cognitively rich languages let users
think in terms of complete structures.
APL and AMPL let users think in terms
of whole arrays, and LISP and Logo let
users think in terms of hierarchical list
structures. While other languages sup-
port these types of data, they distract
the programmer's attention to element-
by-element processing details. Due to
the built-in "one thing at a time" limita-
tion, the net effect is to pull the pro-
grammer's perspective away from the
whole structure.
The numerical array representations
(tat continued on page 238)

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STUDENT LANGUAGES

(text continued from page 236)
of APL and AMPL make these lan-
guages ideal for representing problems
in linear algebra and statistics. Arrays
can be used in these languages to rep-
resent string data as well. For example,
a book is easily represented as a three-
dimensional array in which each two-
dimensional slice represents a page of
text. Simple commands can be used to
access and rearrange pages, lines,
columns, and individual characters.

The hierarchical list structures of LISP
and Logo facilitate the representation
of algebraic formulas and propositions
in symbolic logic. List structures are also
useful in natural-language programs,
where they represent the grammatical
parsing diagram of a sentence or, at a
deeper level of processing, a proposi-
tional representation of the meaning of
the sentence.

The ability to think in terms of whole
structures comes as a delightful surprise
to students who are used to "one thing
at a time" languages. Data structures ac-
quire an almost physical palpability as
the user breaks them apart and re-
assembles them into new structures by
means of simple commands.

Another contribution to cognitive
power is the freedom these languages
provide from disk file bookkeeping. All
required procedures and data struc-
tures reside in a core workspace and are
instantly accessible by name. In many
other languages a source program may
reside in one file, library procedures in
another, and data in yet another. As a
result, the user must move about from
file to file to edit procedures and data.
This is just one more source of distrac-

tion from the cognitive goals of a
programmer.

Another conceptually powerful fea-
ture of APL, AMPL, LISP, and Logo is
the ability to write recursive procedures;
that is, procedures that call themselves.
For example, a recursive procedure to
determine the length of a list would
apply itself to the list with one element
removed and then add 1 to the answer.
This recursive procedure is shorter and
conceptually more satisfying than an
iterative one that steps through the list
counting each element in turn.

wanted: responsive,
Customizable Languages

The result of my survey of widely avail-
able programming languages is distress-
ing. One might well ask why so few pro-
gramming languages are suitable for
CAI. And since CAI suitability should be
synonymous with "human efficiency,"
why are there so few human-oriented
programming languages?

We are at a new frontier of program-
ming-language design. The old, inflex-
ible, noninteractive programming lan-
guages have catered to the large-scale
computing needs of science, business,
and government. What we need now
are flexible, interactive, powerful pro-
gramming languages for the student
and the personal computer user.

The requirements of large-scale com-
puting could hardly be farther from
those of most students and individuals.
Cost-effective programming languages,
in the context of economies of scale, de-
mand machine efficiency at the expense
of human efficiency. Machine-efficient
programming languages tend to be in-

flexible and picayune, requiring several
lines of code to accomplish even the
simplest tasks. Programming becomes
a tedious task prone to mistakes.

An analogy can be made to ground
transportation. Businesses use large
trucks to transport goods as cheaply as
possible. Who would claim that in-
dividuals should use the same vehicles
to go to work or go shopping? FOR-
TRAN, ALGOL, BASIC and Pascal seem
like trucks. We need more "auto-
mobiles" and "bicycles": responsive,
customizable programming languages
for CAI and personal computing. ■

AMPL, a modification of APL designed at
the University of Delaware, allows standard
ASCII characters, mnemonic command
names, and a simple editor. It runs on the
DECsystem-10 mainframe. A VAX 780 ver-
sion is due for release this summer, and an
IBM PC version is projected for 1985.

The author thanks Ken Cowan, Elizabeth Rust
Kahl. Suzanne McBride. and Tony Stavely for
their helpful comments on earlier versions
of this article.

Bibliography

Masterson. F. A. "Bringing APL Down to
Earth on the DECsystem-10: Standard
Characters and a Standard Editor." Behavior
Research Methods and Instrumentation, 1981,
Volume 13, pages 374-376.
Masterson, F. A. DEC-10 AMPL Installation
Guide. Newark, Delaware: Software
Psychology Project, Department of
Psychology, University of Delaware. Technical
Memorandum No. 3, August 15, 1981.
Masterson, F. A. AMPL: A Modified Program-
ming Language. Newark, Delaware: Software
Psychology Project. Department of
Psychology, University of Delaware. Technical
Memorandum No. 4, August 15, 1981.

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THEME

MICROCOMPUTERS
IN THE FIELD

by Robert P. Case

Practical
considerations

PORTABLE COMPUTERS ARE perfect-
ly suited for use in anthropological and
zoological in-the-field data-processing
applications. Portables were designed,
however, for use in friendly environ-
ments. Taking a portable into potential-
ly hostile environments requires more
than the usual planning for system
organization. Introduction of unfriend-
ly elements like extremes of tempera-
ture and humidity, contamination by
dust and other foreign matter, and
general abuse in the field, can quickly
reduce a computer to electronic junk.
This article describes the special selec-
tion and the "hardening" of a portable
computer system for use in a research
project in Central America.

Throughout this discussion 1 have
taken a cookbook-like approach based
on the presumption that field scientists
interested in this application will have
modest exposure to computers. A step-
by-step presentation should be the
most useful for the reader.

Why Use a System
in the Field?

Field scientists in anthropology, environ-
mental sciences, and zoology conduct
research primarily through funding pro-
vided by a variety of public or private
agencies. Research funds are traditional-
ly in short supply and the competition
is always strenuous. A proposed project

must promise much in the way of re-
search, and once funded, it must deliver,
especially if it is to receive future
assistance. Most granting agencies
monitor the research closely and re-
quire that the researcher provide
preliminary reports on the progress
made. Some of the advantages of an
onsite computer should be readily ap-
parent, given these conditions. I will
draw upon experiences from my current
project to illustrate various points.

The project is a three-year research
program designed to investigate the
pre-Columbian Mayan civilization of
southern Mexico and northern Central
America. My role is to direct laboratory
and data-processing operations. A mul-
tiplicity of competing theories have
been offered about the rise and fall of
Mayan social, economic, and political
organization, but very little has been
done in the way of empirical testing.
The primary objective of the project,
then, is to collect and analyze sufficient
data from our research area so that we
can validate, modify, or reject some of
these alternative theories.

We recognized from the beginning
that it would be extremely slow and dif-
ficult to manually process such a wide

Robert P. Case (7664 Madison Ave., lemon
Grove. CA 92045) is a lecturer in anthropology
at San Diego State University.

variety of data; yet we wanted to be
capable of doing some preliminary
hypothesis testing in the field. So the
decision was made to computerize data
processing.

System Analysis and Design

After deciding to use a portable com-
puter, the next step was to identify the
specific tasks that the computer would
perform. Software and, ultimately, hard-
ware selection must be tailored to the
user's needs.

In our case (and probably in the case
of all research projects), the most critical
need was for a database management
system that could store, manipulate, and
retrieve data. Second, we required the
means to mathematically analyze our
data. A third, but not essential, function
included word-processing and hard-
copy documentation capabilities.

The first consideration at this stage is
whether it will be necessary to transfer
data to a mainframe computer after re-
turning from the field. We talked to the
director of our university's mainframe
facility to get some guidelines on the
compatibility of different systems.
Usually compatibility problems can be
resolved by using special software. But
this requires additional processing steps
and should be avoided whenever pos-
sible. Also, many large data-processing
(text continued on page 244)

JUNE 1984 'BYTE 24J

FIELD MICROS

(tat continued jrom page 243)
facilities have mainframe computers by
more than one manufacturer, so there
may still be a wide range of compatible
microcomputers and software to
choose from.

This brings us to the second step,
selecting the software that will perform
the specified tasks. A multitude of pro-
grams may exist for any given task, each
with different strengths and weak-
nesses. Furthermore, these programs
are designed to run on particular oper-
ating systems such as CP/M or MS-DOS.
In effect, this stage of the system
analysis involves simultaneously eval-
uating competing software/hardware
configurations. That is, program X,
which runs only on class X computers,
must be compared to a similar program,
Y, which runs only on class Y computers.
If at all possible, get a demonstration
of the different candidates. When eval-
uating similar programs, keep the
following questions in mind: How well
will it perform the tasks I need? How
easy is it to learn and use? Has it been
extensively tested and is it reliable?
And, of course, how much does it cost?
Based on this analysis, you should pin-
point the programs you require and be
able to narrow down the selection of
suitable hardware.

Your choice of a microcomputer is
limited to the operating system your
software will run on, but there will usual-
ly still be a number of portable com-
puters to choose from (see "How to
Choose a Portable," September 1983
BYTE, page 34). Important considera-
tions include: the size, feel, and arrange-
ment of the keyboard; the size and
quality of the video monitor: the size
of the memory; and the disk-storage
capacity. The keyboard and monitor
characteristics are a significant concern;
a poor design in either can reduce in-
put speed and accuracy. Another im-
portant factor is the amount of random-
access read/write memory (RAM) and
disk storage, which can place limits on
data storage and processing. Naturally,
mechanical reliability and cost are also
important concerns.

Using these guidelines for our project
we first examined database-manage-
ment programs. On the basis of com-
parisons, dBASE II was chosen for its
greater power and flexibility. We
searched next for a suitable statistics

package to fill our second requirement.
At the time of the analysis (May 1982)
there were only a handful of such pack-
ages. Our choice, Statpak, was designed
to be interfaced with dBASE II and other
popular database-management sys-
tems. Statpak requires MBASIC and so
this was added to our list. One other
criterion added to our list was a
minimum of 64 K bytes of RAM for
dBASE II; this is less important today
since most suitcase-size and many brief-
case-size portable microcomputers
match or exceed 64K bytes of RAM.

We were concurrently studying the
portable systems then on the market.
We concluded that our three-year re-
search program would require a tre-
mendous amount of disk storage. We in-
vestigated the Kaypro 10, the first por-
table to have a 10-megabyte Winchester
hard disk, This system has the 64K bytes
of RAM required for dBASE II, it uses
the necessary CP/M operating system,
and, as a further benefit, it comes with
bundled software including MBASIC (re-
quired for Statpak) and WordStar (a
word-processing package that fulfilled
our third general requirement). Finally,
the close proximity of the Kaypro plant
to our base at San Diego State Univer-
sity was an additional advantage. Subse-
quently, the peripheral devices were
evaluated, with the Prowriter 8510
printer (Cltoh Electronics) and the
500-watt Grizzly Uninterruptible Power
System (Electronic Protection Devices
Inc.) being selected.

Upon completion of the system
analysis and design we would normal-
ly have gone out and bought the speci-
fied equipment and software. In our
case, however, an unexpected reduction
in our National Science Foundation
award made this impossible. We were
not willing to give up easily, so we con-
tacted each manufacturer, first by tele-
phone, followed by a written proposal
in which we solicited their sponsorship.
Each one graciously accepted and we
owe them much gratitude.

Field Conditions and
microcomputers

In spite of their portability, microcom-
puters imitate mainframes in requiring
a relatively clean, climate-controlled
room at home or in the office. Obvious-
ly, field scientists will not usually have
such luxurious accommodations. It is

imperative that you identify the poten-
tial environmental perils that await and
take the necessary preventive measures.
A system failure in a remote location is
extremely difficult, if not impossible, to
recover from.

The most serious climate-related
problems for the computer are ex-
cessive heat and extreme humidity or
aridity. Equally serious is the problem
of the equipment being infiltrated by
dust or insects. Finally, the source and
quality of electricity used to power the
system has to be considered; a black-
out, brownout, or power surge can ruin
your whole day, not to mention your
project. These, in fact, constitute the en-
vironmental problems that we antici-
pated adversely affecting our anthro-
pology project in Central America. We
wrote in our proposal to Kaypro that we
expected daily temperatures to reach
the mid-90s with humidity exceeding 90
percent. We also noted that dust and in-
sects would be a problem, as would an
inconsistent power supply. Kaypro
recognized that there were significant
risks to the operation of a computer and
that modifications were called for. One
of their engineers, Ron Morgan, took on
the task of constructing a climate-
resistant Kaypro 10,

Morgan's objective was to have a
completely sealed cabinet in order to
prevent dust and moisture from affect-
ing components. This created additional
problems, such as cooling and the need
for data backup. The solution to the
cooling problem was to build a special
heat sink mounted to the top of the
cabinet. Whisper fans mounted over
holes in the cabinet circulate air through
the components, out through the heat
sink, and back into the cabinet again.
This closed cooling system is designed
to maintain the interior of the computer
at a normal room temperature.

Second, sealing the cabinet required
that all vents and the floppy-disk port
be closed. Both the hard-disk and
floppy-disk drives were removed
together with the standard fan. Two of
the new, thinner, 10-megabyte hard-disk
drives and a Toshiba floppy-disk drive
were installed, with the Toshiba in line
with, but backset from, the floppy-disk
port. The port was then sealed by
screwing a piece of plexiglass over it.
It was Morgan's intention to use the sec-
{text continued on page 246)

244 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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FIELD MICROS

{text continued from page 244)
ond hard disk to back up the first, so
status lights for each drive were at-
tached to the clear plexiglass, lb moni-
tor internal conditions a small ther-
mometer and humidity indicator were
placed so that they would be visible
through this port window.

The addition of a second hard-disk
drive created problems. First, the power
supply had to be modified. It was de-
cided that the backup unit would nor-
mally be inactive. For files to be copied,
a three-way switch mounted on the back
panel would be used to power up the
second drive. Beyond that, special firm-
ware had to be created to allow com-
munication between the hard-disk units,
with one designated as primary and the
other secondary. As an added pre-
caution, provision was made for switch-
ing these designations in the event of
primary-drive failure.

With these modifications, it was ap-
parent that all data would be resident
on the hard disks. This was viewed as
an example of the "all your eggs in one
basket" syndrome, an intolerable situa-
tion. Since we would probably have use
of a climate-controlled building near the
project site, we decided that we should
also take along a Kaypro 4 computer.
We realized that if this unit could be
kept operational, there would be several
important benefits, not the least of
which was a backup for the Kaypro 10.
Furthermore, by using the serial ports,
the Kaypro 4 and 10 could be linked for
uploading and downloading. This would
provide an extra level of security since
all data could then be backed up on
floppy disks. Finally, the Kaypro 4 would
give us a second data-entry station.
Since this is the slowest aspect of any
data-processing operation, a second
workstation would prove quite valuable.
One other emergency provision was
made, that of the Toshiba floppy-disk
drive sealed inside the Kaypro 10. If the
Kaypro 4 were inoperable and the 10's
performance degrading, we could
remove the plexiglass window, power
up the Toshiba disk drive, and download
the data from hard disks to floppies.

From our perspective we had covered
every reasonable contingency affecting
the operational qualities of the com-
puters. What remained was the worst
possibility: a system failure. Ron Morgan
assessed the various components with-

in the Kaypros on two criteria: (1) high
or low risk of failure, and (2) repairabili-
ty or nonrepairability. Spare com-
ponents of a high-risk but repairable
nature were assembled and packaged
for shipment. Repairing a computer in
the field may seem like an impossible
mission to anyone who has never
looked inside a microcomputer. The
Kaypros' modular design, however,
makes replacing damaged boards
eminently practical. Our parts kit con-
sisted of a power-supply board, disk-
controller board for both hard and flop-
py disks, LSI (large-scale integration)
chips, fuses, and whisper fans. Natural-
ly, an appropriate tool kit was assem-
bled and 1 was given some training as
well.

Having covered every conceivable
angle concerning the computers, we
next evaluated the environmental risks
to the peripheral devices. The Prowriter
85 10 is listed in the Cltoh manual as be-
ing operational within a temperature
range of 5 ° to 40°C (4 1 ° to 1 04 ° F) with
relative humidity between 10 and 85
percent. This was judged to be ade-
quate, so no modifications were
needed. Of greater concern, actually,
was the probability of the printer paper
absorbing moisture from the air, which
could potentially harm the printer as the
paper passed through. This problem
should be alleviated by keeping paper
supplied in special storage except when
the printer is used.

The second device, the Grizzly Un-
interruptible Power System, was also
deemed to be fieldworthy without
modification. This essential tool
"purifies" the electrical current and in-
stantaneously provides up to 15
minutes of battery power to gracefully
shut down in the event of a blackout.
The only extra effort here was to make
a dust cover to place over it when not
in use, something we provided for all
hardware.

Operational Procedures

Beyond mechanical modifications,
adverse environmental conditions can
be mitigated by thoughtful operational
procedures. In fact, a well-designed,
well-regulated operation is equally or
more important than the hardware and
software and can contribute much to
the success or failure of any project. In
essence, operational procedures should

answer the questions of who, what,
when, why, where, and how.

Who has access to the equipment and
what their responsibilities are might not
be applicable to a small project with a
one-man data-processing operation. But
if more than one person will be work-
ing with the equipment then it is always
best to establish the lines of authority
and to explicitly identify each person's
role and duties.

When and where data-processing
operations take place are two important
considerations in softening harsh en-
vironmental conditions. Careful selec-
tion of the physical facility where the
operation will be established can go a
long way toward minimizing subsequent
problems. Similarly, by scheduling our
operational time for the early morning
and late afternoon or evening, we will
avoid the high-risk peaks in heat and
humidity and, hopefully, avoid damag-
ing the equipment.

The most elaborate planning should
be accorded to how the work will flow
through the system: this should be done
in a step-by-step fashion so that nothing
is overlooked. To begin with, the field
forms on which the data is recorded
should be designed so that they are
easy to key into the computer. The
cleaner the input document, the more
accurate the data entry will be.

Inevitably, errors will be entered,
either because the source document
was wrong or the key entry person
erred. Data validation techniques must
be developed to catch as many errors
as feasible. Some kinds of error-trapping
methods are built into various programs
while others, like range and plausibility
tests, can be specifically created to meet
the user's needs. Ultimately, verification
of data accuracy is best accomplished
by spot-checking records against the
original documents. It is advisable to
spot-check a higher percentage of
records in the early stages: subsequent-
ly, verification can be reduced and
focused toward the most critical data,
assuming, of course, that the overall
error rate is not excessive.

Once the data is stored to the disk it
should be backed up immediately. Prob-
ably one master and two working
copies of each program or data disk is
the optimum level of protection. If a
printer is available, then hard-copy
{text continued on page 248)

246 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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JUNE 1984 -BYTE 247

FIELD MICROS

[text continued from page 246)
documentation of raw and processed
data files is highly recommended. This
is especially true in multistage process-
ing where the intermediate results will
be modified by the final processing
step.

It follows from this that some basic
housekeeping rules are required if the
data-processing operation is to run
smoothly and efficiently. A transaction
log containing a running narrative of the
daily activities is vital. This log should
record the names of newly created files,
what files were used in processing, what
processing steps were used, and what
was the disposition of the results. Fur-
thermore, all disks and printouts should
be unambiguously labeled and stored
in a safe and logical manner when not
in use. Never assume you will remember
a filename or the location o f a printout;
this is the fastest way to sink the entire
operation into chaos. Disks should be
kept in a dustproof file with the various

generations of copies separated to
minimize catastrophic loss. Likewise,
printouts will be more useful if they are
organized in labeled folders or binders,
and they will last longer as well.

System Testing and
Debugging

The entire system should be assembled
at the earliest possible moment; this will
allow you to become familiar with its
operating characteristics prior to enter-
ing the field. Sufficient lead time is an
extremely valuable asset. With it, you
can develop applications programs, run
test data, and uncover any bugs that
may exist, all while you have technical
support available. Without adequate
lead time, there is a strong possibility
that you will spend an inordinate
amount of time on system basics, all to
the detriment of the data-processing
goals of the project.

Frequently, over-the-counter software
is more than adequate for research pro-

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TRS-80. TeleVldeo. KayPro, Heath, DEC. Zenith. IBM PC and Apple III are registered trademarks or

Tandy Corp, TeleVideo Corp . Nonlinear Systems, Inc.. Heath Co . Digital Equipment Corp.. IBM.

and Apple Computer, inc. Soft-View is a Trademark of Langley-St. Clair Instrumentation Systems, Inc

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grams and has the added advantage of
being thoroughly tested. The specific
procedures required can be tested with
data similar to what you expect to col-
lect. This can be accomplished either by
creating artificial test data or, as we did,
by extracting similar data from pub-
lished reports within our discipline. In
either event, tests should be made for
any errors that appear to be likely or
that would be disastrous. Tests using
abundant normal data and some high
and low values are recommended. Test-
ing for a zero value in unexpected
places may also uncover significant
problems. Finally, checking for empty
files or for errors in processing the first
and last record should reveal any re-
maining difficulties.

Maintenance in the Field

Maintenance requirements will vary
with the kind of equipment selected,
and the kind of environmental condi-
tions that will be encountered is espe-
cially important. However, under every
circumstance you will at least want to
have dustcovers for all equipment, a
head-cleaning kit (with refills) for the
floppy-disk drives, and a very light (low-
viscosity) oil for lubricating the printer.
The only real variable is the mainte-
nance scheduling for the floppy-disk
drives. In our case, we have anticipated
a severe and pervasive dust problem
and so we have decided that the drive
heads will be cleaned once each week.
There is no hard and fast rule here; you
must rely on your own judgment.

Transportation

Despite their portability, microcom-
puters cannot withstand prolonged
episodes of bumping and jostling
about. Although more stable than mini-
computers or mainframes, they are still
relatively delicate. If they must be
shipped, use sufficient packing to pre-
vent damage. Probably the best as-
surance of your portable computer ar-
riving safely is to hand-carry it onto jet-
liners. When traveling by air, have the
computer hand-inspected at the airport
rather than passed through electronic
screening devices. The latter could
potentially damage disks or, worse yet,
the read-only memory (ROM) in the cen-
tral processing unit. Also, while most
portable computers are designed to fit
(text continued on page 250)

248 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

$75

PRinterfaceCard

• •

GraphiCard

RIGHT MCE.

At $75 and $99 * respectively,
PRinterface™ and GraphiCard™ are
the right parallel interface products
for your Apple** II, II +, He or
Apple compatible system.

But don't be fooled by those low
prices. High performance features and
high reliability make them the right
choice for serious printing
requirements.

PRinterface, for example, offers
27 easy commands that let you
format text, send controls to the
printer. You can even dump
80-column text screen from your
Apple He.

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

GraphiCard gives you all that,
plus graphics capabilities for 37 of
the most popular printers. Eight
additional commands permit a variety
of graphics, screen dumps,
including side-by-side, top-to-bottom,
double size, inverse, emphasized,
rotated and mixed text and graphics.
For Apple II owners, the
GraphiCard will give 80-column
screen dumps from the Videx™
80-column board.

By the way, if you buy PRINTER-
FACE and decide later that graphics
would be nice, there's an easy-to-
install upgrade kit that'll do the trick
just fine.

Both cards clearly give you
more for your money. And both are
warrantied for five years. That's
right, five years.

So drop into your local dealer
and ask about PRINTERFACE and
GraphiCard today. Two more
practical products from Practical
Peripherals.

mmPRACTICAL
m PERIPHERALS

31245 La Baya Drive, Westlake Village, CA 91362
(818) 991-8200 • TWX 910-336-5431

'Suggested retail price. ** Apple is a registered
trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

FIELD MICROS

(text continued from page 248)
under airline seats, some computers
may be slightly oversize. To prevent un-
fortunate encounters, check with the
airline you wil be traveling with before
arriving at the airport. Even if your com-
puter is slightly oversize, many airlines
will allow it to be carried on and stored
in one of the storage compartments in

the passenger area.

Finally, if the project destination lies
outside of the United States, special
documentation is required. Two sepa-
rate documents are needed: a General
Temporary Export license and a Ship-
per's Export Declaration, both obtain-
able from the U.S. Department of Com-
merce. The General Temporary Export

The proven Winchester subsystem drives for your IBM
or compatible PC. 10, 15, 25, or 33 mesabytes of bis
system storase in a DiskSystem you simply plus into
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power for your PC.

I 2 INTERFACE INC

I s Interface Inc
7630 Alabama Avenue
Canoga Park, CA 91304
(818)341-7914 Telex: 662949

Dealer Inquiries Invitee

DiskSysten
Inc ■ IBM

and are subject to ch

license (GTE) is necessary for exiting the
United States, while the Shipper's Ex-
port Declaration demonstrates that the
equipment was acquired in the United
States and can thus re-enter without an
import duty being imposed. Without a
valid GTE in hand, a user going overseas
may have his equipment confiscated at
the point of embarkation.

Pitfalls and Prospects

Throughout this article I have pointed
out numerous dangers that await the
field scientist who would be bold
enough to take a computer into the
field. While the dangers are real, they
are not insurmountable, and with suffi-
cient planning they can be overcome.
The importance of lead time cannot be
stressed enough. Basically, the field
scientist will be faced with two enemies.
The first is system incompatibility, which
can be either hardware that is incom-
patible with the software or the failure
of the system to perform the user's tasks
adequately. Careful system analysis and
design will prevent this from occurring.
The second enemy is a hostile environ-
ment; here the mitigating measures will
depend on the anticipated field condi-
tions. Again, thorough planning, com-
bined with system testing under simul-
ated conditions, should be sufficient to
overcome this obstacle.

The benefits to be derived from a
computer in the field are greater than
the hazards faced. The turnaround time
for data analysis is dramatically de-
creased. Multistaged research designs
can be executed in a single season
rather than over several seasons. As a
planning tool, the computer permits the
project staff and resources to be utilized
to maximum potential. Preliminary
reports can be started earlier, com-
pleted faster, and contain more substan-
tive information than was possible ever
before. We can hope that these pro-
spects will encourage computer
manufacturers to promote further
development of fieldworthy portable
microcomputers. ■

This material is based upon work supported by the
National Science Foundation under grant number
BNS83- 10677. Any opinions offered are those of
the author and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the National Science Foundation. Additional sup-
port has been provided by San Diego State Univer-
sity and the Explorers Club.

250 B YTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 167 for Dealer inquiries. Circle 168 for End-User inquiries.

Circle 80 on inquiry card. — ►

SUMO-TESTED

%•

WOULD YOU BELIEVE 3 OUT OF 4 SUMO WRESTLERS RECOMMEND CASES BY COMPUTER-MATE "?
Neither do we. Bui, it wouldn't surprise us. Because our cases are built with brute strength, able to
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t Stop wrestling with your computer equipment With our cases, you have
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Texas Residents (800) 442-4006
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Distributors and Representatives:
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COMPUTER SHOW

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>nvention Center
ne 14-17

f you're closer to Los Angeles
than to San Francisco, come to our
second BYTE Computer Show, in June.
If you're closer to San Francisco, we're
holding our third BYTE show there for
you, in September. Why so many BYTE
Shows? So that our subscribers don't
have to travel too far!

The BYTE Shows are "selling''
shows— where you ican buy, not just
look. BYTE subscribers enjoy special
reduced admission prices to all BYTE
shows, and conference seminars. These
seminars are targeted to the interests of
BYTE subscribers, and led by such
BYTE favorites as Jerry Pournelle.

The BYTE Shows are professionally
produced by The Interface Group— the
same pros who bring you the Comdex
Shows. Their show "know-how",
combined with BYTE's editorial
expertise, make the BYTE Shows ideal
information centers and shopping marts
for BYTE subscribers.

Further information on BYTE
subscribers' exclusive benefits will be
coming to you by mail. So, plan now to
be in Los Angeles on June 14-17, or, at
the BYTE Show nearest you!

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foreveiyonewhoworft
buy a best seller without

reading the reviews.

Ever since we introduced 1-2-3
last year, it's received some pretty
incredible press.

But that's only natural.

Because when you've got the
number one selling PC
business software in the
world, you get a lot of
critical attention. Here are
a few significant examples:

"The first integrated
package is a super spread-
sheet with speed, power and
graphing and data-
management functions.
Deservedly king of the hill."
InfoWorld
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"For power and ease-of-
use, 1-2-3 's spreadsheet is
hard to beat. Other programs
do some things that 1-2-3 can't,
but none seems to have been
designed with comparable
attention to detail and care
for the user."

PC Magazine
April 17, 1984

"Sit down behind 1-2-3
from Lotus Development and
you'll never again ask why this
$495 business program tops the
best seller list month after month
it's fast, efficient, easy-to-use, and
sometimes, even fun."
Computer Buyer's Guide and
Handbook May, 1984

". . .two thirds of all United
States companies buying
business microcomputers
last year chose 1-2-3 for
making complex financial
projections and displaying
the results instantly in com-
puter generated pie charts,
bar charts and other
graphic displays."

New York Times
February 13, 1984
"1-2-3 is still in a
class by itself."

PC World
March, 1984
"Product of the
Year 1983"

Fortune
December 12, 1983
What the critics have
been saying recently
about 1-2-3, our users
have known all along.
It's the most powerful
productivity software
available today.

To find out what 1-2-3
from Lotus™ can do for
you just visit your local
computer store,
or call 1-800-343-
5414 (in Massa-
chusetts call
617-492-7870).

1-2-3 and Lotus arc
trademarks of Lotus
Development Corporation.

Lotus

The hardest working software in the world.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

THEME

KERMIT:

A FILE-TRANSFER

PROTOCOL
FOR UNIVERSITIES

PART 1: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

by Frank da Cruz and Bill Catchings

RECENTLY. A GREAT deal of attention
has been focused on developments in
computer networking— the IEEE 802
committee. IBM's System Network Ar-
chitecture (SNA), the latest Ethernet in-
terfaces, fiber optics, satellite commu-
nications, and broadband versus base-
band transmissions. But little attention
has been given to the single working
mechanism that may be the most wide-
ly used in the real world for direct in-
terprocessor communication: the so-
called asynchronous protocol, which is
found in some form at most institutions
that have a need to transfer files be-
tween microcomputers and central
computers.

Columbia University has large time-
sharing computers at a central site com-
plemented by smaller systems scattered
throughout laboratories, departments,
homes, and dormitory rooms. As soon
as these small machines began to ap-
pear, users asked for ways to exchange
files with the central and departmental
systems.

At the same time, student use of our
central systems was growing at an
astonishing rate. Because we could no
longer afford to provide students with

perpetual on-line disk storage, we began
to issue identification codes valid only
for a course and term. The decreased
longevity of the IDs caused a need for
students to economically archive their
files. Given a reliable way to transfer
files to microcomputers from the cen-
tral mainframes and back, microcom-
puters with floppy disks could provide
inexpensive removable media ideal for
this purpose.

The situation called for a file-transfer
mechanism that could work among all
our computers, large and small. Some
such mechanisms were intended for use
between microcomputers, others be-
tween large computers, but none
specifically addressed our need for
communication between microcom-
puters and IBM and DEC mainframes.

Frank da Cruz is the manager of systems in-
tegration at the Columbia University Center for
Computing Activities (6 1 2 West 1 1 5th St.. New
York. NY 10025) and is also planning the
university's move toward personal computing in
the coming years. Bill Catchings was the chief
systems programmer of the file-transfer protocol
and its principal designer. He is currently a
systems analyst at Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb.

Most commercial packages served a
limited set of systems, and their cost
would have been prohibitive when
multiplied by the large number of
machines involved.

We thus embarked on our own proj-
ect. Part 1 of this two-part article
discusses some of the issues and trade-
offs that arose and illustrates them in
terms of our result, the Kermit protocol
for point-to-point file transfer over tele-
communication lines. Because commer-
cial Iocal-area-networking products are
expensive, not yet widely available, and
unsuitable for one-shot or long-haul ap-
plications, humble asynchronous pro-
tocols such as Kermit are likely to be
with us for a long time.

The Communication Medium

The only communication medium com-
mon to all computers is the asynchro-
nous serial telecommunication line,
used for connecting terminals to com-
puters. Standards for this medium are
almost universally followed— con-
nectors, voltages, and signals (EIA
RS-232C); character encoding (ASCII,
ANSI X3.4-1977); and bit-transmission
{text continued on page 2 56)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 255

KERMIT

A communication
protocol is a set of
rules for handling
packets of information.

[text continued from page 255)
sequence (ANSI X3.1 5-1976). Serial con-
nections can be made in many ways:
dedicated local cables ("null modem"
cables), leased telephone circuits, and
dial-up connections. Dial-up connec-
tions can be initiated manually from the
home or office using an inexpensive
acoustic coupler or automatically from
one computer to another using a pro-
grammable dial-out mechanism. The
asynchronous serial line offers the or-
dinary user a high degree of conve-
nience and control in establishing inter-
system connections— at relatively low
cost.

Once two computers are connected
with a serial line, information can be
transferred from one machine to the
other, provided one side can be in-
structed to send the information and
the other to receive it. Right away,
however, several important factors
come into play:

1. Noise— It is rarely safe to assume that
there will be no electrical interference
on a line; any long or switched data-
communication line will have occa-
sional interference, or noise, that
typically results in garbled or extra
characters. Noise corrupts data,
perhaps in subtle ways not noticed un-
til it's too late.

2. Synchronization— Data must not come
in faster than the receiving machine
can handle it. Although line speeds at
the two ends of the connection may
match, the receiving machine might
not be able to process a steady
stream of input at that speed. Its cen-
tral processor may be too slow or too
heavily loaded or its buffers too full
or too small. The typical symptom of
a synchronization problem is lost
data; most operating systems will
simply discard incoming data they are
not prepared to receive.

3. Line Outages— A line may stop work-
ing for short periods because of a
faulty connector, loss of power, or

similar reason. On dial-up or switched
connections, such intermittent failures
will cause the carrier signal to be
dropped and the connection to be
closed, but for any connection in
which the carrier signal is not used,
the symptom will be lost data.

Other communication media, such as
the parallel data bus, have safeguards
built in to prevent or minimize these ef-
fects. For instance, distances may be
strictly limited, the environment con-
trolled, special signals may be available
for synchronization, and so forth. The
serial telecommunication line provides
no such safeguards, and we must there-
fore regard it as an intrinsically
unreliable medium.

Reliable Communications

To determine whether data has been
transmitted between two machines cor-
rectly and completely, the machines can
compare the data before and after
transmission. A scheme commonly
used for file transfer employs cooper-
ating programs running simultaneously
on each machine, communicating in a
well-defined, concise language. The
sending program divides outbound
data into discrete pieces, adding special
information to each piece describing
the data for the receiving program. The
result is called a packet. The receiver
separates the description from the data
and determines whether they still
match. If so, the packet is acknowledged
and the transfer proceeds. If not, the
packet is negatively acknowledged and
the sender retransmits it; this procedure
repeats for each packet until it is re-
ceived correctly.

The process is called a communica-
tion protocol— a set of rules for forming
and transmitting packets, carried out by
programs that embody those rules. Pro-
tocols vary in complexity; our prefer-
ence was for a simple approach that
could be realized in almost any lan-
guage on almost any computer by a
programmer of moderate skill, allowing
the protocol to be easily adapted to
new systems.

Accommodating Diverse
Systems

Most systems agree on how to commu-
nicate at the lowest levels— the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association)

RS-232C asynchronous communication
line and the ASCII (American National
Standard Code for Information Inter-
change) character set— but agreement
rarely extends beyond that. To avoid a
design that might lock out some kinds
of systems, we must consider certain im-
portant ways in which systems can
differ.

Mainframes versus Microcomputers— A
distinction must first be made between
microcomputers and mainframes. These
terms are not used pejoratively: a
microcomputer could be a powerful
workstation, and a mainframe could be
a small minicomputer. For our pur-
poses, a microcomputer is any single-
user system in which the serial-
communication port is strictly an exter-
nal device. A mainframe is any system
that is host to multiple, simultaneous
users at terminals, who log into jobs,
and where a user's terminal is the job's
controlling terminal. Some mainframe
systems allow users to assign another
terminal line on the same machine as
an external I/O (input/output) device.

Mainframe operating-system terminal
drivers usually treat a job's controlling
terminal specially. Full-duplex systems
echo incoming characters on the con-
trolling terminal but not on an assigned
line. System command interpreters or
user processes might take special action
on certain characters on the controlling
line but not on an assigned line (for in-
stance, Control-C under CP/M or most
DEC operating systems). Messages sent
to a job's controlling terminal from other
jobs could interfere with transmission
of data. The ability of a system to test
for the availability of input on a serial
line might depend on whether the line
is the job's controlling terminal or an
assigned device; CP/M and IBM VM/370
are examples of such systems. CP/M can
test for data only at the console; VM
can test anywhere but the console.

Output to a job's controlling terminal
may be reformatted by the operating
system: control characters may be
translated to printable equivalents,
lowercase letters specially flagged or
translated to uppercase (or vice versa),
or tabs expanded to spaces. In addition,
based on the terminal's declared width
and length, long lines might be wrapped
around or truncated, formfeeds
translated to a series of linefeeds, and
(text continued on page 259)

256 BYTE • |UNE 1984

Statpro™ brings
the power of
mainframe statistics to
your personal computer"

Until now, serious statistical analysis
meant mainframes, computer cen-
ters and a lot of extra work for you.

Enter Statpro, the most power-
ful statistical software system ever
developed for personal computers.

It lets you do almost everything
you do on a mainframe on your
IBM* or Apple* personal computer.
Including descriptive statistics,
regression, ANOVA, factor and
cluster analysis, to name just a few
capabilities.

And Statpro 's awesome power
isn't limited to number crunching.
You can plot all your results in four-
color graphics, such as scatter, triangle
and regression plots, dendrograms,
histograms and pie charts.

What's more, Statpro has
sophisticated database
management capabilities
"^^ which make entering,
manipulating, transforming and
editing data quick and easy.

Most important of all, you get
this incredible power in one inte-
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use package.

Statpro for personal computers.
Another example of why small is
beautiful.

Contact your local dealer. Or
Wadsworth Professional Software,
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Boston, MA 02116.

800-322-2208

In Massachusetts call (617) 423-0420.

Wadsworth
Professional Software

Statpro is a trademark of Wadsworth Professional Software, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Corp.

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 257

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Helix Laboratories, inc., 8123 Remmet Ave.,
Canoga Park, CA 91304

(818) 710-0300— outside California, 800-468-0004
Dealer inquiries Welcome

) 1984, Helix Laboratories, Inc.

Circle 374 for Dealer Inquiries. Circle 375 for End-User Inquiries.

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

KERMIT

[text continued from page 2 56)
the system may pause at the end of
each screen full of output. Input from
a job's controlling terminal may also be
handled specially: lowercase letters may
be converted to uppercase, a linefeed
may be supplied when a carriage return
is typed, or control characters may in-
voke special functions, such as line
editing or program interruption. The
DECSYSTEM-20 is an example of a
computer where any of these might
happen.

The moral here is that care must be
taken to disable special handling of a
mainframe job's controlling terminal
when it is to be a vehicle for inter-
processor communication. But some
systems simply do not allow certain of
these features to be disabled, so file-
transfer protocols must be designed
around them.

Line Access— Line access is either full or
half duplex. If full duplex, transmission
can occur in both directions at once. If
half duplex, the two sides must take
turns sending, each signaling the other
when the line is free; data sent out of
turn is discarded, or it can cause a break
in synchronization. On mainframes, the
host echoes characters typed at the ter-
minal in full duplex but not in half
duplex. Naturally, echoing is undesir-
able during file transfer. Full-duplex
systems can usually accommodate half-
duplex communication but not vice ver-
sa. IBM mainframes are the most prev-
alent half-duplex systems.

Buffering and Flow Control— Some sys-
tems cannot handle sustained bursts of
input on a telecommunication line; the
input buffer can fill up faster than it can
be emptied, especially at high line
speeds. Some systems attempt to buf-
fer typeahead (unrequested input); others
discard it. Those that buffer typeahead
may or may not provide a mechanism
to test or clear the buffer.

Systems may try to regulate how fast
characters come in using a flow-control
mechanism, either in the data stream
(XON/XOFF) or parallel to it (modem
control signals), but no two systems can
be assumed to honor the same conven-
tions for flow control— or to do it at all.
Even when flow control is being done,
the control signals themselves are sub-
ject to noise corruption.

Our experiments with several host
{text continued on page 260)

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Circle 344 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 259

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

IBM-PC/XT or PC compatible
IEEE-488 INTERFACE BOARD

IEEE-488

- Implements the entire IEEE-488
standard - transfer commands and
data, perform serial and parallel
polling.

A resident firmware interpreter
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accepts any ASCII string or code
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and Formats and IEEE-488
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routines support BASIC, PASCAL,
C and other languages.

Supports the PrtSc (print screen)
key, and all BASIC print statements
for IEEE-488 printers and devices.

i Small size - see BYTE 1 1 /83,
p. 314

• Accepts a standard IEEE-488
cable.

• Uses only 16 bytes of RAM and
no I/O ports.

• A 116 page Reference Manual

provides a tutorial and programming
examples for digitizing, interactive
bus control, bus diagnostics, and
many other applications.

$395 complete. There are no
extra software or cabling charges.

CAPITAL EQUIPMENT CORP

10 Evergreen Avenue

Burlington, MA. 01803

(617)273-1818

KERMIT

(tat continued from page 259)
computers revealed that a burst of more
than a line's worth of characters (60 to
100) into a terminal port at moderate
speed could result in loss of data— or
worse— on some hosts. For instance, the
communications front end of the DEC-
system-2060 is designed on the
statistical assumption that all terminal
input comes from human fingers, and
it cannot allocate buffers fast enough
when this assumption is violated by

Kermit is not written in
any particular
computer language as
it is not a portable
program but a portable
protocol.

sending continuous data simulta-
neously from several microcomputers
attached to terminal ports.

Character I nterpretation— Systems differ in
how they interpret characters that arrive
at the terminal port. A host can accept
some characters as sent, ignore others,
translate others, and take special action
on others. Communications front ends
or multiplexers might swallow certain
characters (typically, DC1, DC3) for flow
control, padding (NUL or DEL), or trans-
fer of control (escape). The characters
that typically trigger special behavior
are the ASCII control characters, in-
cluding the delete character. For in-
stance, of these 33 control characters,
17 invoke special functions of our DEC-
SYSTEM-20 command processor. How-
ever, all hosts and communication pro-
cessors we've encountered allow any
printable character to reach an applica-
tion program, even though the charac-
ter may be translated to a different en-
coding, like EBCDIC (extended binary-
coded-decimal interchange code), for
internal use.

Some operating systems allow an ap-
plication to input a character at a time;
others delay passing the characters to
the program until a logical record has
been detected, usually a sequence of
characters terminated by a carriage
return or linefeed. Some record-

oriented systems, like the IBM VM/370,
discard the terminator; others keep it.
And different ways of keeping it are
used— UNIX translates a carriage return
into a linefeed; most DEC operating sys-
tems keep the carriage return but also
add a linefeed.

Timing Out— Hosts may or may not
have the ability to time out. When ex-
changing messages with another com-
puter, it is desirable to be able to issue
an input request without waiting forever
should the incoming data be lost. A lost
message could result in a protocol
deadlock in which one system is waiting
forever for the message while the other
waits for a response. Some systems can
set timer interrupts to allow escape
from potential blocking operations;
others, including many microcomputers,
cannot do so. When time-outs are not
possible, they may be simulated by
sleep-and-test or loop-and-test opera-
tions or deadlocked systems may be
awakened by manual intervention.

File Organization— Some computers
store all files in a uniform way, such as
the linear stream of bytes that is a UNIX
file. Other computers have more com-
plicated or diverse file organizations
and access methods— record-oriented
storage with its many variations, ex-
emplified in IBM OS/360 or DEC RMS.
Even simple microcomputers can pre-
sent complications when files are
treated as uniform data to be trans-
ferred; for instance, under CP/M, the
ends of binary and text files are deter-
mined differently. A major question in
any operating system is whether a file
is specified sufficiently by its contents
and its name or if additional external in-
formation is required to make the file
valid. A simple, generalized file-transfer
facility can be expected to transmit a
file's name and contents but not every
conceivable attribute a file might
possess.

Designers of expensive networks have
gone to great lengths to pass file at-
tributes along when transferring files be-
tween unlike systems. For instance, the
DECnet Data Access Protocol supports
42 generic-system capabilities (such as
whether files can be preallocated, ap-
pended to, accessed randomly, etc.), 8
data types (ASCII, EBCDIC, executable,
etc.), 4 organizations (sequential,
relative, indexed, hashed), 5 record for-
[text continued on page 262)

260 BYTE- IUNE 1984

**•* EXTRA ••**

FOX & GELLER
SHIPS OZ!

OZ DOES FOR MANAGERS
WHAT SPREADSHEETS CANT

Elmwood Park, N.J. — Fox & Geller
today announced the shipping of
OZ, their new stand-alone financial
management software.

OZ is designed to do what managers
have been trying to do with spread-
sheets all along.

OZ can work with spreadsheet files
or its own data files to perform
managerial functions like: Organiza-
tional consolidation, Profit & Loss
analysis, 3-dimensional financial anal-
ysis, built-in financial reports plus com-
plete color graphics capability. Most
of these functions are performed with
a single keystroke.

Fox & Geller boast of a unique
Budget Variance Analysis feature in
OZ. Everytime you change a number
OZ will allow you to give a reason for
making the change. "This makes it easy
to spot and explain any variance in
your company's key financial in-

dicators. You could never do this with
spreadsheets. In fact, many of the
features in OZ have never before been
available on microcomputers.

OZ is written in plain English with an
instructive, step-by-step manual and
requires no programming or previous
computer experience.

Big corporations are seen as a major
market for OZ as are current users of
popular spreadsheet like Lotus
1 -2-3™ Multiplan™ and VisiCalcI M

DEALERS EAGER
FOR OZ!

Dealers today are spreading the news
concerning OZ, the latest introduction
from Fox & Geller, the creators of
QUICKCODE.

OZ is a stand-alone financial man-
agement program specially tailored for
managers. OZ enables the user to per-
form specific managerial tasks using
data from OZ files or from existing
spreadsheet data files.

Industry analysts predict the Fox &
Geller name will guarantee OZ immedi-
ate success. "They are well respected",
an industry spokesman said recently. "A
lot of people are using their dBASE II
enhancement packages", he said refer
ring to QUICKCODE and dGRAPH by
Fox & Geller.

OZ offers managers the ability to
have complete control over their
financials. OZ is the first and only
software that can actually be used to
(continued on page 44)

These ads for OZ have appeared in major computer

magazines including Infoworld, Byte, PC Magazine, PC
Week, Computer Retail News, Computer Merchandis-
ing, and Micro Market World.

ASK FOX & GELLER

Q: What is OZ?

A: OZ is a corporate financial
management program that you can use
by itself or as a companion to your
existing spreadsheet. OZ is programed
to give you control over budgets,
actuals and forecasts with a variety of
easy to use functions.

Q: Why do I need OZ?

A: By controlling the financials of an
organization you control the organiza-
tion. OZ gives you this ability. You will
know why sales are down, why costs
went up, what effect it will have on next
year or the rest of this year and what
can be done to control it in the future.
Imagine, having this much information
at your desk.

Q: How is OZ different than a
spreadsheet?

A: As good as spreadsheets are, they
are very general in their application.
OZ was made for managers and is spe-
cifically tailored to perform functions
managers need on a daily basis.

OZ does what managers have been
trying to do with spreadsheets all
along. Managerial functions like
computer-aidea variance analysis,
updating and maintaining P&L, organi-
zation consolidations, budget forecast
and actuals, 3-dimensional financial
analysis, built-in reports of key financial
indicators and complete color graphic
capability to name a few.

Q: Do I have to be a Fortune 500
company to use OZ?

A: No. OZ is as useful for managers in
small and medium size businesses as it is
for the middle managers in large cor-
porations. OZ is for anyone who wants
complete financial information regard-
ing all aspects of their business.

Q: Where do I get OZ?

A: OZ is available at most local compu-
ter stores. Or call Fox & Geller directly at

1 800-221-0156

Circle I4l on inquiry card.

* Lotus 1-2-3 is a trademark of Lotus Corporation
"Multiplan is a trademark of Microsoft
"VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp

Circle 118 on inquiry card.

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KERMIT

(text continued from page 260)
mats (fixed, variable, etc.), 8 record at-
tributes (for format control), 14 file-
allocation attributes (byte size, record
size, block size, etc.), 28 access options
(supersede, update, append, rewind,
etc.), 26 device characteristics (terminal,
directory structured, shared, spooled,
etc.). and various access options (new,
old, rename, password, etc.), in addition
to the better-known file attributes like
name, creation date, protection code,
and so on. All this was deemed neces-
sary even when the designers had only
a small number of machines from one
vendor to worry about.

The ARPA (Advanced Research Proj-
ects Agency of the Department of
Defense) network, which attempts to
provide services for many more ma-
chines from many vendors, makes some
simplifying assumptions and sets some
restrictions in its File Transfer Protocol
(FTP). All files are forced into certain
categories with respect to encoding
(ASCII, EBCDIC, image), record-format
control, byte size, and file structure
(record or stream), and it is generally left
to the host FTP implementation to do
the necessary transformations. No par-
ticular provision is made, or can be
made, to ensure that such transforma-
tions are invertible. Invertibility involves
sending a copy of a file to another sys-
tem, receiving a copy of that file back
from the other system, and having all
the attributes of this second copy of the
file match the original file's character-
istics.

DECnet is able to provide invertibil-
ity for operating systems like VMS or
RSX, which can store the necessary file
attributes along with the file. But simpler
file systems, like those of TOPS-10 or
TOPS-20, can lose vital information
about incoming files. For instance, if
VMS requires some type of file to have
a specific block size, while TOPS-20 has
no concept of block size, the block size
will be lost upon transfer from VMS to
TOPS-20 and cannot be restored auto-
matically when the file is sent back,
leaving the result potentially unusable.

Invertibility is a major problem with
no simple solution. Fortunately, file
transfer between unlike systems usual-
ly involves only textual information-
data, documents, program source—
which is sequential in organization, and
for which any required transformations

(e.g., blocked to stream, EBCDIC to
ASCII) are simple and not dependent on
any special file attributes.

In fact, invertibility can be achieved if
that is the primary goal of a file-transfer
protocol. All the external attributes of
a file can be encoded and included with
the contents of the file to be stored on
the remote system. For unlike systems,
this can render the file less than useful
on the target system but allows it to be
restored correctly upon return. How-
ever, it is more commonly desired that
textual files remain intelligible when
transferred to a foreign system, even if
transformations must be made. To allow
the necessary transformations to take
place on textual files between unlike
systems, there must be a standard way
of representing these files during trans-
mission.

Binary Files versus Parity— Each ASCII
character is represented by a string of
7 bits. Printable ASCII files can be trans-
mitted in a straightforward fashion
because ASCII transmission is designed
for them: a serial stream of 8-bit char-
acters, 7 bits for data and 1 bit for pari-
ty, framed by start and stop bits for the
benefit of the hardware. The parity bit
is added as a check on the integrity of
a character. Some systems always trans-
mit parity, some insist on parity for in-
coming characters, some ignore the
parity bit for communication purposes
and pass it along to the software, and
some discard it altogether. In addition,
communications front ends or common
carriers might usurp the parity bit, re-
gardless of what the system itself may
do.

Computer file systems generally store
an ASCII text file as a sequence of either
7-bit or 8-bit bytes. Eight-bit bytes are
more common, in which the eighth bit
of each byte is generally superfluous.
Besides files composed of ASCII char-
acters, however, computers also have
binary files, in which every bit is mean-
ingful; examples include executable
core images of programs, numbers
stored in internal format, and databases
with embedded pointers. Such binary
data must be mapped to ASCII charac-
ters for transmission over serial lines.
When two systems allow the user-level
software to control the parity bit, the
ANSI (American National Standards In-
stitute) standards may be stretched to
{text continued on page 264)

262 BYTE • JUNE 1984

The Micro world's Most
Powerful Editor is also die

Easiest to Use.

Easy to Use

VEDIT is an exceptionally easy to
use, flexible and powerful full-screen
editor. Now you can perform word
processing quickly and easily, yet
have command of editing tools
created for the most sophisticated
programmer.

VEDIT helps you concentrate on
creativity instead of devoting your at-
tention to operating the program.
VEDIT is also forgiving - it allows you to make mistakes or experiment. If
you don't like what you've just typed, 'undo' it with a single keystroke.

Need Help? Just press the help key, a summary of commands and your
keyboard layout will be displayed. Even include your own help messages.

Other helpful features include a
directory display, single key search
and selective replace, line and
column display, word wrap, adjus-
table margins, paragraph formatting
& print functions, plus the unique
ability to completely determine your
own keyboard layout.

Powerful

VEDIT - the micro industry's most
respected full screen editor - has
evolved into a powerful programming
language, with the flexibility, per-
formance & features of SPF, TECO
and other mainframe editors. The
power of its command macro lan-
guage is virtually limitless. Sophisti-
cated search/replace with pattern
matching of multiple strings in mul-
tiple files may be executed automatically. You can create a custom macro
program to do virtually anything. Translate source code. Format printed
output. Convert WordStar files to VEDIT. With a one line command you
can selectively strip comments from programs. And macros may be loaded,
saved and reused at a later time.

VEDIT is a 'virtual editor' with unlimited and automatic file handling
capability - there is no limit to the size of files you can edit. Plus you can
change disks at any time.

VEDITs Newest
Features

Acclaimed

Horizontal Scrolling (Edit Spread Sheets)
Single Key Search & Selective Replace
Pattern Matching On-Line Help
Numerical Capability

VEDIT is highly acclaimed in every major computing journal. Reviewers
say VEDIT is 'nothing short of outstanding', and 'the most flexible
programming editor I've ever seen'. In InfoWorlds 1983 Report Card of
word processing software, VEDIT scored highest of all CP/M-MSDOS word
processors/editors reviewed.

Expect a lot from VEDIT. While easy to use, VEDIT is specifically
designed for complex text manipulations. VEDIT has 10 text registers for
extensive 'cut & paste' on multiple files, plus special features for program-
ming in Pascal, PL/1, C, Assembler and other languages.

True Full Screen Editing

• Automatic Disk Buffering
~ Compact (Only 16K) & Fast

'Undo' Key to Restore Line

• Automatic Indent/Undent
Repeat Function Key
Text Move and Copy
Load, Save Buffers on Disk
Powerful Command Macros
Directory Display

Insert Another Disk File
Unlimited File Handling
Recovery from Full Disk

• Change Disks While Editing

• Word Wrap

• Format Paragraph
Printing

200 Page Indexed Manual
Startup Command File

j Customizable Keyboard Layout

VEDIT runs on practically every computer, CRT terminal, and
memory mapped display made. To order, please specify your com-
puter make, operating system (CP/M, CP/M-86, Concurrent
CP/M-86, MSDOS, etc.), and disk format.

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CP/M-86 or MSDOS $195

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research inc. MSDOS is a
trademark of Microsoft. IBM is a trademark of International Business
Machines. WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

CompuView

PRODUCTS, INC.

1955 Pauline Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 (313) 996-1299 Telex ■ 701821

Orders: P.O. Box 1349, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

KERMIT

{text continued from page 262)
permit the transmission of 8 data bits
per character, which corresponds to the
byte size of most machines. But since
not all computers allow this flexibility,
the ability to transfer binary data in this
fashion cannot be assumed.

Software— Finally, systems differ in their
application software. In particular, no
system can be assumed to have a par-
ticular programming language. Even
widespread languages such as FOR-
TRAN and BASIC may be lacking from
some computers, either because they
have not been implemented or because
they are proprietary and have not been
purchased. Even when two different sys-
tems support the same language, it is
unrealistic to expect the two implemen-
tations to be totally compatible. A
general-purpose file-transfer protocol
should not be written in or geared
toward the features of any particular
computer language.

The Kermit Protocol

Kermit addresses the problems outlined
above by setting certain minimal stan-
dards for transmission and providing a
mapping among disk-storage organiza-
tion, machine word and byte size, and
the transmission medium. Kermit has
the following characteristics:

• Communication takes place over or-
dinary terminal connections.

• Communication is half duplex. This
allows both full- and half-duplex sys-
tems to participate, and it eliminates
the echoing that would otherwise oc-
cur for characters arriving at a host
job's controlling terminal.

• The packet length is variable, but the
maximum is 96 characters so that
most hosts can take packets in without
buffering problems.

• Packets are sent in alternate direc-
tions; a reply is required for each
packet. This allows half-duplex systems
to participate and prevents buffer
overruns that would occur on some
systems if packets were sent back to
back.

• A time-out facility, when available,
allows transmission to resume after a
packet is lost.

• All transmission is in ASCII. Any
non-ASCII hosts are responsible for
conversion. ASCII control characters
are prefixed with a special character

and then converted to printable char-
acters during transmission to ensure
that they arrive as sent. A single ASCII
control character (normally SOH [start
of header]) is used to mark the begin-
ning of a packet.

• Binary files can be transmitted by a
similar prefix scheme or by use of the
parity bit when both sides have con-
trol of it.

• Logical records (lines) in textual files
are terminated during transmission
with prefixed carriage return/linefeed
sequences, which are transparent to
the protocol and may appear any-
where in a packet. Systems that delimit
records in other ways are responsible
for conversion, if they desire the
distinction between records to be pre-
served across unlike systems.

• Only a file's name and contents are
transmitted— no attributes. It is the
user's responsibility to see that the file
is stored correctly on the target sys-
tem. Within this framework, invertible
transfer of text files can be assured,
but invertible transfer of nontext files
depends on the capabilities of the par-
ticular implementations of Kermit and
the host operating systems.

• Kermit has no special knowledge of
the host on the other side. No attempt
is made to integrate the two sides.
Rather, Kermit is designed to work
more or less uniformly on all systems.

• Kermit need not be written in any
particular language. It is not a portable
program but a portable protocol.

Thus, Kermit accommodates itself to
many systems by conforming to a com-
mon subset of their features. But the
resulting simplicity and generality allow
Kermit on any machine to communicate
with Kermit on any other machine:
microcomputer-to-mainframe, micro-
computer-to-microcomputer, main-
frame-to-mainframe. The back-and-forth
exchange of packets keeps the two sides
synchronized; the protocol can be
called asynchronous only because the
communication hardware itself operates
asynchronously.

As far as the user is concerned, Ker-
mit is a do-it-yourself operation. For in-
stance, to transfer files between your
microcomputer and a mainframe, you
would run Kermit on your microcom-
puter, put Kermit into the terminal-
emulation mode to let you "connect" to

the mainframe, log in and run Kermit on
the mainframe, and then escape back
to the microcomputer and issue com-
mands to the microcomputer's Kermit
to send or fetch the desired files. Any
inconvenience implicit in this procedure
is a consequence of the power it gives
the ordinary user to establish reliable
connections between computers that
could not otherwise be connected.

Packets

Kermit packets need to contain the data
that is being transferred, plus minimum
information to ensure that the expected
data arrives completely and correctly.
Several issues arise when designing the
packet layout: how to represent data,
how to delimit fields within the packet,
how to delimit the packet itself, and how
to arrange the fields within the packet.
Since the transmission medium itself is
character oriented, it is not feasible to
transmit bit strings of arbitrary length,
as do the bit-oriented protocols like
HDLC (high-level data-link control) and
SDLC (synchronous data-link control).
Therefore, the smallest unit of informa-
tion in a packet must be the ASCII char-
acter. As we will see, this precludes
some techniques used with other com-
munication media.

Control Fields— Most popular protocol
definitions view the packet as layers of
information that pass through a hier-
archy of protocol levels, each level add-
ing its own information at the ends of
an outbound packet or stripping its in-
formation from the ends of an incom-
ing packet, and then passing the result
along to the next level in the hierarchy.
The fields for each layer must be ar-
ranged so that they can be found, iden-
tified, and interpreted correctly at the
appropriate level.

Since Kermit packets are short, it is im-
portant to minimize the amount of con-
trol information per packet. It would be
convenient to limit the control fields to
one character each. Because we have
95 printable characters to work with
(128 ASCII characters, less the delete
character |DEL] and the 32 control char-
acters), we can represent values from
to 94 with a single character:

• The packet sequence number is used to

detect missing or duplicate packets. It

is unlikely that a large number of

[text continued on page 268)

264 BYTE • IUNE 1984

THE PRINTER TO PICK
WHEN THE PACE QUICKENS.

It's happening all over the PC and
micro worlds.

You're getting hit with a ton of increased
throughput requirements. Your applica-
tions are generating a deluge of paper. You
need more printer speed. A lot more.

You're also looking for more profes-
sional-looking presentations so you need
better print quality. A lot better.

Who's got the best of both worlds
for you?

Okidata's Pacemark 2350 and 2410 dot
matrix printers.

They'll not only help you keep pace
with your world, they'll help you set new
and exciting ones. In print speed. In print
quality. And in vastly increased com-
patibility and capability.

Take throughput. The 2350 and 2410
can quickly get you out of the waiting game
to where you're really cranking it out.
And with flexibility, too: up to 5 pages
per minute.

But wait. Cranking what out, you may
ask? A single, restrictive printing mode?
No way. The 2410 can give you DP, draft,

and a correspondence quality that truly
rivals the daisywheel.

And the 2350 and 2410 can both print
at up to 350 cps. While producing 120
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logic. And both high speed horizontal and
vertical slew.

PC COMPATIBILITY.
SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY.

The 2350 and 2410 use industry
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they are supported on the menus of most
of the important software being offered
to microsystem users like Visicalc, Lotus
1, 2, 3, DBASE 2, Peachtree 500 and General
Ledger, Multi-Mate WP, Wordstar, etcetera,
etcetera.

But wait, there's more. Like an out-
standing all points addressable graphics
capability with 144 x 144 dots per inch
resolution.

Two color printing for highlighting.
Down line loadable font sets for flexibility.

Subscripts and superscripts so your sci-
entific and technical usage won't bog down.
Six-part forms handling. The capability to
print 132 columns on eight-inch paper
using 17.1 characters per inch to save paper
costs and make output easier to handle.

And— so that you can depend on getting
all that good stuff, all the time— a mean
time between failure of 2200 hours. A mean
time to repair of only 30 minutes. An
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acters. And an industry low warranty
claim rate of less than 2%.

No doubt about it, the quicker the
pace at your place, the more you need
Pacemark from our place. For more infor-
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\ \ > \

■ ■ I

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

OKIDATA

Vk an OKI AMERICA company

We're keeping pace with your business.

SupetS ft

Language Library

For PC DOS; MS DOS,
CP/M-86, and others

A programmer's most important
software tool is the language compiler
or interpreter he uses. He has to
depend on it to work and work well.

At SuperSoft, we believe it. That's
why we offer three fine compilers:
SuperSoft FORTRAN, SuperSoft
BASIC, and SuperSoft C, that answer
the programmer's need for rock solid,
dependable performance on 16 bit
systems.

BASIC

COMPILER

Compatible
with Microsoft BASIC

The SuperSoft BASIC compiler, available
under CP/M-86 and MS DOS, is compatible with
Microsoft* BASIC and follows the ANSI standard.

Greater accuracy with BCD
math routines

If you have used other languages without
BCD math, you know how disconcerting decimal
round off errors can be. For example:

With IBM PC*

With SuperSoft

BASIC

BASIC with

BCD math

10A=.99

10A=99

20 PRINT A

30 END

Output: .9899999

Output: .99

As you can see, SuperSoft BASIC with BCD
provides greater assurance in applications
where accuracy is critical.

SuperSoft's BASIC is a true native code
compiler, not an intermediate code interpreter.
It is a superset of standard BASIC, supporting
numerous extensions to the language. Important
features include:

■ Four variable types: Integer, String, and Single
and Double Precision Floating Point (13 digit)

■ Full PRINT USING for formatted output

■ Long variable names

■ Error trapping

■ Matrices with up to 32 dimensions

■ Boolean operators OR, AND, NOT, XOR,
EQV, IMP

■ Supports random and sequential disk files with
a complete set of file manipulation statements

■ IEEE floating point available soon as an option

■ No run time license fee

Requires: 128K memory

BASIC compiler: $300.00

For CP/M-86: MS DOS, and
PC DOS

*SuperSoft BASIC is compatible with
Microsoft BASIC interpreter and IBM PC BASIC.
Due to version differences and inherent
differences in compilers and interpreters some
minor variations may be found. Machine
dependent commands may not be supported.
The vast majority of programs will run with
no changes.

FORTRAN

SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer to the
growing need for a high quality FORTRAN
compiler running under CP/M-86 and IBM PC
DOS. It has major advantages over other
FORTRAN compilers for the 8086. For example,
consider the benchmark program used to test
the IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld, p. 44, Oct. 25,
1982. (While the differential listed will not be
the same for all benchmark programs, we feel it
is a good indication of the quality of our compiler.)
Results are as follows:

IBM FORTRAN:
SuperSoft FORTRAN

38.0 Seconds
2.8 Seconds

In its first release SuperSoft FORTRAN
offers the following outstanding features:

1. Full ANSI 66 standard FORTRAN with
important extensions

2. Standard data types, double precision, varying
string length, complex numbers

3. Free format input and free format string output

4. Compact object code and run time support

5. Special functions include string functions,
dynamic allocation, time/date, and video access

6. Debug support: subscript checking, good
runtime messages

7. Full IEEE floating point

8. Full 8087 support available as option ($50.00).

9. Ratfor preprocessor available as option
($100.00).

Program developers:

SuperSoft s family of FORTRAN
compilers means you can write your
programs once and they will run under
CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and MS DOS. This
lets you get your applications running
fast no matter what the environment.

SuperSoft FORTRAN:

available NOW and

working great!

Requires:

FORTRAN:
8087 Support:
Ratfor:

128K with CP/M-86 or MS DOS,

32K with CP/M-80

$425.00 (in each environment)

$ 50.00

$100.00

For CP/M-86: MS DOS, IBM
PC DOS; and CP/M-80*

In conjunction with SuperSoft, SuperSoft FORTRAN

was developed by Small Systems Services. Urbana. IL. a

leader in FORTRAN development.

Japanese Distributor:

ASR Corporation International, TBI Building, 7th Floor.
1-19-9 Toranomon. Minato-Ku. Tokyo 105 Japan
Tel 1031-5025550, Telex 222-5650 ASRTYO J
European Distributor:
SuperSoft International Ltd , 51 The Pantiles
Tunbridge Wells. Kent England TN2 5TE
Tel 0892-45433 Telex 95441 Micro-G

C Compiler

In 1982 SuperSoft helped C programmers
around the world move their applications from
8 to 16 bit operating systems with the first C
compiler under CP/M-86,® PC DOS, and MS DOS.

Today there are several C compilers on the
market, and you can look at them all. But if you
want a C that's fully portable, syntactically
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packed with more library functions than any
other, and produces a very highly optimized
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SuperSoft C compiler.

Professional Quality

SuperSoft started working on C over three
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SuperSoft was refining and polishing... adding
the quality professionals depend on.

Thoroughly Tested

SuperSoft C has been tested with hundred
of commercial application programs. And all this
testing has paid off... with a compiler that's
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Portable

SuperSoft C is now available in most
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And as new operating systems become popular,
SuperSoft C will be there.

Packed with Library
Functions

SuperSoft now has the most complete set of
library functions available. All provided with
source code.

Thorough User Manual

The new user manual is extensive— jammed
with thorough explanations to help you every
step of the way. And our technical hotline can
help answer any additional questions.

SuperSoft C: $350.00

SuperS ft

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

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(21 7) 359-21 1 2 Telex 270365

Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation
CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research
UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories

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KERMIT

(text continued from page 264]
packets could be lost, especially since
packet n is acknowledged before
packet n+\ is sent. The sequence
number can thus be a small quantity,
which wraps around to its minimum
value when it exceeds a specified
maximum value.

• To prevent long packets, a small
maximum length can be enforced by
specifying the packet length with a single
character; since 95 printable ASCII
characters can be transmitted, this
would be the maximum length, de-
pending on how we count the control
fields.

• The checksum can be of fixed length.
The actual length depends on the
desired balance between efficiency
and error detection.

The packet length and checksum act
together to detect corrupted, missing,
or extra characters. These are the essen-
tial fields for promoting error-free trans-
mission. So far, however, we've con-
sidered only packets that carry actual
file data; we will also require special
packets composed only of control infor-
mation, for instance, to tell the remote
host the name of the file that is about
to come or to tell it that the transmis-
sion is complete. This can be accom-
plished with a packet type field. The
number of functions we need to specify
in this field is small, so a single character
can also suffice here.

Packet Framing— We chose to mark the
beginning of a package with a distin-
guishing start character, SOH (Control-
A). This character cannot appear any-
where else within the packet. SOH was
chosen because, unlike most other con-
trol characters, it is generally accepted
upon input at a job's controlling ter-
minal as a data character rather than as
an interrupt or break character on most
mainframes. This is probably no acci-
dent, since it was originally intended for
this use by the designers of the ASCII
alphabet. Should a system be incapable
of sending or receiving SOH, it is pos-
sible to redefine the start-of-packet char-
acter to be any other control character;
the two sides need not use the same
one.

Three principal options for recogniz-
ing the end of a packet are available:
fixed length, distinguishing packet-end
(text continued on page 270)

268 BYTE • |UNE 1984

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

THE FILE CONNECTION

8" DISKETTE SYSTEM FOR THE IBM PC

Our "FILE CONNECTION" programs provide 8" diskette file exchange
between the IBM PC and most Micro-Mini-Main Frame computer systems.

Our "WORD CONNECTION" programs provide 8" diskette text document
exchange between the IBM PC and many word processing systems.

Our "DISPLAYWRITER CONNECTION" programs transform documents
from Wordstor, Multimate, etc. to the new Display Write 2 format.

FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING / 2820 West Darleen / Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Telephone 602-774-5188 / Telex 705609 FLAG-ENG-CJD

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

KERMIT

[text continued from page 268)
character, and length field. Arguments
are made for and against each involv-
ing what happens when characters, par-
ticularly a length or terminator, are lost
or garbled. These will be mentioned
later. Kermit uses a length field.

To take in a packet, Kermit gets char-
acters from the line until it encounters
the SOH. The next character is the
length; Kermit reads and decodes the
length and then reads that many subse-
quent characters to complete the
packet. If another SOH is encountered
before the count is exhausted, the cur-
rent packet is forgotten and a new one
started automatically. This strategy
allows arbitrary amounts of noise to be
generated spontaneously between
packets without interfering with the
protocol.

Encoding— When transmitting textual
data, Kermit terminates logical records
with carriage return/linefeed combina-
tions (CR/LFs). On record-oriented sys-

tems, trailing blanks or length fields are
removed and a CR/LF appended to out-
bound records, with the inverse opera-
tion performed on incoming records.
On stream-oriented systems, incoming
CR/LFs may be translated to some other
terminator. Files, of course, need not
have logical records, in which case
record processing can be skipped al-
together, and the file can be treated as
a long string of bytes. This is known as
image transfer, and it can also be used
between like systems where no transfor-
mations are necessary.

In order to make each character in the
packet printable, Kermit prefixes, or
quotes, any unprintable character by
transforming it to a printable one and
precedes it with a special prefix char-
acter, normally #. The transformation is
done by complementing the seventh bit
(adding or subtracting 64 modulo 64).
Thus, Control-A becomes #A and
Control-Z becomes #Z. The prefix char-
acter is also used to prefix itself: ##.

Upon input, the reverse transformation
is performed. Printable characters are
not transformed. The assumption is that
most files to be transferred are print-
able, and printable text files contain
relatively few control characters; when
this is true, the character stream is not
significantly lengthened by quoting. For
binary files, the average quoting over-
head will be 26.6 percent more charac-
ters if all bit patterns are equally likely,
since the characters that must be pre-
fixed (the control characters, plus DEL
and # itself) comprise 26.6 percent of
the ASCII alphabet.

Kermit also provides a scheme for in-
dicating the status of the eighth bit
when transferring binary files between
systems that must use the eighth bit for
parity. A byte whose eighth bit is set is
preceded by another special prefix
character, &. If the low-order 7 bits coin-
cide with an ASCII control character, a
control-character prefix is also added.
{text continued on page 272)

softkit (soft-kit) ,n. la book/disk package of pro-
grams in BASIC or C for science, engineering,
business, or education for the IBMpc, Apple and
Z-100. 2 all program listings are fully documented
alongside theory, equations and operating instruc-
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applications. 3 topics include structural analysis,
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design, graphics, C-graphics, CAD/CAM, statistics,
data plotting, demographics, curve fitting,
forecasting, matrix operations, and other hi-tech
applications of microcomputers 4 softkits are us-
ed by thousands of leading universities, corpora-
tions and institutions. 5 call or write for a free
catalog

Kern International

433 Washington St, Box 1029, Duxbury, MA 02331 (617)934-0445

Extended Processing
SI 00 Boards

POWER I/O

■HBBHMT

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EPROMS:2508, 2758, 2516,
2716, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 2564,
2764, 27128, 27256. Fully I/O
mapped. EPROM selected totally
with software. No switches or
program modules. Menu driven
software supplied in 4K EPROM.
2 independent serial ports with
baud rate to 19,200. 1 centronic
type parallel port. Memory
management for address lines
A1 6-A23.

Option A: Full board $355.00

Option B: Programmer $220.00

Option C: I/O (2S+P) $220.00

Option D: Programmer+l/0 $330.00

Option E: Memory management $110.00
Memory management for B or C: $ 25.00

All E.P. boards are built with quality components and are fully
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64K RAM ADD-ON board: $175.00

3S+P ADD-ON board: $195.00

64K and 3S+P ADD-ON board: $295.00

270 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

The all new
Freedom™ 110 VDT
has just two things
going for it.

The price, $595. The new

Freedom 110 Video Display Terminal
is without question the price leader
of all low-end smart terminals. And
it doesn't stop there. In fact, the price
is only the beginning.

The performance. It starts with
distinctive styling, including a tilt
and swivel screen, and a sculptured,
detached European DIN-standard
keyboard. We paid a little extra for
the green phosphor (amber optional)
non-glare high resolution screen so
you get the best in crisp, easy to read
characters. We've packed the ergo-
nomic Freedom 110 with a long list
of user-relevant features, too.

□ 24 x 80 display with user-accessible
25th status line.

d 10 programmable non-volatile
function keys (20 with shift) and
20 pre-programmed codes.

□ Flexible non-volatile set-up
modes (full page or status line).

□ 15 thin-line graphic characters.

□ Non-embedded character attributes.

□ 9 cursor control and 8 editing keys.
D Screen time-out.

□ Block, conversation, monitor
and local communication modes.

□ Bidirectional buffered auxiliary port.
D 8 standard foreign character sets.

□ Self- test mode.

□ TeleVideo 910, ADDS Regent 25,
Lear Siegler ADM 3A/5 and
Hazeltine 1420 emulation.

□ Chassis-mounted PC board for
the same easy serviceability and
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advanced Freedom™ 200 VDT.

You get all this, plus our industry
leading six-month warranty and
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performance leadership really means,
contact your nearest Liberty dealer
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(415) 543-7000.

See us at NCC in Las Vegas.
Booth C-3388, East Hall

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

□LIBERTY

TeleVideo 910 is a trademark of TeleVideo Systems, Inc. Regent
25 is a trademark of Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc. ADM
3A/5 is a trademark of Lear Siegler, Inc. WordStar, MailMerge
and SpellStar ate trademarks of MicroPro International Corp.

Sperry

■ in AlbuquerqueM

Albuquerqi

Software Engineers

Discover the opportunities available with Sperry in Albuquerque, where
our Defense operation is growing rapidly to meet the needs of worldwide
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In this position, you will participate in the development of new control
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To qualify, you must have a BSEE/CS and a minimum of three years of
experience. Your background should include design, test and integration
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Sperry will provide you with a competitive salary and benefits package
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Sperry, P.O. Box 9200, Albuquerque, NM 871 19.

^SPER^Y

Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
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WATS, MCI, SPC, AT&T, RCA, USTC, ITT, WU, SBS...our
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KERMIT

(text continued from page 270)
For instance, the byte 10000001 2 would
be transmitted as &#A. The & charac-
ter itself can be included as data by pre-
fixing it (#&), and the control-prefix
character may have its eighth bit set
(&##). Eighth-bit prefixing is done only
when necessary; if both sides can con-
trol the parity bit, its value is preserved
during transmission. If the eighth bit is
set randomly on binary files, eighth-bit
prefixing will add 50 percent character
overhead. For some kinds of binary
data, it could be less; for instance,
positive binary numbers in two's-
complement notation do not have their
high-order bits set, in which case at least
one byte per word will not be prefixed.

A third kind of prefix implements rudi-
mentary data compression. At low
speeds, the bottleneck in file transmis-
sion is likely to be the line itself, so any
measure that can cut down on use of
the line would be welcome. The special
prefix character " indicates that the
next character is a repeat count (a single
character, encoded printably) and that
the character after that (which may also
have control or eighth-bit prefixes) is
repeated so many times. For instance,
~}A indicates a series of 93 letter As;
~H&#B indicates a series of 40 Control-
Bs with the parity bit set. The repeat
count prefix itself can be included as
text by prefixing it with #.

Tb keep the protocol simple, no other
transformations are done. At this point,
however, it might be worth mentioning
some things we did not do to the data:

• Fancy data compression, if the data is
known to be (or resemble) English
text, a Huffman encoding based on
the frequency of characters in
English text could be used. A Huff-
man code resembles Morse code,
which has variable-length characters
whose boundaries can always be
distinguished. The more frequent the
character, the shorter the bit string
to represent it. Of course, this
scheme can backfire if the character
distribution of the data is very dif-
ferent from the one assumed. In any
case, variable-length characters and
ASCII transmission don't mix well.

• Error-correcting codes. Techniques such
as Hamming codes exist for detect-
ing and correcting errors on a

[tact continued on page 274)

272 BYTE • JUNE I984

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

StorageMaster. Fixed Disk
builds stronger PCs three ways.

If you own an IBM PC, the new
StorageMaster 500 Series Fixed
Drives from Control Data give you
three great advantages.
• Larger capacity than IBMs fixed disk
drive The StorageMaster 518 offers
up to 18 megabytes
of storage; the
StorageMaster 530
capacity of 30
megabytes is the
equivalent of 15,000

double-spaced typewritten pages.

• \bu can boot* (start up) from
StorageMaster 500 Drives— no
need to boot up from a flexible
disk as with other drives.

• More byte for the buck Dollar for
dollar, StorageMaster gives you
more bytes of storage than
IBMs fixed disk drive

There's more The 500
Series Drives have an average
seek time of only 45 milli-
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come ready to plug into your PC*
Look for the 500 Series Drives
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*This capability requires the use of a
StorageMaster 301 Controller.

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

CONTRpL
DATA

KERMIT

Kermit is a simple,
generalized file-transfer
facility that transmits a
file's name and contents
but not every attribute
a file might possess.

{text continued from page 272)
per-character basis. These are expen-
sive in resources and complex to
program. Kermit uses per-packet
block-check techniques (explained
below).

• Nubble encoding. To circumvent prob-
lems with control and 8-bit charac-
ters, it would have been possible to
divide every character into two 4-bit
nybbles. sending each as a printable
character (e.g., a hexadecimal digit).
The character overhead caused by
this scheme would always be 100
percent. But it would be an easy way
to transfer binary files.

Error Detection— Character parity and
Hamming codes are forms of vertical
redundancy checks (VRCs), formed by
combining all the bits of a character.
The other kind of check that can be
used is the longitudinal redundancy
check (LRC), which produces a block-
check character formed by some com-
bination of each character within a se-
quence. The sending side computes the
LRC and sends it with the packet; the
receiving side recomputes it for com-
parison. Various forms of LRCs exist.
One form produces a column-parity
character, or logical sum, whose bits are
the exclusive-ORs of the corresponding
bits of the data characters. Another is
the checksum, which is the arithmetic
sum of all the characters in the se-
quence, interpreted numerically. An-
other is the cyclic redundancy check
(CRC), which passes the characters
through what amounts to a shift register
with embedded feedback loops, pro-
ducing a block check in which each bit
is affected in many ways by the
preceding characters.

All these techniques will catch single-
bit errors. They do vary in their ability
to detect other kinds of errors. For in-
stance, a double-bit column error will

always go undetected with column pari-
ty, since the result of exclusive-ORing
any 2 bits together is the same as
exclusive-ORing their complements,
whereas half the possible double-bit
errors can be caught by addition
because of the carry into the next bit
position. The CRC does even better by
rippling the effect of a data-bit multiply
through the block-check character, but
the method is complex, and a software
implementation of a CRC can be inscrut-
able.

Standard, base-level Kermit employs
a single-character arithmetic checksum,
which is simple to program, low in over-
head, and has proven quite adequate
in practice. The sum is formed by add-
ing together the ASCII values of each
character in the packet except the SOH
and the checksum itself and including
any prefixing characters. Even non-ASCII
hosts must do this calculation in ASCII.
The result can approach 12,000 in the
worst case. The binary representation of
this number is 101 1 101 1 100000 2 . which
is 14 bits long. This is much more than
one character's worth of bits, but we can
make the observation that every char-
acter included in the sum has con-
tributed to the low-order 7 bits, so we
can discard some high-order bits and
still have a viable validity check.

The Kermit protocol also allows other
block-check options, including a two-
character checksum and a three-charac-
ter 16-bit CRC. The two-character check-
sum is simply the low-order 12 bits of
the arithmetic sum broken into two
printable characters. The CRC sequence
is formed from the 16-bit quantity
generated by the CCITT-recommended
polynomial X [6 + X n + X 5 + 1, which is
also used in some form with other
popular transmission techniques, such
as International Organization for Stan-
dardization (ISO) HDLC and IBM SDLC.
The high-order 4 bits of the CRC go in-
to the first character, the middle 6 into
the second, and the low-order 6 into the
third.

Some care must be taken in the for-
mation of the single-character block
check. Since it must be expressed as a
single printable character, values of the
high-order data bits may be lost, which
could result in undetected errors, espe-
cially when transferring binary files.
Therefore, we extract the seventh and
eighth bits of the sum and add them

back to the low-order bits; if the arith-
metic sum of all the characters is S. the
value of the single-character Kermit
checksum is given by

(S + ((S AND 300J/100)) AND 77

(The numbers are in octal notation.) This
ensures that the checksum, terse
though it is, reflects every bit from every
character in the packet.

The probability that an error will not
be caught by a correctly transmitted
arithmetic checksum is the ratio of the
number of possible errors that cancel
each other out to the total number of
possible errors, which works out to
1/2", where n is the number of bits in
the checksum, assuming all errors are
equally likely. This is 1/64 for the single-
character checksum and 1/4096 for the
two-character checksum. But the prob-
ability that errors will go undetected by
this method under real conditions cannot be
easily derived, because all kinds of
errors are not equally likely. A 16-bit
CRC will detect all single- and double-
bit errors, all messages with an odd
number of bits in error, all error bursts
shorter than 16 bits, and more than
99.99 percent of longer bursts. These
probabilities all assume, of course, that
the block check has been identified cor-
rectly, i.e., that the length field points to
it and that no intervening characters
have been lost or spuriously added.

A final note on parity— a parity bit on
each character combined with a logical
sum of all the characters (VRC and LRC)
would allow detection and correction of
single-bit errors without retransmission
by pinpointing the row and column of
the bad bit. But control of the parity bit
cannot be achieved on every system, so
we use the parity bit for binary data
when we can or surrender it to the com-
munication hardware if we must. If we
have use of the eighth bit for data, it is
figured into the block check; if we do
not, it must be omitted from the block
check in case it has been changed by
agents beyond the knowledge or con-
trol of Kermit.

Packet Layout— Kermit packets have the
format, shown in figure 1, where all
fields consist of ASCII characters, and
the char function converts a number in
the range O.to 94 to a printable ASCII
character by adding 32.

In terms of the seven-layer ISO net-
{texl continued on page 276)

274 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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KERMIT

itext continued from page 274)
work reference model, 8-bit bytes are
presented to Kermit by the hardware
and operating-system software compris-
ing the physical-link layer. Correct
transmission is ensured by the packet-
level routines that implement the data-
link layer using the outer "skin" of the
packet-the MARK, LEN, and CHECK
fields. The network and transport layers
are moot, since Kermit is a point-to-
point affair in which the user personal-
ly makes all the required connections.
The session layer is responsible for re-
questing retransmission of missing
packets or ignoring redundant ones,
based on the SEQ field; the presen-
tation layer is responsible for any data
conversions (EBCDIC/ASCII, insertion or
stripping of CR/LFs, etc.). Finally, the
TYPE and DATA fields are the province
of the application layer; our application,
of course, is file transfer. In any par-
ticular implementation, however, the
organization of the program may not
strictly follow this model. For instance,
since transmission is always in an ASCII
stream, IBM mainframe implementa-
tions must convert from EBCDIC and in-
sert CR/LFs before checksum
computation.

The six fields of a Kermit information
packet are listed in table 1. The packet
may be followed by any line terminator
required by the host, a carriage return
by default. Line terminators are not
part of the packet and are not included
in the count or checksum. Terminators
are not necessary to the protocol and
are invisible to it, as are any characters
that may appear between packets. If a
host cannot do single-character input
from a terminal, a terminator will be re-

quired for that host.

Some sample Kermit data packets are
shown in listing 1. The "A represents
the unprintable SOH (or Control-A) char-
acter. In the last packet shown, E is the
length. The ASCII value of the E char-
acter is 69, less 32 (the unchar transfor-
mation, which is the opposite of char)
gives a length of 37. The next charac-
ter, &, tells the packet sequence number,
in this case 6. The next is the packet
type D for Data. The next characters,
"of#M#Jconstructing a theory conta",
form the data; note the prefixed car-
riage return and linefeed. The final char-
acter, 5, is the checksum, which repre-
sents the number 21.

E//ecrs of Packet Corruption— What are the
consequences of transmission errors in
the various fields? If the SOH is garbled,
the packet will be treated as interpacket
garbage and ignored. If any other char-
acter within the packet is garbled into
SOH, the current packet will be dis-
carded and a new (spurious) packet
detected. If the length is garbled into a
smaller number, a character from the
data field will be misinterpreted as the
checksum; if larger, the program will
probably become stuck trying to input
characters that will not be sent until one
side or the other times out and retrans-
mits. If the sequence number, type, any
of the data characters, or the checksum
itself is garbled, the checksum should
be wrong. If characters are lost, there
will most likely be a time-out. If noise
characters are spontaneously gener-
ated, they will be ignored if they are be-
tween packets or will cause the wrong
character to be interpreted as the
checksum if they come during packet
transmission.

Most kinds of errors are caught by the
checksum comparison and are handled
by immediate retransmission. Time-outs
are more costly because the line sits
idle for the time-out period. The packet
design minimizes the necessity for time-
outs due to packet corruption: the only
fields that can be corrupted to cause a
time-out are the SOH and the packet
length, and the latter only half the time.
Lost characters, however, can produce
the same effect (as they would with a
fixed-length block protocol). Had a dis-
tinguishing end-of-packet character
been used rather than a length field,
there would be a time-out every time it
was corrupted. It is always better to re-
transmit immediately than to time out.

Summary

We've covered the factors that should
be considered in designing a simple,
reliable, inexpensive, and yet compre-
hensive file-transfer protocol— Kermit.
The asynchronous serial communica-
tions used by the Kermit protocol can
accommodate a variety of diverse com-
puter systems and their different ways
of handling information and files. Ker-
mit sets minimum transmission stan-
dards by providing a common subset of
the machines' features. These features
include transfer of the filename and
contents for both textual and binary
files, different error-detection methods,
and time-out facilities if either end of
the communication link experiences
delays or difficulties. The encoding of
the information in the packets, the error-
detection checksums, and the layout of
the fields in the packets were also pre-
sented.

(tat continued on page 278)

MARK

char(LEN)

char(SEQ)

TYPE

DATA

CHECK

Application

■Session

Data Link

Figure 1 : The format for a packet of information according to the Kermit protocol.

276 BYTE • )UNE 1984

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IUNE 1984

1YTE 277

KERMIT

[text continued from page 276)

In part 2, we'll look at how the Kermit
protocol works and its uses: the dif-
ferent modes each side can be in when
sending and receiving files, how initial
connections take place and the ex-
change of initial packets of information
that specify each side's setup re-
quirements, the heuristics to improve ef-
ficiency and error recovery, examples of
packets and a session using Kermit, per-
formance figures, the user interface, and
future directions for Kermit as a work-
ing network with file servers. ■

Listing 1 : Some sample packets of in-
formation in the Kermit protocol. The
"A represents the unprintable ASCII
start-of-header character.

"AE"D No celestial body has required I
"AE#Das much labor for the study of its*
"AESD#M#lmotion as the moon. Since ClaA
~AE%Dirault (1747), who indicated a way7
"AE&D of#M#Jconstructing a theory conta5

{Kermit is not an acronym. It was named after
Kermit the Frog, star of the television series. The
Muppet Show. Used by permission of Hen-
son Associates Inc.)

Table 1 : The six fields in a packet of information in the Kermit protocol.

MARK Start-of-packet character, normally SOH (Control-A).

LEN

SEQ

TYPE

DATA

CHECK

The number of ASCII characters, including prefixing characters and the checksum.
in the rest of the packet that follows this field; in other words, the packet length
minus two. Since this number is expressed as a single character via the char func-
tion, packet character counts of to 94 are permitted, and 96 is the maximum
total packet length, including the MARK and LEN fields.

The packet sequence number, between and 63. The sequence number wraps
around to after each group of 64 packets.

The packet type, a single printable ASCII character, is one of the following:

Data

Acknowledge (ACK)

Negative Acknowledge (NAK)

Send Initiate (Send-Init)

Receive Initiate

Break Transmission (EOT)

File Header

End of File (EOF)

Error

Generic command. A single character in the data field, possibly followed by
operands, requests host-independent remote execution of the specified
command:

Log out, bye

Finish, but don't log out

Directory query (followed by optional file specification)

Disk-usage query

Erase (followed by file specification)

Type (followed by file specification)

Query server status

L
F
D
U

E
T
Q
and others.

C Host command. The data field contains a string to be executed as a system-
dependent (literal) command by the host.

X Text display header. To indicate the arrival of text to be displayed on the
screen, for instance, as the result of a generic or host command executed at
the other end. Operation is exactly like a file transfer.

The contents of the packet, if any contents are required in the given type of
packet, interpreted according to the packet type. Nonprintable ASCII characters
are prefixed with special characters and then converted to printable characters by
complementing the seventh bit. Characters with the eighth bit set may also be
prefixed, and a repeated character can be prefixed by a count. A prefixed
sequence of characters may not be broken across packets.

The block-check sequence, based on all the characters in the packet between, but
not including, the mark and the check itself, can be one, two, or three characters
in length as described previously, each character transformed by the char
function. Normally, the single-character checksum is used.

278 BYTE

IUNE 1984

THEME

SAN

FRANCISCO'S

EXPLORATORIUM

by John Markoff

A hands-on, interactive museum

AS A VISITOR to San Fran-
cisco's Exploratorium. you
will be struck by what seems
at first to be utter chaos.
Entering the dim, cavernous
space the Exploratorium oc-
cupies, you will see children
darting to and fro, hear ran-
dom sounds from strange
devices that echo into the
distance, and observe spec-
tral lights that seem to shine
in every corner.

Soon the confusion clears
and you realize that you
haven't entered some high-
tech asylum. You have found your way
into a wonderfully diverse free-form
science museum.

The Exploratorium represents science
for the general public. There is no right
or wrong way to conduct an experiment
and the exhibits here are intended to
be used in ways their designers never
imagined.

Each year more than 4 50,000 visitors,
almost as many adults as children, make
the trek to this unique learning center.
They play with— and learn from— more
than 500 interactive scientific exhibits

PHOTOS BY MARGARET MOULTON

ranging from gravity wells to echo
chambers to more esoteric computer-
ized simulations.

The Exploratorium was founded in
1969 by physicist Frank Oppenheimer
and has since gained an international
reputation as a hands-on science
museum, it has been called "the best
science museum in the world" by the
editor of Scientific American.

}ohn Markoff is a BYTE senior technical editor.
He can be reached at 1000 Elwell Q„ Palo
Alto, CA 94303.

As might be expected, a
museum that intentionally
disregards many of the
established conventions of
scientific good manners uses
personal computers in an
unorthodox fashion as well.
In exhibits scattered around
the Exploratorium floor, it's
possible to find microcom-
puters ranging from simple
John Bell Engineering con-
trollers to full-blown Intel
8086 development systems.
The difference is that at the
Exploratorium there are no
personal computer exhibits per se.
Computers are used to illustrate basic
scientific concepts or to alter the
perception of Exploratorium visitors
about things around them that they
haven't noticed before. Visitors may
never realize that any particular exhibit
is being guided by a personal computer.
Unlike other computer-literacy pro-
jects, teaching programming is not a first
priority at the Exploratorium. Instead,
the goal is to convey the idea that com-
puters are just tools and that they can
(text continued on page 281)

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 279

' ■ I CJit

\iipZ*

The Exploratorium has received

financial support and donations

of equipment from a number of

semiconductor and computer

corporations. Mel Corporation

has donated computer hardware

and has permitted several of its

engineers to spend three-month

sabbaticals designing simulation

exhibits based on \ntel

equipment. The children at this

exhibit are controlling a

simulated satellite in orbit

around a planetary object. The

simulation system is based on

an Intel 8086 development

computer with an 8087 math

coprocessor.

'-*,

■'

280 BYTE • 1UNE 1984

EXPLORATORIUM

(text continued from page 279)

be used like any other tool.

"We try to show people that you
typically do not break computers by
touching them. There's nothing you can
do that is wrong," says Ron Hipschman,
a San Francisco physicist who serves as
the Exploratorium's resident computer
wizard. "Our science museum is based
on that concept, too. You can't do
anything wrong with our exhibits. You
may not do what we intended, but if you
do something different, so what?"

Hipschman began teaching computer
courses at the Exploratorium years ago
with borrowed 1MSA1 and North Star
computers. More recently, donations of
computers from Texas Instruments and
Atari have made it possible to hold
regular introductory classes in both
BASIC and Logo.

Logo fits in well with the philosophy
of the Exploratorium, as it has always
been perceived as an exploratory and
experimental language.

"The Exploratorium is designed to
give people the ability to explore and
play," he says, "so our classes are much
less structured than school. You can't

Several computer-based Exploratorium exhibits
have been designed by artists. Recollections,
by Ed lannenbaum, employs an Apple II
computer that controls a frame buffer hooked
to a video camera. Like all Exploratorium
exhibits, this one is participatory. Visitors
walk into a three-sided room. On one side
the video camera tracks their movements,
which are then transformed by the Apple II
and the frame buffer and projected on a
screen in front of the observer.

force-feed the kids in school and you
can't force-feed them on the computer
either."

Another thing that the children bring
away from their introduction to com-
puters at the Exploratorium is that if
something goes wrong, it's usually their
own fault, not the computer's.
Hipschman strives to show the children
that because the computer is a tool that
doesn't often make mistakes, it's actually
very reliable.

At the Exploratorium, the computer
is viewed as a valuable instructional aid
in demonstrating a system of scientific
reasoning.

"It's a very logical process in finding
your mistakes and it spills over into
everyday life." remarks Hipschman. "You
say, 'OK, something's not working here,
what's going on?' You start at the begin-
ning without any assumptions. It (the
computer) has a logical sequence of
events and it works everywhere."

In the future, the Exploratorium plans
to use computers to simulate events
that can't take place directly within the
confines of the museum. Already the In-
tel 8086 development systems are be-
ing used to simulate simple orbital
mechanics and the backscattering of
light. Another simulation running on an
Apple II computer illustrates how dif-
ferent growth rates of competing
populations can interact.

What kinds of simulations are pos-
sible?

Recently Hipschman and Explora-
torium co-worker Joe Ansel tried to en-
vision a perfect computer simulation for
(text continued on page 282)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 281

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EXPLORATORIUM

{text continued from page 281)
the Exploratorium. They began with a
simple water fountain in which water
shoots up into the air and makes a nice
parabola, then comes back down.

In the physical world there are really
only a few variables you can change
easily; you might vary the velocity of the
water or the height and angle of the
nozzle. But in Hipschman's and Ansel's
fantasies it would be nice if you could

vary the viscosity of the air around the
water to increase the friction. What
would it look like if you varied the
viscosity of the water or even changed
the force of gravity?

Computer simulations will bring these
physicists' fantasies to life in the Ex-
ploratorium. Perhaps Ansel says it best
when he points out that "there is no
pathway to walk through this
museum." ■

Courses for Credit

Through

Electronic Mail

by Donna Osgood

As enrollments decline, colleges
are looking for new ways to
distribute their product— educa-
tion. Personal computers with communi-
cations capabilities open new possibili-
ties for away-from-campus learning.

A problem that's inherent in computer-
based learning at home also plagues
traditional correspondence courses: the
student has no direct contact with the in-
structor. Without a human there to
answer questions, direct discussion, and
get the student "unstuck" when neces-
sary, motivation can flag. If no one cares
whether a student finishes the course, he
may not.

One solution is offered by TeleLeam-
ing's Electronic University, which enrolled
its first student in an accredited course
last March. A student in the Electronic
University studies course material and
completes assignments using a personal
computer, then transmits the work direct-
ly to the instructor's electronic mailbox.
Within a day or two, the instructor sends
a response to the student's mailbox. In-
structors hold "office hours" when stu-
dents can contact them directly.

TteleLearning provides a delivery system
for courses developed and accredited by
universities and community colleges. In-
structors develop new courses using Tele-
Learning's authoring package. TeleLearn-
ing codes and digitizes lessons and
graphics for each instructor. A student
buys a software package and a simple
modem from TeleLearning, and enrolls in

the course on line. The software package
includes an operating system and a front
end for communications, to reduce the
sign-on procedure and protocols to a
keystroke.

Colleges can offer courses for credit to
students who otherwise could not enroll
because of time, work, distance, or finan-
cial constraints, or physical disability. Text-
books and course disks can be distri-
buted through department stores and
computer specialty centers, further ex-
tending the university's reach. The course
costs are usually less than similar tradi-
tional courses.

Students and instructors introduce
themselves to each other at the begin-
ning of the course. An instructor typical-
ly spends twenty minutes per lesson with
each student's work and can individualize
questions and problems to fit the stu-
dent's interests. Students and instructors
find the system convenient and flexible—
they can complete the work wherever
and whenever convenient.

TeleLearning uses the Tymnet. Tfelenet,
and Uninet public packet-switching net-
works, switching automatically from one
to the other in case of network problems.
A communications-analysis system moni-
tors all functions and handles routing and
error corrections. By compressing data
and batching complete files, the system
cuts communications costs to a mini-
mum. The TeleLearning system runs on
the IBM PC, Apple II series, and Com-
modore 64.

282 B YTE • IUNE 1984

SAM-86

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IUNE 1984 'BYTE 283

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Circle 217 on inquiry card.

The Micromint
Collection

Micromint. Supporting the varied projects that appear in Steve Ciarcia's
monthly article in BYTE Magazine. "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. " Offering a wide
range of computers and peripherals designed to meet the exacting demands of
the hobbyist as well as worldwide corporate clients.

TERM-MITE ST

SMART TERMINAL BOARD

As featured in Ciarcia s Circuit Cellar
BYTE Magazine, January & February 1984

All you need to build a Smart Video Terminal equiva-
lent to the types advertised for $1,000 00 or more is a
Term-Mite ST circuit board, scanned or parallel key-
board, video monitor and power supply.

• Uses brand new Nat'l Semi NS455A Terminal
Processor

• 24 lines by 80 characters, 25th reverse-video
status

• Upper & lowercase Line (block) graphics

• Selectable data rate, parity & display options

• Reverse video, half intensity, double height &
width, underlined, blinking and/or blank character.

• Separate sync or composite video output Self Test.
Term-Mite ST Video Display Terminal Board

8CC22 Assembled S, Tested S284.

BCC23 Complete Kit 244.

MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTER
IBM PC COMPATIBLE

Z8 BASIC SYSTEM
CONTROLLER NEW!!!

As featured on the cover ol BYTE Magazine. Also
featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar November,
December 1982 1 January 1983

The Computer With A Split Personality.
— Use it as an IBM PC look alike that directly boots
PC DOS 1 ,1 and accepts all expansion boards
designed tor the IBM PC
— Use it as a powerful 8088 single board computer
tor all your OEM applications Just add serial ter-
minal, disk drive and power supply Directly boots
CP/M-86,
Buy the MPX-16 in the form that best meets your
needs or budget As a bare board, as a wave soldered
board that contains all components less ICs, as an
assembled and tested circuit board or as a complete
system

• Directly boots PC DOS 1 1 and CP/M-86.

• Most IBM PC software executes with no
modifications.

• IBM PC bus compatible 4 9 expansion slots

• Intel 8088 16-bit microprocessor

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor

• 256K bytes on board memory.

• Up to one megabyte of system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes of system ROM.'EPROM

• 2 RS-232C Serial & 3 Parallel I/O ports.

• Disk controller for 5Vt" or 8" drives.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts
MPX-16 Circuit Board Assembled

W/64KRAM $1,200.

OEM 100 quantity price 900.

MPX-16 Circuit Board Asembled

W/256KRAM 1,400.

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit

board w/all components) Less ICs 595.

Complete Kit of ICs W/256K RAM 595.

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) PC Board .... 300.
CP M-86 Operating System • Manuals 80.

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply 300

MPX-16 Technical Reference Manual 50.

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure with Fan 300.

Tandon TM 100-2 Double Sided/Density

Drive 300.

IBM PC Keyboard Interlace Adapter 100.

Shipping & handling additional on all

MPX-16 orders.

COMING SOON! MICRO D-CAM

FORTH LANGUAGE VERSION DIGITAL TV CAMERA
OF THE Z8

IBM PC is a trademark ol International Business Machines Inc.
CP'M-86 is a trademark ol Digital Research Inc.
Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

As featured in Ciarcia s Circuit Cellar.
BYTE Magazine, July & August 1981

The Z8 Basic System Controller is an updated version
of our popular BCC01 . The price has been reduced
and features added. The entire computer is 4" by 4VS"
and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, up to 6K bytes
of RAM and EPROM, one RS-232C serial port with
switchable baud rates and two parallel ports. BASIC
or machine language programming is accomplished
simply by connecting a CRT terminal. Programs can
be transferred to 2732 EPROMs with an optional
EPROM programmer tor auto start applications. Addi-
tional Z8 peripheral boards include memory expan-
sion, serial and parallel I/O, real time clock, an A/D
Converter and an EPROM programmer.

• Uses Zilog Z8 single chip microprocessor

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory.

• Can be battery operated

• Cross assemblers for various computers.

BCCT1 Assembled & Tested $149.

New Low Price

Z8 MEMORY. I/O EXPANSION.
CASSETTE INTERFACE

• 8K bytes of additional RAM or EPROM

• Three additional 8 bit parallel ports

• Cassette interface— 300 baud K.C. Standard.

• Software real time clock

BCC03 w/4K RAM Assembled 8 Tested $150.

BCC04 w/8K RAM Assembled & Tested 180.

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language application
programs from RAM to 2716 or 2732 EPROM.

• Comes with programming & utility routines on
EPROM

• Requires BCC03 28 Expansion Board for operation
BCC07 Assembled & Tested S145.

Z8 ANALOG TO DIGITAL
CONVERTER

» Uses Analog Devices 7581 IC. 8-channel 8-bit.

• Adds process control capability to the Z8 system

• Over 1 .000 conversions per channel per second

• Monitors 8 analog signals in one of two 1 0v ranges .
BCC13 Assembled & Tested $140.

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

• Adds additional RS-232C and opto-isolated 20 ma.
current loop serial port to the Z8 System

• Runs at 75 to 19,200 baud in all protocols

• Comes with listings of sample serial 10 routines
BCC08 Assembled 8 Tested S160.

Z816K MEMORY EXPANSION
BOARD

• Add up to 16K of additional memory. RAM or
EPROM, to your Z8 System Controller in any
multiple

• Accepts 2016, 6116. 2716, or 2732 memory types

• Four 16K cards may be installed on the Z8 System
bringing the total memory to 64K.

BCC14 Assembled & Tested w 8K RAM $120.

BCC16 Assembled 8 Tested w16K RAM 155.

With the new Z8 with on board 4K FORTH you can

program high speed control functions in a few simple

high level language commands Perfect for data

reduction, process control and high speed control

applications.

BCC20 Z8F FORTH Microprocessor chip . . . . $150.

BCC21 Z8F FORTH System Controller

(This board is a BCC11 with a BCC20

installed)

Assembled 8 Tested 280.

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

From Micro Resources

IBM PC, APPLE. 6502 Systems 5ii .

CP/M2.28" $ 75.

From Allen Ashley

TRS-80 Model I, III, Northstar 5*4" 75.

CP/M2.28" 150.

Z8 FIVE SLOT MOTHER BOARD

• Expand your Z8 BASIC System with minimum
effort.

• Contains five slots complete w 44 pin connectors.
M802 Assembled & Tested $69.

TRIPLE VOLTAGE
POWER SUPPLIES

+5V @ 300 ma. + / -12V @ 25 ma.

UPS01 Assembled & Tested $35.

UPS02 Complete Kit 27.

+5V@1Amp. +12V@.5Amp. -12V @ 50 ma.

UPS03 Assembled & Tested 60.

UPS04Complete Kit 50.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECH
SYNTHESIZER

As featured in Ciarcia s Circuit Cellar
BYTE Magazine September, October 1982.

Microvox is a second generation professional voice
quality text-to-speech synthesizer that is easily inter-
faced to any computer, modern, RS-232C serial
or parallel output device and provides speech of
unbelievable clarity.

• Unlimited vocabulary

• 64 programmable inflection levels.

• 6K text-to-speech algorithm

• Full ASCII character set recognition and echo.

• RS232C and parallel output.

• 1000 character buffer, 3000 optional.

• Adjustable baud rates (75-9600).

• Spelling output mode.

• 7 octave music and sound effects

• On board audio amplifier & power supply.

• X-On'X-Off handshaking

MVOl Assembled with 1K buffer S299.

MV02 Complete Kit with 1K buffer 219.

Add 515.00 for 3K buffer option

VOTRAX SC-01A PHONETIC
SPEECH SYNTHESIZER IC

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-
contained solid state device that phonetically syn-
thesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary
Used in our Microvox and Sweet-Talker.
SCOIA Quantity 1-39 $44. ea.

100+ 32. ea.

1000* 24. ea.

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar
BYTE Magazine, Septembers, October 1983

GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE DIMENSION OF SIGHT

• Interprets, enhances and stores images

• 256 x 128 digital image sensor

• Plug-in boards for the IBM-PC. APPLE II * or e

• Software includes utilities for auto exposure,
multi-level greyscale, screen dump and image
enhancement.

• Includes interlace card, 4 foot extension cable,
camera assembly, manual, and software on
diskette

DC01 IBM PC Assembled & Tested $299.

DC02 IBM PC Complete Kit 264.

DC03 APPLE II Assembled & Tested 299.

DC04 APPLE II Complete Kit 264.

300 BAUD ANSWER/
ORIGINATE MODEM KIT

As featured in Ciarcia 's Circuit Cellar
BYTE Magazine, March 1983

Micromint's latest 300 Baud Modem Kit is crystal
controlled, uses the Tl TMS99532 IC. contains just
25 parts and requires no calibration or adjustments
Use with acoustic coupler or in direct connect mode

MO04 Complete Kit as shown $60.

MD05 Transformer tor Direct Connect Mode . 9.
AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit 20.

E-Z COLOR GRAPHIC
INTERFACE WITH SPRITES

APPLE II E-Z Color plug-in board with Graphics
Editor on 3.3 disk

E7.01 Assembled & Tested $150.

EZ02Complete Kit 125.

APPLE II E-Z Color Plus

• Allows the use ot a single monitor or TV set

EZTI Assembled & Tested w Graphics Editor . $200
KRELL LOGO lor E-Z Color and E-Z Color Plus
Supports Sprite Graphics
EZ21 Krell LOGO w tull documentation $89.

Animation Software tor E-Z Color Plus

• Draw with Sprites using Joystick or Koala Pad

• Animate Sprites trom your own BASIC program.
EZ21 Animation Software $49.

S100 E-Z Color Graphics Board

• With sound generator & joystick interface

• MBASIC Graphics Editor on 8" diskette

EZ04 Assembled & Tested $289.

MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue.
Cedarhurst. NY 11516
To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479
For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793
Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM

THEME

DESIGNING
A SIMULATED
LABORATORY

by Nils Peterson

An example from
cardiovascular physiology

THE DYNAMICS OF a medical labora-
tory spring to life with the aid of micro-
computer simulation. Computer-simu-
lated laboratories are increasingly
valuable as teaching aids; without them,
most medical students could only read
about important discoveries. Laborator-
ies are becoming too expensive and
their maintenance too difficult to be
practical. In today's fast-paced medical
curriculum, it is hard for students to per-
form experiments that are a hundred
years old but are still crucial to contem-
porary medical understanding. This
creates a fundamental problem because
the dynamics of a laboratory are an im-
portant supplement to the static ex-
planations in textbooks. Simulated
laboratories in the health sciences also
serve to alleviate, in part, the need for
experimental animals— an important
ethical consideration. The laboratory
must not be lost from medical training.
Photo 1 shows the simulation of an
experiment first performed at the turn
of the century. The experiment remains
central to our understanding and treat-
ment of heart disease. The computer
provides an ideal environment for
teaching the intellectual concepts of

cardiac function while omitting those
things that make a real laboratory pro-
hibitive as a teaching environment (the
long hours of open-heart surgery, the
animal-care facilities, the expensive
modern apparatus).

The lack of laboratory training is a
problem not unique to medicine. It af-
fects all disciplines in which theory and
technology have advanced rapidly. A
simulated laboratory can fill the gaps in
a student's understanding by providing
concrete demonstrations in the manner
of a real laboratory, but without the ex-
pense and without making demands on
the student's already precious time. To-
day, a 16-bit microcomputer with high-
resolution graphics and a numeric co-
processor offers an enhancement that
further increases the utility of laboratory
simulation. This article is intended to
show what we have done to take advan-
tage of the microcomputer's growing
prowess as a teaching aid.

Nils Peterson is a knowledge interface designer
for learning Tools (NE 1050 Alfred lane,
Pullman, WA 99163) and a researcher in
computer-based instruction at Washington State
University.

Design Considerations

The design of an educational program
requires some fundamental decisions
long before any code is written. Our first
choice was to use simulation programs
as the instructional vehicle. These dif-
fer greatly from drill and practice pro-
grams. In drill and practice, the com-
puter attempts to program the student
with certain facts. The student is a
passive learner. Simulations, however,
are active learning environments. They
provide a world for the learner to ex-
plore (see reference 1). In addition to
facts, simulations teach the skills of the
explorer: scientific method, debugging,
and hierarchically organized thinking.

Simulations come in several forms,
and our second design choice involved
deciding what type of simulation to use.
One type is based on empirical obser-
vations and rules. This is the approach
of many artificial-intelligence simula-
tions (for example, expert medical diag-
nosis). Adventure games are also sim-
ulations based on empirical rules, ex-
cept that the rules reside solely in the
imagination of the program author.

Simulations also may be based on ap-
[texi continued on page 288)

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 287

SIMULATION

(text continued from page 287)
proximate equations. For example, an
architect can design a small building
that can withstand earthquakes by tak-
ing into account the maximum force
that might push on each wall. Many
earlier cardiovascular simulations used
algebraic relationships to approximate
the average behavior of the heart and
arteries (see reference 2). These pro-
grams were forced to use approximate
models because of the limited com-
putational power of 8-bit micro-
processors.

In the designing of a teaching simula-
tion, the fundamental problem that con-
strains model complexity is the time re-
quired to update the system's outputs.
To be lively and hold interest, the model
must respond to parameter changes in
5 to 10 seconds. A 16-bit computer with
a numeric coprocessor can do real-
number arithmetic several hundred
times faster than an 8-bit machine. This
means that the model may be much
more complex and still respond equal-
ly well.

The final type of simulation, and the
one we chose, is based on dynamic
causal principles. Large buildings and
bridges must be designed using de-
tailed descriptions of their oscillatory

properties because their internal sway-
ing motions are important to their struc-
tural integrity. For systems with a signifi-
cant dynamic character, this type of
model provides the most detailed de-
scription. The simulation in our Isolated
Heart Laboratory program is based on
equations that relate instantaneous
pressure and volume events in both the
heart and the arteries (see reference 3).

Selecting the Hardware

Several issues are important in select-
ing hardware for a simulated laboratory.
Machine power, both graphic and
numeric, is paramount. We felt we need-
ed memory-mapped graphics to make
our animation ideas work (see the text
box on the next page). Experience with
other cardiovascular models on
research minicomputers showed us that
we would need to perform 5000 to
50,000 floating-point operations per
second. The Intel 8087 is sufficient.
Finally, the computer has to be a model
that's widely distributed; other medical
schools already own, or would be will-
ing to buy, a popular machine. Distribu-
tion is important, we felt, because our
ideas are useful to many medical
programs.
At the time of our hardware decision,

Photo 1 : A simulated early laboratory for studying cardiac mechanics. The student may
control the animated apparatus to change the conditions and perform experiments on the
heart. Only seven keys are required to control the program, including all numeric inputs.

the IBM Personal Computer (PC) was
the only machine that satisfied all our
demands. As with any choice, there
were tradeoffs, but the IBM PC has
proven quite adequate for the task. For
example, many people might argue that
the 8088's narrow bus and slow clock
(5 MHz) are disadvantages, but no
68000-based machine was available
that had both memory-mapped graph-
ics and potential to be as popular as the
IBM machine. In our numerically inten-
sive application, we have found that the
PC has a large numerical throughput
and the capability to animate graphics
quickly and smoothly without video-
display flicker. In fact, its processor
power enabled us to develop most of
the code in UCSD Pascal. In the future,
this will simplify transporting the pro-
gram to a new architecture when one
becomes available.

Designing the Software

In a simulated laboratory, the computer
must be transparent. Our experience
shows that medical students and oper-
ating systems don't mix. The solution is
to make the program auto-booting and
uncrashable, which frees the student to
focus on the course material and not on
the computer.

In terms of presentation, current in-
teractive video games provide a visual
standard against which students judge
educational programs. Further, elec-
tronic spreadsheets and other highly
refined interactive programs raise ex-
pectations about user interfaces. Ani-
mations in science-fiction movies depict
elaborate computer simulations that
create the impression that this tech-
nology can reproduce and display com-
plex events in near-real time. Designers
of instructional programs must learn
from these examples to grab and hold
the student's attention. These standards
motivated us to improve instructional
computing along two paths: user inter-
face and graphics. We found that the
most natural way to explain a model is
with a drawing. Specifically, we drew pic-
tures of the laboratory environment
where the discoveries that led to the
model were made. The most intuitive
way to show and control the settings of
the apparatus is by animating the draw-
ing. The heart model illustrated on
these pages uses as its interface an
(text continued on page 290)

288 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Graphics Displays and Animation

Graphics are commonly
handled on microcomputers
in one of two ways. An in-
telligent terminal may be used to
receive high-level graphics com-
mands, then plot and store the
image in its private memory space.
Alternatively, the main processor
may have access to all the video
memory and be responsible for
drawing and modifying the figure.
The penalty of this approach is the
burden on the central processing
unit. It must do all the low-level
graphics operations. The advantage
is greater flexibility in manipulating
the graphics.

Some memory-mapped video dis-
plays use a small set of graphic
shapes to build pictures. These
shapes often are treated like charac-
ters and manipulated by PRINT state-
ments. Usually they are assigned to
the upper 128 values of the charac-
ter set, above the standard ASCII
(American National Standard Code
for Information Interchange) se-
quence. The Pac-Man screen is an ex-
ample of what is possible with this
technique. The advantage is that it
does not consume much memory,
usually 2K bytes, and the graphic

figure may be quickly manipulated
in BASIC. The disadvantage is that
the simple shapes are too limited to
represent a laboratory well.

The IBM Personal Computer (PC)
uses a bit-mapped display in which
each pair of bits in one section of
memory is translated into a single
color dot. Each dot may be one of
four colors. This technique consumes
16K bytes of memory in the PC but
yields figures of higher resolution.
Drawing on the display is done by
altering the appropriate bits in the
video memory. It may be done in
BASIC with PEEK and POKE state-
ments, but this process is slow. We
code drawing primitives in assembly
language for maximum speed.

Several different drawings are
stored on disk and may be recalled
by the program for different ex-
periments. To move a full screen
image, the disk reads 32 blocks of
512 bytes, and the program transfers
them to the video-display memory
(see figure 1 in this text box). An
8088 assembly-language instruction,
the repeated string move, makes this
very simple. The string move copies
a byte in memory from the source
index (SI) to the destination index

(DI). If the instruction is prefixed with
the REP instruction, the CX register
is used as a counter. After each
move, the source and destination are
incremented and the CX is decre-
mented. As a result, a string CX bytes
long is moved from source to
destination. To transfer a picture
from disk to video, all you need to
do is read blocks from the disk to a
memory buffer and then use the
string move to copy 5 1 2 bytes to the
appropriate part of video memory.
The chart recorder in photo 2 is
animated to move left as new data
is written on its right-hand edge. To
accomplish this, we have to move the
"paper" to the left. The same string
move is used, but this time both ad-
dresses are in video memory (see
figure 2). We use shorter moves, one
from the middle of each video line.
It is critical to note that the designers
of the video control chip organize
the video data in memory different-
ly than what is projected on the
screen: all even screen rows (0
through 198) are placed together in
memory, with the odd rows placed
above them. This layout is slightly
more awkward for programming, but
conceptually it is no different.

Disk to Video Memory Transfer

Memo ry map Flowchart

high addresses

Open file

Xter block
from disk

Set CX,St,DI
REP MOVS

Advance

to next

disk block,
ten EOF

<C^ EOF? J^>

Close tile

Stripchart Animation

Memory map Screen image

row 3

■IA00O_

•

row 4

byaSO

byr, 1

row 2

u—

row2\
rows -

fOW 4'

I st 2"°* 3^

SI source
DI destination

< slide left 4 dot!

Figure I: String moves facilitate transferring images from a
disk buffer to video memory. The 8088 registers CX (counter).
SI(DS) {source), and DI(ES) (destination) are involved. Whole
images move in a fraction of a second from RAM or hard disk:
floppy-disk drives are slower.

Figure 2: The chart paper is animated by overlapping string
moves within video memory. Each byte is moved one position to
the left: its neighbor to the right then occupies the old position.
The last byte must be zeroed separately to blank the old data at
that position.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 289

SIMULATION

{text continued from page 288)
animated drawing of an experiment pat-
terned after the famous work of Patter-
son and Starling in 1914.

Cardiovascular simulations have been
developed for teaching purposes
before, but they have not included both
the research laboratory and the heart
in the simulation. This was our third
major design decision.

The technological intensification of
medicine has placed a strain on the use-
fulness of student laboratories. The con-
cepts taught in the laboratory are in-
creasingly more involved, requiring
students to perform more elaborate
laboratory exercises. The modern ex-
perimental laboratory is difficult to use
in teaching because it requires that the
student have high technical skills and
because the apparatus is expensive.

Nevertheless, the laboratory ap-
proach to teaching has not been aban-
doned for several good reasons. It pro-
vides experiences that textbooks and
lectures are incapable of capturing.
Specifically, the laboratory learning en-
vironment provides a sense of realism
and immediacy; shows dynamic events
as they occur; includes scientific
methodology as part of everyday prob-
lem solving; allows for errors, correc-

tions, and rethinking; and, in contrast to
lectures, is self-paced and flexible. We
considered these features of the labora-
tory when we decided to design a new
computer simulation.

Keyboard Inputs

Mice and touchscreens notwithstand-
ing, the primary input device for some
time to come will be the keyboard. This
raises a problem: keyboards are devices
with 96 wrong buttons for every correct
one. Many students are not comfortable
with computers, nor are they good
typists. The combination can make the
computer learning experience intimi-
dating. Tb eliminate the intimidating fac-
tors, we decided to use as few keys as
possible, put all the keys together to
eliminate hunting around the keyboard,
make the program monitor the key-
board continuously for keypresses, and
provide an immediate visual response
to each keystroke.

Photo 1 shows the keyboard we use
in the Isolated Heart Laboratory. We
developed seven generic functions to
provide all possible program control.
We assigned each key a core meaning
that can be applied usefully in every set-
ting. The meanings are thus general
enough that we can also use them in

cm .
H 2 <> *

LU A Aortic Pressure Stop

ISO

120
90 -.,

60
30
A -1

®A°Qt

Photo 2: An animated strip-chart display, showing pressures in the heart and arteries. The
electronic "paper" slides left, and new data is displayed as fast as it is recorded from the
experiment. The star cursor is set to control the reservoir.

future programs. This feature makes a
student's knowledge of the interface
transportable between different pro-
grammed laboratories.

We got the idea for the graphic sym-
bols and core meanings from the
Japanese kanji, or pictographic charac-
ters. The basic function of the kanji char-
acters is to express meaning or concept,
not sound or pronunciation. Arabic
numerals also use this type of symbolic
writing. The symbol 5 means the same
quantity, no matter whether it is pro-
nounced five, cinco. or /mm/. Kanji is slight-
ly different in that each character may
have a variety of meanings around a
core concept. The exact meaning is in-
ferred from context. The advantage of
conceptual icons for our purpose is that
the core concepts we need have many
English words that, if spelled out, may
seem contradictory or confusing.
Graphic symbols are also more com-
pact on the screen. Consider the circle-
slash key. The symbol comes from in-
ternational traffic signs, and its mean-
ing on our keyboard is similar: no, stop
(going), don't select that one, stop (paus-
ing). At any point in the program, the
key functions around its core meaning
of "no."

We thought it important to restrict the
keyboard to seven keys. Five to seven
concepts is the maximum a person can
keep in short-term memory. To make
learning the controls easier, it helps if
the student can hold all the commands
in short-term memory and compare
their effects. As familiarity with the
system grows, each person develops in-
dividual vocalizations of the meanings
of the keys and their complementary
roles.

Each key has several functions, which
are dependent on context, and each key
is paired with its opposite. The keys in
photo 1 are: No, Stop/ Yes, Go; Enter
(or Escape) Checklist/ Move, Advance
Cursor; and Down, Less/ Up, More. We
also added an Escape key in the upper
right as a quick way to pop up one level
in the program hierarchy. We built the
program to have two menu levels, which
the students operate by pointing with
the star and pressing the Yes, Go key.
The outer level offers general types
of displays and experiments; the
inner level offers specific laboratory
activities.

[text continued on page 292)

290 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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squeezes the mostjuice
out Qf^uijji^ppt>

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Microsoft BASIC is built-in, so it's
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SIMULATION

{text continued from page 290)

The Role of Graphics

The Isolated Heart Laboratory centers
around a single graphic image. From left
to right, in photos 1,2, and 3, its com-
ponents are: a filling reservoir, the heart,
a surge capacitor, a variable hydraulic
resistor, and a mercury manometer to
measure the compression pressure
around the resistor. We chose to mea-
sure pressure with a mercury mano-

meter instead of a pressure gauge to
emphasize the physical aspects of the
laboratory apparatus. Two readings
from the simulated meterstick must be
subtracted to get the pressure reading.
The heart rate (HR) and heart strength,
or inotropic state (IS%), have no simple
physical representation and are shown
as scales with pointers. They, along with
the manometer and the reservoir for fill-
ing, are animated and controlled by the
student.

Figure 3: A typical textbook illustration showing cardiac-cycle events for four types
of data: volume in the heart, flow leaving the heart, pressure in the heart, and
pressure in the arteries. The ECG [electrocardiogram) in each graph provides a
common timing reference. The student can create this figure for many possible states
of exercise or disease.

To be faithful to the early cardiac
laboratories, we used a canine heart for
the picture and model parameters. The
dog has historically been used because
it is a good model of the human cir-
culatory system. Blood pressures in
dogs are the same as in humans. The
flows and volumes are proportionally
less because of the size differences be-
tween the species.

As an interface-design tool, the
laboratory concept is crucial. A focus on
animated physical objects in the
laboratory makes numeric inputs both
simple and natural. Rather than have the
student type new numeric parameter
settings, the program lets the student
manipulate the laboratory apparatus to
realize the desired input results (as can
be seen by comparing the settings of
the reservoir on the left in photos 2 and
3). There are several benefits to this
approach:

• it eliminates typographical errors such
as using a small I for the digit /

• the screen graphically and immediate-
ly conveys the range of possible inputs
and the student's relative change

• moving the apparatus heightens the
student's physical intuition about the
laboratory experience

Photo 2 shows a strip-chart data dis-
play. This is the raw data format as it
would appear during a real experiment.
Simulated chart paper slides from right
to left across the window, and new data
is recorded on the fresh right edge. This
display does not run in real physiologic
time, but it is lively, requiring less than
10 seconds for a complete beat to ap-
pear. The 8087 coprocessor chip makes
this feat possible. Also, note the star in
the upper left of the display, above the
filling reservoir. This is a graphic cursor.
Its position indicates which variable is
currently controlled by the Down and
Up function keys.

Having the laboratory always visible,
despite the complexity of fitting in the
data displays, is an important design
consideration. It provides a visual land-
mark and a constant reminder of each
student-controlled parameter setting.
When a printer is attached, the student
can make hard-copy "snapshots" of the
screen in order to have a complete
record of all experimental conditions.

A laboratory's visual presence adds
(text continued on page 294)

292 BYTE • |UNE 1984

Blazing
BASIC.

Who said BASIC had to be
slow?

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lets you create MS-DOS programs
that are so fast users will never
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Three to ten times faster opera-
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But it's not only fast in execu-
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And like all Microsoft lan-
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SIMULATION

(tat continued from page 292)
to the multidimensionality of this edu-
cational tool. Many people, from

children to co-workers, have played with
the program during its development. It
is surprising and pleasing to see how

Photo 3: A classic textbook figure showing the pressure response of the heart to changes in
filling pressure. All beats are aligned to start at the same time. This experiment was first
performed by Otto Frank in 1896. Note the clamp to prevent any flow from the heart.

Photo 4: A pressure-volume loop tutor. Instantaneous pressure and volume in the heart
(graphs on left) are plotted together to make a standard diagnostic tool (loop figure on the
right). Yellow lines transfer the information from the familiar graphs to the new one. A
mirror is used in the volume transfer to "reflect" the data onto a horizontal axis.

often they point to an illustrative picture
while explaining an idea or result. In a
real laboratory, it would not be possible
to examine closely the data and the
laboratory at the same time, to say
nothing of stopping an experiment in
order to discuss events. This is yet an-
other advantage of the simulated
laboratory as a teaching device.

The student may observe flow and
volume using the same format
employed to study pressure. Figure 3
demonstrates a classic textbook illustra-
tion that shows all the events in the car-
diac cycle. It is a collage of printer out-
put from pressure, flow, and volume
records. The student may experiment
freely with the heart and strip-chart dis-
play, setting the four parameters to
achieve over 6000 operating conditions.
Some of these conditions would kill a
real experimental animal, but they ob-
viously don't hurt the computer, and
they can be very instructive.

Dynamic and lively output graphics
are a tool for holding interest and focus-
ing attention on an important feature.
Photo 3 illustrates another classic text-
book figure that we recreated in the
laboratory. In this example, we aligned
all pressure beats to begin at the same
time. All the displays of time-varying
data are animated as smoothly con-
tinuous functions. This graphic tech-
nique visually conveys a real-life quali-
ty of measuring data, even though the
display runs at less than the real speeds.
Although the simulation program
creates figures that closely resemble
those in cardiology texts, watching the
animation during transients as the figure
develops adds an instructional dimen-
sion that a book cannot reproduce.

Beyond the Textbook

In addition to reproducing textbook dis-
plays and experiments, simulation has
other uses. Specifically, it can be used
to create graphic displays of textbook
figures that students find hard to grasp.
One such example is the pressure-
volume display in photo 4.

The pressure-volume loop is a
modern tool for assessing the health of
the heart. Students are comfortable
with the strip chart but often are con-
fused by the loop display in which the
trace is circular. Photo 4 shows the
laboratory set up to explain the pres-
[text continued on page 296)

294 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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SIMULATION

{text continued from page 294)
sure-volume relationship. This display
would never be available in a real
laboratory because data processing is
required concurrently with the experi-
ment.

Three data windows appear in the dis-
play. In the upper left is the pressure
strip chart from photo 2. It is sliding and
showing instantaneous pressures in the
heart. Below it is the volume strip chart,
which shows the simultaneous volume
data. To the right is a developing pres-
sure-volume loop. In graphing the loop,
pressure data is plotted on the vertical
axis against volume data on the hori-
zontal axis. The laboratory demon-
strates this relationship by shooting a
horizontal yellow line from the pressure
strip chart rightward onto the loop
graph. We call these data transfers
"laser blasts." At the same time, volume
is shot as a horizontal blast to the right.
This bounces off a mirror in order to be
correctly oriented for the horizontal
volume axis. The two laser blasts in-
tersect, and a new segment of the
pressure-volume loop is drawn to the
intersection.

We froze this figure at the point where
the valve has just opened to let blood
leave the heart. Note that volume in the
heart has started to decrease. Photo 5

The student may watch the display loop continuously
or single-step the display with the Stop and Go keys.
This freeze action would never be possible with a real
animal in a real laboratory.

shows the situation a few moments
later. At this point, the heart has quit
ejecting blood and is relaxing to fill
again. Volume is at its lowest point and
pressure is falling rapidly.

The student may watch this display
loop continuously. It is also possible to
single-step the display with the Stop
and Go keys. This freeze action would,
of course, never be possible with a real
animal in a real laboratory. It represents
the power of a simulated laboratory for
medical education. The student can
analyze each phase of the cardiac cycle.
Two laboratory parameters may also be
altered, enabling the student to ex-
amine the roles of filling pressure and
hydraulic loading. Finally, when the stu-
dent has mastered the pressure-volume
concept, he may return to a smaller dis-
play window and the full set of vari-
ables.

We have found that problem-solving
simulation can change some veterinary

Photo 5: The loop tutor from photo 4 a few moments later. Compare it with photo 4 to
see the fall in pressure and volume after the heart emptied and relaxed.

students' understanding of the cardio-
vascular system, from one narrowly
based on anatomical relations to one
that also includes a component of
dynamic interaction (see reference 4).
Students have reported that, in addition
to the changes that were measured in
their mental models, they have enjoyed
the computer experience, felt that they
have learned from it, and would like
more computer materials in the
curriculum.

Conclusion

We designed a simulated cardiovascular
laboratory for medical education. Cer-
tainly other medical laboratories can be
simulated with microcomputers, and
students can move from one to another
easily and efficiently. The general idea
of laboratory simulation, moreover, can
be applied to learning situations rang-
ing from fluid pumping in an oil refinery
to the complex relationships of
predator and prey in an ecosystem.
Simulated laboratories teach the facts
of the subject area and also provide in-
tellectual tools and insights for true pro-
fessional growth. ■

REFERENCES

1. Papert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children. Com-
puters, and Powerful Ideas. New York: Basic
Books. 1980.

2. Randall, |. E. The Use of Microcomputers for
Physiological Simulation. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1980.

3. Peterson, N.. and K. B. Campbell. "Simu-
lated Laboratory for Teaching Cardiac
Mechanics." The Physiology Teacher.
forthcoming.

4. Hopkins, R. H., K. B. Campbell, and N.
Peterson. "Conceptualization of Cardio-
vascular Variables by Veterinary Students."
Presented at a meeting of the Psychonomic
Society. San Diego, CA, 1983.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank Dr. Kenneth B. Campbell of
the Department of Veterinary and Comparative
Anatomy. Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington
State University. His cardiovascular expertise and
criticism made the realism of this laboratory possible.

296 BYTE • 1UNE 1984

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Circle 368 for Dealer inquiries. Circle 369 for End-User inquiries. IUNE 1984 -BYTE 299

BYTE

Reviews

Another Look at
CP/M-80 C Compilers

by Christopher Kern 303

Archon

by Gregg Williams 321

The Chameleon Plus

by Rich Krajewski 327

The Texas Instruments Speech
Command System

by Mark Haas 34)

Volition Systems Modula-2

by Eric Eldred 353

INFOSCOPE

by George Bond 367

Review Feedback 374

Reviewer's Notebook

IF THE IBM PC WERE A MOVIE, the PCjr probably would be its spin-off TV situation come-
dy. And while some movie-based TV sitcoms (such as M*A*S*H) are very successful, others
fall flat on their faces. The reason they fail is usually that too much of the original was lost.

As for the PCjr, we're not sure how it will fare. Almost all of the PC's features have been
adulterated, but a few new ones have been thrown in to appeal to the home audience.

The chief deficiency of the PCjr is. of course, its keyboard. Worse than even the PC's
keyboard, this should set a new standard for intentional product handicapping. The PCjr's
second major deficiency is the way user memory has been usurped by video memory.
Its 128K bytes of memory are not all available for user programs— 32K bytes are used by
the video display. The PCjr, thus, in IBM PC standards, is really a 96K-byte machine. And
one more thing, whereas the Apple II is nice and quiet in your living room, the PCjr sounds
like a small vacuum cleaner.

The PCjr does have some good features: its software is fairly good, broad ranging, and
inexpensive. It has better graphics than the PC. The unit itself is also fairly inexpensive (by
PC standards). And it has a fair degree of compatibility with its older sibling.

Need a good CP/M machine with a hard disk? You've probably already taken a brief look
at the Morrow MD-11 with its 10-megabyte hard disk. Although they've raised the price
to $2950, it still seems a bargain. The Morrow package includes New Word, supposedly
comparable to WordStar. Look for a review of both the Morrow MD-1 1 and New Word in
the next few months.

About every other day we get a request for a review of one of the Columbia PC-compatibles.
Please note that we have been wanting to review the Columbia MPC portable for about
nine months now— if only Columbia would loan us one for a short time. Fortunately, one
of our reviewers bought an MPC and a review is finally in the works. From what I hear,
the machine runs very well.

Apple Mouse II and Mouse Paint for the Apple II arrived recently and should give owners
of that machine a chance to try some of the things they've seen on Macintosh. Mouse
Paint appears to have about 7 5 percent of MacPaint's capabilities with no sacrifice in speed.

The reviews in this issue start with Christopher Kern's continuing examination of C com-
pilers for CP/M. In this article, he looks at C compilers from SuperSoft, Q/C, and Whitesmiths
and compares them with Cs previously reviewed.

After a few hours thrashing about with a compiler, you may welcome some diversion.
Senior Technical Editor Gregg Williams tells you what to expect from Archon. a game that
combines the strategic elements of chess with the demands on dexterity made by arcade
games.

For many of us, nothing is quite so diverting as a new personal computer. Technical Editor
Rich Krajewski spent three months playing with the Chameleon Plus and gives his con-
sidered opinions of this IBM PC-compatible. Note BYTE's new benchmarks and format for
system reviews.

We all have moments when we feel like telling a computer off. The Tl Speech Command
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Tl Professional and reports on the results.

Eric Eldred compares Volition's Modula-2 for the Apple II to Pascal for the same machine.
If you want to try Niklaus Wirth's latest language before reading our coming August Modula-2
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George Bond, BYTE's Managing Editor for User News, used Microstuf's new data-man-
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— Rich Mailoy, Product-Review Editor

IUNE 1984

iYTE 301

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Circle 164 on inquiry card.

proliferation

of products

makes a

choice more

and more

difficult

Christopher Kern

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Another Look at
CP/M-80 C Compilers

This article uses various benchmark
programs. Sieve, Fibonacci. Copy,
and Sort, to compare three new
CP/M-80 C compilers-Q/C version 3.0. Super-
Soft version 1.2.3., and Whitesmiths version
2.2— with three C compilers evaluated previ-
ously— Aztec version 1.05G, BDS version 1.5a,
and C/80 version 2.0 (see "Five C Compilers
for CP/M-80," by Christopher Kern, August
1983 BYTE, page 110). All are designed for
8080. 8085, and Z80 computers running
under the CP/M-80 operating system.

When 1 first compared CP/M-80 C compilers
last year, I did not find one that was clearly
superior in both compilation speed and ob-
ject-code quality. Since then, three new prod-
ucts—a significant update to Whitesmiths and
two compilers that I did not cover, SuperSoft
and Q/C— have made it even more difficult to
choose the "best" 8080-family C compiler.

Whats New

At the time of my original tests, the White-
smiths compiler came with an idiosyncratic
"standard" function library; now it has a library
that really is standard. This update makes a
crucial difference because C uses standard lib-
rary functions to perform all input and out-
put. It means that the Whitesmiths compiler
is now compatible with the one available on
Bell Laboratories' UNIX operating system—
C's native habitat— and with the language
definition published in the standard reference
on C, The C Programming language, by Brian W.
Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie.

My latest tests also include SuperSoft C, dis-
tributed by SuperSoft Inc. of Champaign, Illi-
nois, and Q/C C distributed by The Code Works
of Santa Barbara, California. The SuperSoft
product is a fairly complete implementation of
the language and performs well on the bench-
mark programs. The Q/C compiler was recent-
ly reviewed in BYTE ("Two More Versions of C
for CP/M." by David D Clark, May, page 246),
I am including it here to provide a more com-
prehensive comparison.

The Benchmark Programs

I base my evaluation on four benchmark pro-
grams that are short enough to type in

manually and simple enough to use with all
the compilers (with minor modifications in a
few instances).

Execution times for the Sieve. Fibonacci,
and Copy programs are presented graphical-
ly on the "At a Glance" page for easy com-
parison among the various C compilers.

The prototype programs conform to the lan-
guage definition in the Kernighan and Ritchie
book— essentially the same syntax accepted
by the current UNIX C compilers. The pro-
grams test a number of factors affecting the
overall performance of a compiler on an 8-bit
system with floppy-disk mass storage.

Sieve.C is the now familiar prime-number
generator based on the Sieve of Eratosthenes
algorithm. Generating prime numbers sounds
like an exercise in number crunching; actual-
ly, it's not. As the source code in listing 1
shows, the Sieve program does not perform
much difficult arithmetic. However, it does in-
volve juggling a number of variables. The pro-
gram is essentially a test of variable access.

You can place external variables, such as the
flags array in listing 1, in absolute locations in
memory and access them fairly easily. This is
not true with automatic variables, which the
program creates dynamically as it executes.

The program creates automatic variables
when it enters a function and discards them
when it exits that function. They are known
only to the function in which they are
declared. Automatic variables challenge the
8080-family compilers because these 8-bit
central processors have only a few internal
registers and limited addressing modes.

The benchmark programs also test the
overhead associated with a function call.
C programs typically contain a large number
of functions. (Other programming languages
refer to some of these as procedures; C
doesn't distinguish between those subroutines
that return a value and those that do not.)

It is important to determine how efficiently
each compiler generates the code necessary

continued on page 304

Christopher Kern (201 I St. NW. Apt. 839, Wash-
ington. DC 20024) is a journalist and a frequent con-
tributor to BYTE.

JUNE 1984 • BYTE 303

REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 303

to enter and leave a function because
any given program is likely to contain
many functions and use some of them
over and over again. The benchmark
Fib.C (see listing 2) is designed to test
each compiler's efficiency by computing
a Fibonacci number recursively— an
exercise involving only one local
variable and little processing other than
the function call. The Fibonacci function,
F(x), is defined as:

F(x) = 1
for x < = 2

F(x) = F(x - 1) + F(x - 2)
for x > 2

The next benchmark program. Copy.C
(see listing 3). tests file access. File in-
put and output in C normally is per-
formed by "buffered" I/O (input/output)
functions from the standard library.
These functions permit you to read or
write a disk file one byte at a time. The
Copy program simply copies its input
directly to output with no intermediate
processing.

Sort.C tests the string-handling abili-
ty of each compiler. It sorts a list of
words alphabetically using a quicksort
algorithm. Sort is a bit longer than the
other benchmarks, as listing 4 illustrates,
but is still a reasonable length to copy
manually if you want to try these pro-
grams yourself.

String handling is a potential problem
because C deals with strings somewhat
differently than most programming lan-
guages. Strings in C are not distinct data
types; they are just character arrays
delimited by a null, or zero, byte. You ac-
cess them through pointers— variables
containing memory addresses. The
standard library includes a number of
primitive string functions that permit ef-
ficient string copying, string com-
parison, and length determination.

Methodology

I compared the compilers under condi-
tions that were as similar as possible.
First, 1 made a batch of identical disks
containing the benchmark programs
and some test data. Then, to test each
product, 1 copied the programs and files
necessary to perform the compilations
onto one of the disks.
The test data for the Copy program

was a text file of 1000 lines. 80 columns
each. The Sort program alphabetized a
file composed of the first 1000 words
of one of my previous BYTE articles,
listed one word to a line in sequential
order. 1 used Microshell, a UNIX-like
command interpreter that permits input
redirection to read the file prior to sor-
ting (see "Microshell and Unica: Unix-
Style Enhancements for CP/M" by
Christopher Kern, December 1982
BYTE, page 206). This equalized the
time required to get the file into
memory with the different products.

In an attempt to minimize observa-
tional error, both the test compilations
and the execution of the compiled
benchmark programs were automated.
A DC. Hayes Chronograph (a clock that
you can read as a serial device) mea-
sured the intervals. The benchmark pro-
grams were timed under Microshell so
the commands to read the clock and ex-
ecute the program could be put on the
same line. I used CP/M's standard batch
utility, SUBMIT, to perform the compila-
tions because not all the compilers
would operate under Microshell.

While these procedures guaranteed
consistency, they also introduced some
additional errors. Both Microshell and
SUBMIT exact some overhead, and it
takes some time to read the serial clock
at 1200 bps (bits per second). The total
error for the execution measurements
was less than 1 second under Micro-
shell. The overhead was greater for the
compilation measurements— which in-
volved more individual programs and
were performed with the considerably
slower SUBMIT utility— about 1 second
for each program executed in a given
command stream. There was no in-
stance where the timing errors
significantly altered the comparative
ratings. The only practical effect of the
timing procedure was to understate the
BDS compiler's speed. The BDS product
compiled the benchmark programs so
much faster than its competitors that an
error of a second or two was significant.

All the tests were performed on a

CompuPro computer system with a Z80

microprocessor running at 6 MHz and

one memory-request wait state. The

continued on page 307

Listing 1: The prototype Sieve program.

#indude

<stdio.h

#deflne

NTIMES

/* number of times to run sieve */

#define

SIZE

8190

/* size of number array •/

#define

FALSE

#define

TRUE

char

flaglSIZE

+ 11:

main()
{

compute primes using Sieve of Eratosthenes "/

int i, j, k, count, prime;

printf("%d iterations: ", NTIMES);

for (i = 1; i <= NTIMES: i + + ) {
count = 0;
for (j = 0; i <= SIZE; j + + )

flaglil = TRUE;
for (j = 0: | <= SIZE; j + + ) {
if (flaglil == TRUE) {
prime = j + j + 3;

for (k = j + prime; k < = SIZE; k += prime)
flaglk] = FALSE; /• discard multiples */
count+ + ;
}
}
}

printf("%d primes.\n", count);
exit(0);

304 BYTE • IUNE 1984

AT A GLANCE

EXECUTION TIMES
240-

FIBONACCI

COPY

SORT

SIEVE

FIBONACCI

COMPILE TIMES
350

comparison of Q/C C, SuperSoft C, and Whitesmiths C
compilers for CP/M systems with the Aztec, BDS. and C/80 com-
pilers. Four benchmark programs were used: the Sieve of
Eratosthenes prime-number program, a Fibonacci Series pro-
gram, a Copy program, and a simple Sort program. All tests were
run on the same CdmpuPro S-100 system. More details on the
benchmarks are given in the text.

FIBONACC

COPY

SORT

I AZTEC HBDS Dc/80 I Q/C ■ SUPERSOFT

I WHITESMITHS

Name
Type

Version
Manufacturer

Price

Computer Needed

Documentation
Audience

Q/C C SuperSoft C Whitesmiths C

Compiler for the C programming Compiler for the C programming Compiler for the C programming

language language language

3.0 1.2.3 2.2

The Code Works

5266 Hollister. Suite 224

Santa Barbara. CA 93 1 1 !

S95

1.2.3.

SuperSoft Inc.
POB 1628
Champaign. IL 61820

S275

Whitesmiths Ltd.
97 Lowell Rd.
Concord, MA 01742

$550

8080. 8085. and Z80 microcom- 8080. 8085. and Z80 microcom- 8080, 8085, and Z80 microcom-
puters running under CP/M-80 puters running under CP/M-80 puters running under CP/M-80
with floppy- or hard-disk mass with floppy- or hard-disk mass with floppy- and hard-disk mass
storage and at least 56K bytes of storage and at least 48K bytes of storage and at least 60K bytes of
main memory main memory main memory

136-page manual

174-page manual

Manual of more than 300 pages

Systems and application software Systems and application software Systems and application software
developers, hobbyists developers, hobbyists developers, hobbyists

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 305

Co [lector ^Edition

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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 304

mass storage used was an 8-inch disk
formatted into 1024-byte sectors (ex-
tended double-density). The summaries
of the test results give the absolute mea-
surements in "units" that correspond to
seconds on the test computer system.

The Compilers
and the Standard

I had to customize the benchmark pro-
grams somewhat to compile them with
each product. Only the Aztec and
Whitesmiths compilers accepted the
prototype source code essentially with-
out change. Actually, the Whitesmiths
compiler requires all external variables
to be initialized; therefore. I had to ex-
plicitly set the first element in the Sort
flags array to zero. However, I consider
that change minor. It's fair to say that
both Aztec C and Whitesmiths C are
compatible with the UNIX compilers
and the language defined in the Ker-
nighan and Ritchie book.

All the other compilers are incom-
plete implementations of C, although
SuperSoft C is relatively complete (see
table 1 on page 312). BDS C makes up
for some of its omissions by providing
special library functions. You use these

to simulate the initialization of variables,
simulate the initialization of variables,
for example, and for floating-point and
long-integer arithmetic.

Most changes to the prototype bench-
mark programs were minor. The Q/C
compiler won't accept a function that
returns anything other than an integer
value, so I altered the Fib.C code slight-
ly to compile the program.

The SuperSoft compiler comes with
nonstandard buffered I/O library func-
tions. When you open a file for buffered
input or output in SuperSoft C, you
must specify the buffer size you want
to use (see listing 5a). In the Copy pro-
gram I chose a buffer size of '1024 bytes,
a reasonable memory expenditure for
this type of program.

The Copy program required more
significant changes to compile under
BDS C because the BDS buffered I/O
functions are different from the stan-
dard ones (see listing 5b).

The C/80 package does not provide
the standard string comparison and
string copy functions, so I had to add
them to the source code of Copy and
Sort.

None of the compilers that I tested
continued on page 309

Listing

2: The prototype Fibonacci program.

#include stdio.h>

#define

NTIMES 10 /• number of times to compute Fibonacci value •/

#define

NUMBER 24 /' biggest one we can compute within 16 bits */

main()

{

/* compute Fibonacci value "/

int i;

unsigned value. fibO;

printfl "%d iterations: ", NTIMES);

for (i = 1: i <= NTIMES; I + + )

value = fib(NUMBER);

printf("fibonacci(%d) = %u.\n", NUMBER, value);

exit(0);

unsigned fib(x| /• compute Fibonacci number recursively •/

int x;
/

(

If (x > 21

return (fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2));

else

}

return (I);

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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 307

Listing 3: The prototype Copy program.

#include <stdlo.h>

malnfargc. argv)
int argc;
char *argv||;

{

Int

FILE

/• copy file a byte at a time •/

•inflle. 'outfile;

If (argc < 31

errexltl'Usage: copy oldfile newfile ", NULL);
if (strcmp(argv|l|, argv|2|) == 0)

errexitC'Flle names must be different". NULL);
If ((inflle = fopen(argv|l|, "r")) == NULL)

errexltCCan't open", argv|l|);
if ((outfile = fopen(argv|2|, "w")| == NULL)

errexitCCan't create". argv|2|);

printfC'File %s ", argv|l|):

while He = getc(infile)) != EOF)
putclc outfile);

fclose(inflle);
fclose(outfile);

printfCcopied to %s.\n". argv|2|);
exitlOl;

errexit(sl. s2)
char *sl. *s2;

/* print error message and die */

printf(s2 == NULL ? "%s\n" : "%s %s\n". si. s2);
exit(-l):

Listing 4: The prototype Sort program.

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAX
#define MAXLINE
#define NTIMES

main()

{

1001 /' maximum number of entries "/

135 /• longest line expected */

10 /• number of times to sort entries •/

/" sort lines in memory */

int i, j. n, length;

char buflMAXLlNEI. *sort|MAX|. 'unsorted[MAX|. "allocO;

for (n = 0; n < MAX; n + + )

if ((length = getln(buf, MAXLINE)) = = 0) {
n — ;
break;

}

else if ((unsorted|n| = alloc(length + 1)) == NULL) {

printfC'Sort: not enough room\n");

exit(-l);

}
else

strcpy(unsorted|n|. buf);

listing 4 continued on page 3 1 1

. ..

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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

listing 4 continued from page 309

printf("%d iterations: ". NTIMES);

for (i = I; i <= NTIMES; i+ + ) {
for (j = 0; j < = n; | ++)

sortljl = unsortedlll;
quicklO. n. sort):

)

printfl "%d entries.\n ", n + I);
exit 10);

}

getlnls. n)
char s||:
int n:

{

/* get a line of up to n characters into s •/

int

for (i = 0; n > 0; n--. i++)

if ((c = getcharO) == EOF || c == \n)

break:
else

s|i| = c:
s|i| = \0':
return |i):

}

quickdo. hi. base)
int lo. hi:
char *base||:
{

/• quicksort */

int
char

i. i:

•pivot, "temp;

if (lo < hi) {

for (i = lo. j = hi, pivot = base|hl|: I < j; ) {

while (I < | strcmp(base|i|. pivot) < = 0)

i+ + :
while li > i strcmplbaseljl, pivot) >= 0)

I — :
if (i < i) {

temp = base|i|:
base|i| = baseljl:
baselj] = temp:
}
}

temp = base|i|:
baselil ■ base|hi|:
base|hi| = temp;
quickdo, i - 1, base);
quickfi + 1, hi. base):

support two recent changes to the
UNIX C language. One of these changes
enlarges the number of legal operations
on composite data types, known as
"structures." Current UNIX C compilers
allow structures to be assigned, passed
as parameters to functions, and re-
turned as function values. The other
change is the creation of the "enumera-
tion" data type, which takes on values
enumerated by the programmer. For ex-
ample, you might create a data type

called color with legal values of red,
white, and blue. 1 didn't expect to find
either of these features implemented
under CP/M-80, but I was surprised that
the BDS and SuperSoft compilers failed
to generate an error when compiling a
program where structures were passed
to a function as parameters. Both com-
pilers accepted the program without
protest, even though neither one could
compile it correctly.

continued on page 3 1 2

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JUNE 1984 • BYTE 311

REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 3 1 1

•fable 1: Features of 8080 C Compilers.

Q/C

SuperSoft Whitesmiths

Kernighan and Ritchie complete

Kernighan and Ritchie standard

library

library source

run-time package source

link compiled modules

121

preprocessor arguments

generates assembly code

in-line assembly code

I/O redirection

library manager

debugging aids

floating-point math

M80-compatible code

|2|

131

requires CP/M 2.0

minimum system size (kilobytes)

size of manual (pages

136

174 >

300 |4|

list price

275

550

1 1 1 With relocating macro assembly language/lir

king loader (not si

ppliedl

12 1 User must supply relocating assembly langi

age/linking loader

|3| Optional

|4| Includes manual pages for several operatinj

! systems

Listing 5a: The SuperSoft Copy program.

#include <stdio.h>

#define BUFSIZ
#define EOF

mainlargc argvl
int argc;
char *argv||;

{

int (

FILE

1024
-1

/' copy file a byte at a time. SuperSoft version •/

•infile, 'outfile:

if (argc < 3|

errexitC'Usage: copy oldflle newfile", NULL);
if (strcmp(argv|l|, argv|2|) »- 0)

errexitC'File names must be different ", NULL);
if ((infile = fopen(argv|l|, "r". BUFSIZI) == NULL)

errexit("Can't open", argv|l|);
if ((outfile = fopen(argv|2|, "w", BUFSIZ)) == NULL)

errexitl'Cant create", argv|2|);

printfC'File %s ". argv|l|);

while ((c = getc(infllel) != EOF)
putclc. outfile);

fclose(infile);
fclose(outfile):

printfl "copied to %s.\n". argv|2|);
exit(0);

errexitlsl. s2)
char *sl, *s2;

/• print error message and die •/

printf(s2 == NULL? "%s\n" : "%s %s\n". si. s2);
exit(-l);

continued on page 314

Where to buy Toshiba's
P1351 and P1340 printers:

312 B YTE • IUNE 1984

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MICROAMERICA

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(313)353-8660

GENERAL BUSINESS COMPUTERS. INC

Cherry Hill. NJ

(609) 424-6500

MONROE DISTRIBUTING COMPANY

Cleveland. OH

(216)781 4600

ROBEC DISTRIBUTORS

Line Lexington, PA

(215)822-0700

SOUTHERN

SYSPRINT INC

Sarasota. FL

(813)924-8278

MICROAMERICA

(813)623-6526

Tampa. FL

In FL (800) 282-3385

Norcross. GA

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In GA (404) 441-0515

Rockville. MD

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In MD (800) 492-2949

2AMOISKI COMPANY

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CENTRAL

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or (800) 323-4138

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MICROAMERICA

(800) 323-6827

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In IL (800) 942-4690

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In TX (800) 442 5847

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MIDTEC ASSOCIATES dba CRYSTAL COMPL

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B & W DISTRIBUTORS

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COMPU SHOP

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SYSPRINT INC.

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WESTERN

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or (800) 528-1415

MICROAMERICA

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In CA (800) 262-4212

BYTE INDUSTRIES. INC

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or (800) 972-5948

outside CA (800) 227-2070

PREMIER SOURCE DISTRIBUTING

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ANACOMP INC

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Redmond. WA

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or (800) 426-6244

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OR THESE TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC.
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The P1351 has more stuff to
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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

Listing 5b: The BDS Copy program.

#include <bdscio.h>

mainlargc argv)
int argc;
char *argv||:
{

/• copy file a byte at a time. BDS version •/

char c;

FILE inflle. outflle;

if (argc < 3)

errexitf 'Usage: copy oldfile newfile ', NULL);
if (strcmp(argv[l), argv|2|) == 0)

errexitf "File names must be different". NULL);
if (fopenfargvlH. inflle) == ERROR)

errexitf "Can't open", argv[l|).
if ffcreat(argv[2], outfile) == ERROR)

errexltf'Can't create", argv[2|);

printff "File %s ". argv|l|);

do {

putcfc = getc(infile). outfile);
} while (c != CPMEOF);

fclose(infile):
fclosefoutfile);

printff "copied to %.\n", argv|2|):
exit(O);

}

errexitfsl, s2)
char 'si, *s2;

{

printf(s2
exitf-1);

}

/• print error message and die "/
NULL ? "%s\n" : "%s %s\n". si. s2);

continued from page 312

Assembly Options

During the tests, there were two pro-
cedural decisions I had to make con-
cerning the use of optional relocating
assembler. Both C/80 and SuperSoft C
permit you to compile a program with-
out a relocating assembler, which
means that the compiler must read all
your program's source code during a
single compiler run. With an optional
relocating assembler and linking loader,
such as Microsoft's M80 and L80, you
can compile different modules in-
dependently and link them together
later.

A relocating assembler is a practical
necessity with the SuperSoft compiler.
While the SuperSoft manuals describe
ways to compile programs for an ab-
solute assembler, the results are disap-

pointing. You either must endure a cum-
bersome editing procedure to get the
library routines you need, or accept a
mammoth amount of object code.
Therefore, all the SuperSoft C tests were
performed with M80 and L80.

C/80 programs, on the other hand, are
not impractically large when assembled
without a relocating assembler—
primarily because the C/80 function
library is small. It also seems inap-
propriate to use a $150 relocating
assembly-language package for a $50
compiler.

The Q/C compiler requires that you
supply a relocating assembler, and the
remaining compilers all come with one.

The Timing Tests

BDS C is much faster than any of the

other products in compiling and linking

continued on page 316

314 B YTE • )UNE 1984

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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 314

a program (see table 2 and the graphs
on the At-a-Glance page). This is
because it is the only compiler that
reads the entire source module into
memory before beginning compilation,
and it is the only one that keeps its in-
termediate output in main memory in-
stead of placing it in a temporary file.
As you can see in table 2 and on the
At-a-Glance page, the C/80 object code
is the most compact, but BDS, Q/C, and
SuperSoft are not far behind. The Aztec
programs require noticeably more
memory than the others, and White-
smiths requires the most memory of all
the compilers tested. The Whitesmiths
Sieve program, for example, took more
than 27,000 bytes— almost half the main
memory available on the average 64 K-
byte CP/M-80 system.

The results of the most important
speed test— the execution speed of the
compiled programs— are the most dif-
ficult to generalize about. The C/80 and
Whitesmiths Sieve programs are the

fastest, but not by much, and the per-
formance range in the Sieve test is nar-
row. Q/C is the slowest, though by less
than a factor of two. The SuperSoft
Fibonacci program is noticeably faster
than the others, but again, the range
from the slowest to the fastest is less
than two-to-one.

The Copy program shows the great-
est range of execution times, but the
speed difference is largely attributable
to the size of the disk buffer used for
file I/O. This is characteristic of the buf-
fered I/O functions supplied with each
product, rather than an intrinsic quali-
ty of the code produced by the com-
piler. For Sort the Aztec compiler is the
clear winner, followed by Whitesmiths,
with the others spread out about even-
ly behind. But the Aztec object code for
the Sort program is roughly twice the
size of the slower SuperSoft, C/80, BDS,
and Q/C programs, and the Whitesmiths
object code is considerably larger than
Aztec's.

continued on page 318

Table 2: Test results for six C compilers for CP/M systems using four benchmark
programs. All tests were run under the Microshell operating environment program and
CP/M's SUBMIT batch-processing utility program running on a CompuPro
S-100-bus system with a 6-MHz Z80 processor. The Sieve program is the Sieve of
Eratosthenes prime-number program [see "Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through
the Sieve" by ]im Cilbreath and Gary Cilbreath. January 1983 BYTE, page 283).
The Fibonacci program determines a series of Fibonacci numbers (i.e„ each number in
the series is. the sum of the two preceding numbers). The Copy program measures how
long it takes to input and output an 80,000-character text file. The Sort program
measures how long it takes to alphabetically sort the first 1 ,000 words in a BYTE
article. A graphic comparison of these results is given on the "At a Glance" page.

Execution Time (seconds):

Sieve
Fibonacci
Copy
Sort

Compile Times (seconds):

Sieve
Fibonacci
Copy
Sort

iztec BDS

C/80

Q/C

SuperSoft

Whitesmiths

32 37

95 81

91 75

218

205

224

54 119

102

123

76 18

173

105

339

65 18

253

80 20

116

296

99 20

139

327

i (K bytes):

18 12

10 4

12 6

316 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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REVIEW: C COMPILERS

continued from page 316

Listing 6a: The string-length program.

#include

<stdio.h>

#define

NTIMES 25000

#define

S "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the parity."

main!)

/* string: get length of string •/

int i;

for (i = 1; i <= NTIMES: I + + )
strlng(S);

}

exit(O);

strlng(s)
char - s;

char *p;

for (p = s; *s != \0'; s+ + l

}

return (s - p);

There are tricks you can use with the
various compilers to optimize the ob-
ject code they produce both temporal-
ly and spatially, but I wanted to keep the
benchmark tests as similar as possible,
rather than adapt each program to
make it most efficient for a particular
compiler.

However. 1 did perform a separate test
of each compiler's ability to use register
variables. This standard C feature allows
you to specify that a particular variable
be kept in a machine register whenever
possible. Because data kept in the
registers is more accessible than data
stored in ordinary read-write memory,
the intelligent use of register variables
can substantially speed a program up.

To measure the effect of using register
variables with each compiler, 1 wrote a
short program to repeatedly count the
number of characters in a string. Listings
6a and 6b show this program's regular
and register versions.

TWA's 3 miR BEATS IAN AM

318 BYTE • JUNE 1984

REVIEW: C COMPILERS

While the SuperSoft manual claims
that the compiler generates true register
variables, both SuperSoft test programs
executed at the same speed. BDS C
does not support register variables, but
all the other compilers did generate
faster object code for the register ver-
sion of the program.

A Tough Choice

Some people may find these results dis-
appointing because they don't clearly
determine which compiler is "best." I
think they are encouraging. They show
that competition is indeed alive and well
in program-development tools, a rela-
tively small part of today's CP/M-80 soft-
ware market.

A few years ago it was impossible to
find a C compiler suitable for serious
software development on an 8-bit
microcomputer. I. for one, am not go-
ing to complain that the proliferation of
these products now makes the choice
among them increasingly difficult. ■

Listing 6b: The string-length program using register variables.

#include <stdlo.h>

#deflne NTIMES 25000

#deflne S "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the parity."

mainl)
{

/* string: register version 'I

for (i = 1; i <= NTIMES: i+ + )
strlng(S);

exit(O):

strlng(s)
register char *s:

char *p;

for (p = s: *s ! = \0'; s+ + |
return (s - p):

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JUNE 1984 'BYTE 319

DONTCOMPROMISE:

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SOFTWARE REVIEW

Archon

In this

innovative

game,

pieces vie

for control

of a disputed

square

by Gregg Williams

I like games— board games, video games,
word games, any kind. I browse in game
and video stores the way most people
browse in bookstores. 1 play and analyze the
games 1 see (a lot of which come in to BYTE)
and buy the few that are worth the money. I've
animated even trie d designing different kinds of games.
I mention all this only to lend weight to what
I'm about to say: that Archon (pronounced
"ARK-on"), from Electronic Arts (see photo 1),
is one of the best computer games I've ever
played.

What makes a computer game good? For
me, an original game concept, a strong design,
and high repeat payability are all important,
but I also value something many computer
games don't address: appropriateness to the
computer format. In other words, whether the
game uses the computer to create something
that couldn't be done without a computer.
Sophisticated interactive adventures put the
computer to good use: computer cribbage
games do not.

Archon is special because it weds the
strategy- and the arcade-style video game
genres, and that makes for a very powerful
synergistic combination. The playing pieces
are mythological figures with different
characteristics (photo 1 ). When one piece
moves onto a square occupied by an enemy
piece, the playing board becomes a battle-
field, where the pieces battle to the death in
best arcade fashion (photo 2). The object of
the game is to capture five "power points" on
the board or to eliminate all enemy pieces.
Whether you play against another person or
against the computer, you must use both
strategy and arcade skills to win.

(My praise is for the Atari version of Archon.
Electronic Arts is adapting the game to other
machines, but I am not sure the game will play
as well on other machines.)

The Board

The pieces appear on a 9 by 9 playing board.
Some squares are permanently dark, others
are permanently light, and 33 of them (called
luminance squares) continuously change from
light to dark (through four shades of gray) and
back again, one change per turn. There are
five power points, one in the exact center and

one in the middle of each edge of the square
board. The power points are also luminance
squares: the other luminance squares trace a
path from any power point to any other power
point (making for a plus-sign-inside-a-diamond
shape). When the game begins, the light
pieces occupy the first two columns of
squares and the dark occupy the last two.

The Pieces

Each player has 18 pieces, two columns of
nine each. The initial layout resembles a chess
board: the innermost column consists most-
ly of pawn-like pieces (knights for the light
side, golems for the dark), leaving the more
powerful pieces behind them.

Each player has eight kinds of pieces, each
with its own movement (walking, flying, or tele-
porting) and method of attack (throwing an
object, thrusting with a short sword, or emit-
ting a destructive circular aura). Players con-
trol piece selection, movement, and combat
with joysticks. Each piece also has a fixed at-
tack force (how damaging the attack is), attack
speed (how fast the attack "moves"), attack
interval (how long until the piece can attack
again), and lifespan (how resistant the piece
is to an attack). For example, the phoenix can
fly up to five squares per turn, attacks by
radiating a fireball, and has a long lifespan:
its fireball is very powerful but radiates out-
ward slowly and takes a long time to build up.

One piece on each side (the wizard on the
dark side, the sorceress on the light) can cast
a spell instead of moving. There are seven
spells, and each can be used only once. Each
spell is potent (for example, one revives a
selected piece that has been killed), but you
shouldn't necessarily hoard them for later
use— you lose all remaining spells if your spell-
casting piece gets killed.

The rule book offers a lot of information
about the pieces, but be sure to read the
Archon Command Summary Card packaged
with the program disk. It contains information
that doesn't appear elsewhere in the package.
[text continued on page "ill)

Gregg Williams is a senior technical editor at BYTE.
He can be reached at POB 372, Hancock, NH
03449.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 321

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

AS GOOD AS

WHOLESALE

PRICES

64K RAM

Chips

[Min. 150) S4.99
(Quantity Price

IBM PC 64K FDC, 2x 320KB Disk Drive,
Monochrome Card, Monochrome Moni-
tor, Parallel Port $2699.00

TAVA System Unit with 128KB Mem-
ory, Floppy Drive Controller, Videoadapter,
2-320KB Slimline Drives, Monitor, Key-
board, Parallel Port & Serial Port

$2395.00

TAVA System Base Unit includes Pow-
er Supply, Parallel Port, Serial Port &
Keyboard S/299.00

TAVA 10MB System includes 128K
Memory, 10MB Hard Disk Drive, Monitor,
360KB Floppy Drive, Keyboard, Parallel
Port & Serial Port CALL

TAVA Floppy Drive Controller

$ 199.00

TAVA Color Graphics Card

$ 299.00

TAVA Video Adapter and Floppy Con-
troller-Two in one $ 499.00

TAVA Video-20 [Monitor Hi-Res) Green
or Amber S *99.00

TAVA 320KB Disk Drive Slimline

$ 199.00

10MB Hard Disk Sub-System

$1595.00

Apple He Starter System

Chassis

S1499.00
S 399.00

ANI

17752 Sky Park Circle, Suite 210

Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 261-6226, 6227

REVIEW: ARCHON

AT A GLANCE

Name

Archon (Atari version)

■type

Arcade/strategy game

Manufacturer

Electronic Arts
2755 Campus Dr.
San Mateo, CA 94403
(415) 571-7171

Price

S40

Authors

Anne Westfall, Ion Freeman, Paul Reiche III

Format

One 5 14-inch floppy disk

Number of Players

One or two

Language

Assembly language

Computers

Atari home computers with 32K bytes of
memory (expanded Atari 400 and 600XL,
standard Atari 800, 800XL, and 1200XL)
(Also available for Apple and Commodore
computers and the IBM PC.)

Documentation

A 14-page rule book, reference and com-
mand summary cards

Audience

People who want action, thinking, and
human interaction in a video game

[text continued from page 321)

Combat

You are advised to choose the time and
place of your combat well, because it
is influenced by your opponent's piece,
the combat history of both pieces, and
the color of the square. You have an
edge if your piece is "fresh" (i.e., un-
wounded), inherently powerful, or if it
is fighting on a square of its own color.
During combat, vertical bars called life-
lines appear on both sides of the com-
bat screen. These decrease in size every
time a piece is hit (see photo 2) and tell
you how close your piece is to being
destroyed. The wounds from a previous
battle leave a piece weakened until suf-
ficient time passes or a "heal" spell is
cast; pieces resting on power points
heal faster than those on ordinary
squares. Because pieces can be weak-
ened by combat, several weak pieces,
with some skill on the part of the player,
can successively weaken and destroy a
strong piece.

Combat is also affected by irregular
barriers that appear, fade, and disap-
pear cyclically. Depending on its solid-
ity, a barrier can allow, retard, or pre-
vent piece or projectile movement. To
survive in the battlefield, you must make
the best use of these barriers.

A final factor, square color, heavily in-
fluences combat. The lifeline of a piece
is considerably lengthened if it faces
combat on a square close to (or the
same as) its own color— the closer the
match, the greater the advantage. Re-
gardless of your piece's strength, you'll
usually want to do battle on your own
color.

Archon, from Electronic Arts.

322 BYTE • JUNE

REVIEW: ARCHON

Balance and Diversity

Another feature that distinguishes
Archon from other games is its atten-
tion to balance and diversity. Examples
of its diversity are that there are two
ways to win and that seven spells are
available to the sorceress and wizard
pieces. An example of balance is that,
although opposing pieces are different
from each other in shape and capabili-
ties, neither player has an advantage.

Archon gains vitality from its diversity
and payability from its balance. Without
diversity, a game becomes repetitive
and boring. Without balance, one player
has an unfair advantage, and the game
suffers.

Unfortunately, Archon suffers from an
imperfect balance between arcade and
strategy skills. Although the game calls
on both strategy and arcade skills, it
seems to favor the player with more of
the latter. I know— 1 seem to constantly
lose to the same people who beat me
in arcade games.

Evaluation

Archon can be played against either the
computer or a human opponent. (In this
respect, it reminds me of two of my fa-
vorite multiplayer games, M.U.L.E. from
Electronic Arts and Cytron Masters from
Strategic Simulations.) The version re-
viewed here runs on any Atari home
computer with 32K bytes of memory
(an expanded Atari 400 or 600XL or a
standard Atari 800, 800XL, or 1200XL).
I wish the authors had made it a 48K-
byte game and used the extra 16K to
provide some variant games, different-
ly skilled computer opponents, or some
kind of handicapping. The computer op-
ponent is unmercifully skillful, making
the single-player game an exercise in
good sportsmanship (how can you be
a good sport when you lose to a com-
puter?). Some Archon players claim they
can consistently beat the computer—
I'd be interested in knowing how.

Archon's authors, Anne Westfall, )on
Freeman (cofounder of Automated
Simulations and author of the award-
winning game Temple of Apshai), and
Paul Reiche III, all of Freefall Associates,
are to be thanked for their contribution
to the gaming community. (They're said
to be working on a sequel, Archon II.)
Electronic Arts deserves praise as well
for its superior game packaging and rule
book, which make a good game even

more enjoyable, and for the exception-
ally high standards that mark this and
other Electronic Arts products.

Although Archon would be better if
it had some game options and if it

placed less of an emphasis on arcade
skill, it is still a great game: fun, yet not
mindless; involved, yet not hard to
learn; and rewarding and varied enough
to be played again and again. ■

Photo 1 : The chess-like strategy board of Archon. When two pieces meet on the same
square, the action transfers to a combat battlefield [see photo 2).

Photo 2: The Archon battlefield. Here, a dark goblin prepares to strike a light knight.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 323

M I

EPSON LQ-15Da

. : ..

Minor miracle.

Or how Epson got two

astonishing printers to

occupy the same space.

The new LO-1500:

You've never seen anything quite like the new
Epson LQ-1500 Business Printer. It switches
effortlessly back and forth between draft and
letter-quality printing, on fanfold* or single sheet
paper. And it does it at a price every office can
afford.

Two for one.

With the LQ-1500 in draft mode, you can race
through a report at 200
characters per second. Then
switch over to letter quality
and polish off a pile of
correspondence four times
faster than the average
daisy wheel.

Need graphics? The
LQ-1500 gives you business
charts with a crispness and
definition you wouldn't
think possible in a dot
matrix. And with the LQ-1500's 15.5-inch carriage,
your spreadsheets and ledgers can take on a
distinction they've never had before.
The secret.

The Epson LQ-1500 is the logical extension of
Epson's outstanding dot matrix printers. Instead
of nine "wires" forming each letter, however, the
LQ-1500 has 24. So you get letter-quality characters
to rival fine office typewriters. In proportional.
Italic. And condensed, expanded, subscript,
superscript and over 200 other different typefaces.
All without changing a print wheel. With the
LQ-1500, you can even create 128 characters or
symbols of your own and add them to the printer's
internal memory.
String of miracles.

For Epson, the LQ-1500 is just one more in a long
line of miracles, many of which are also on display
at your neighborhood computer dealer.

And like all products in the Epson line, the
LQ-1500 is now backed by a one-year warranty
on parts and labor, ready to go to work with just
about any personal computer made, and available
in more places than any other brand.
But that's not really miraculous. That's just Epson.

The way the LQ-1500
goes from high-speed
draft. . .to letter quality]
printing is a positive
miracle!

Actual LQ-1500 print sample.

EPSON

Number one. And built like it.

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

3415 Kashiwa Street, Torrance. California 90505
Call (800) 421-5426 for the Epson dealer in your area. In California call (213) 539-9140.

Epson is a registered trademark and LQ-1500 is a trademark of Epson America, Inc. 'With optional tractor unit

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

SemiDisk and SemiSpool:

SURE-FIRE WAIT-REDUCTION!

A is

t-iy.v

512Kbyte

SemiDisk l $1095

Time was, you thought you couldn't afford a
SemiDisk. Now, you can't afford to be without one.

256K 51 2K IMbvte

SemiDisk l.S-100 $8!

IBM PC

TRS-80 Model II
SemiDisk II, S-100
Battery Backup Unit $1 50

$895 $1095 $1795

$1095 $1795

$1395 $2095

Time was, you had to wait for your disk drives. The
SemiDisk changed all that, giving you large,
extremely fast disk emulators specifically designed
for your computer. Much faster than floppies or
hard disks, SemiDisk squeezes the last drop of
performance out of your computer.

Time was, disk emulators were afraid of the dark.
When your computer was turned off, or a power
outage occurred, all your valuable data was lost.
But the SemiDisk changed all that. Now, the
optional Battery Backup Unit helps take the worry
out of power interruptions. It keeps the SemiDisk
powered for up to 5 hours during a power failure.

Time was, you had to wait until your printer finished
printing to use your computer. That's changed, too.
Now, the SemiSpool print buffer in our Version 5.0
software, running under CP/M 2.2, frees your
computer for other tasks while your data is printing.
With a capacity up to the size of the SemiDisk itself,
you could implement an 8 Mbyte spooler!

But one thing hasn't changed. That's our
continuing commitment to supply the fastest,
highest density, easiest to use, most compatible,
and most cost-effective disk emulators in the
world.

SemiDisk.

It's the disk the others are trying to copy.

SemiDisk Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box GG Beaverton, OR 97075 (503) 642-3100

Call 503-646-5510 for CBBS»'NW, a SemiOisk-equipped computet bulletin board 300 1200 BAUD

SemiDisk trademark ot SemiDisk Systems, Inc. Copyright E 1983 SenwDisk Systems, Inc CP'M Trademark Digital B

n^T™<n

SYSTEM REVIEW

The Chameleon Plus

mimic of the

Computer,

packaging

It'c a ar\r\r\ ^1P^ ^ e Chameleon Plus is an enhanced
IL S 3 gOOU version of the Chameleon, an IBM PC-

JKL compatible that was announced in
1982. Like the $1995 Chameleon, the $2895
IRM PPf^OnPll Chameleon Plus is a portable computer that
,: v J ' c ! ,u ' "' ' can run three different operating systems: MS-
DOS, CP/M-86, and CP/M-80. Seequa Com-
puter Corporation, based in Odenton, Mary-
DUt itS designed the Chameleon Plus to be com-

patible with MS-DOS and IBM Personal Com-
puter software in particular.

After using the Chameleon Plus for three
neeClS revision months, I've come to believe that Seequa has

almost succeeded. 1 loaded a wide variety of
software— all marked "for the IBM PC— into the
Chameleon Plus, and it ran most of it without
BY RICH KRAJEWSKI complaint or mistake.

The Chameleon Plus is intended for business
people who want a computer and enough soft-
ware to get running, and who want IBM com-
patibility, but who don't necessarily want an
IBM. These people are willing to trade the
security of the IBM name for a lower price.
Hobbyists will reject the Chameleon Plus
because it has no built-in expansion capabil-
ity. Home computerists will be turned off by
the price, which is lower than that of an IBM
PC but is still too high for the home market.

The original Chameleon had only single-
sided floppy-disk drives and 128K bytes of
memory. The price of the Chameleon Plus in-
cludes 2 56K bytes of memory; a 9-inch green
monitor; two 5!4-inch, double-sided floppy-disk
drives; an IBM-style keyboard; a serial port; a
parallel printer port; a 5-MHz 8088 micropro-
cessor; and a 2.5-MHz Z80A microprocessor.
In the software department you get MS-DOS
version 1.2 5, Perfect Writer, Perfect Calc, Perfect
Speller, and Microsoft's BASIC-86.

The Condor I database program and the GW
BASIC interpreter are supposed to come with
the machine, too, but so far Seequa has been
substituting lOUs for these programs. Can you
imagine buying a computer system that's sup-
posedly bundled with software and getting an
IOU instead of the software? Strangely enough,
that's happening.

carry it home. Let me tell you, that machine
is heavy— 28 pounds heavy. I could probably
have endured the weight if it weren't for the
handle, which is cold, poorly shaped, and no
friend to hands. If you grab the handle just a
little off center, the machine tries to wrench
itself out of your hands. The solution, if you
do buy one of these things, or if your uncle
gives you one for your birthday, is to purchase
a Kaypro carrying bag. I've heard from reliable
sources that the Chameleon Plus fits just dandy
into it, and it makes toting the machine a
bearable task.

The Chameleon Plus opens as shown in
photo 1 : place your finger between the latch
and the knob, then pull the latch out and up.
Notice in the photo how the finger strains. This
latch was definitely not designed for arthritic
hands, nor was it designed for frequent open-
ings and closings. 1 would pass up the
Chameleon Plus (as well as its fewer-featured
relative, the Chameleon) because of that latch.
There are plenty of inexpensive, easy-to-open
latches available for a manufacturer to choose
from. Why did Seequa purposely choose such
a rotten one? I hope that someday the product
designers at Seequa will replace this painful
latch with a small, easy-to-open, metal latch.

And while they're doing that, they ought to
redesign the case of the machine. It's a metal
case, which has the virtue of durability, but un-
fortunately it mars the furniture. The unit does
have some tiny rubber pads on its bottom, but
they help only when the machine is lying flat.
When you prop it up on its carrying handle,
the case's unprotected rear edge engraves
designs on your desk.

The display screen is like any other good
monochrome display: it has fine contrast, a
sharp 80-character by 2 5-line image, and com-
fortable brightness. It can also show high-
resolution graphics with its 640- by 200-pixel
matrix. Unlike good displays, though, this one
tends to waver: the characters start undulating
every so often, which is not on my list of de-
sirable display characteristics. 1 suspect the
(text continued on page 328)

The Case of the Chameleon Plus

Before I opened the Chameleon Plus, I had to

Rich Krajewski is a technical editor at BYTE. He can
be reached at POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 327

REVIEW: CHAMELEON PLUS

{text continued from page 327)
problem is an inadequate or poorly
regulated power supply, but the system
is no less guilty for that.

The Chameleon Plus has an outlet for
connection to a composite color moni-
tor. As with the IBM PC, the Chameleon
Plus can display 16 different colors in the
text, with up to 4 on the screen at one
time in medium-resolution graphics
mode. According to the Chameleon Plus
User's Manual, the Chameleon Plus has
16K bytes set aside for display memory,
which is enough to handle one screen
of graphics.

The keyboard (made by Key Tronic) is
much like the IBM PC's, except that the
Chameleon Plus's keys are springier. It
took me a while to get used to the dif-
ferent feel. Two improvements it has over
IBM's keyboard are the Caps Lock key
and Num Lock key indicator lights, which
tell you when these keys are active.

The Chameleon Plus has an 8088
microprocessor (which has a 16-bit inter-
nal and an 8-bit external data path) and
a Z80A microprocessor (which has 8-bit
internal and external data paths). This
lets the Chameleon Plus tap two major
sources of business programs— the IBM
PC world and the CP/M-80 world. At
least it does theoretically. In real life,
though, it is more an IBM work-alike than
an 8-bit CP/M machine, as I'll explain

Photo 1: Opening the Chameleon Plus can
result in digital pain.

later in this article.

The Chameleon Plus comes with 2 56K
bytes of RAM (random-access read/write
memory) and 16K bytes of ROM (read-
only memory). The ROM contains ini-
tialization, booting, and some diagnostic
routines. (It does not contain a BASIC in-
terpreter as the ROM in the IBM Per-
sonal Computer does, but the intended
market for the Chameleon Plus— busi-
ness people— will probably not care.) Ac-
cording to Seequa, technically knowl-
edgeable users can add 80K bytes of ex-
tra ROM to the Chameleon Plus for
special applications. Seequa claims that
extra RAM can be added, too, with an
external expansion box. I have not seen
the expansion box (and, it appears,
neither has anyone else), so I don't know
how it affects the operation or portability
of the computer. It can't make carrying
the Chameleon Plus any easier. Without
the expansion box. you won't be able to
expand memory, but 256K bytes of
RAM is enough for most of today's per-
sonal computer applications.

The two double-sided, double-density
disk drives that come with the machine,
the same kind used in many IBM PCs,
hold 3 2 OK bytes each with the version
of MS-DOS that is provided. If you buy
MS-DOS version 2.0 (which you'll prob-
ably have to buy from IBM because See-
qua doesn't yet offer it), you'll be able
to store 360K bytes on each drive.

Every computer should have one
parallel port for connection to a printer
and one RS-232C serial port for connec-
tion to a modem. The Chameleon Plus
comes with these two ports standard.
The utility program called Option lets
you configure the ports, direct data from
one port to another, set the speed of
data transmission, and change the pro-
tocol of the data. For example, you can
tell the computer to send printer output
to the serial port at 1200 bits per sec-
ond, with even parity, 7 data bits, and
1 parity bit.

A drawback of the ports is their lack
of labeling. Once again, Seequa has
made a packaging error. To be sure, this
is a drawback that is easy to overcome,
but only with the help of a dealer or the
user's manual. It is a nuisance that See-
qua could have easily avoided.

The power supply is designed to
operate with either 110- or 220-volt
power, but your dealer must make the
switch for you. Seequa advertises an op-

tional battery pack for the computer, but
a spokesman for the company told me
that it's not yet available. I have no idea
how long the battery pack will take to
recharge or how long it will provide
power, but guess what? Seequa doesn't
know either.

The Mystery of the Missing
Options

Seequa advertises several options for
the Chameleon Plus: the expansion
chassis, extra RAM, the battery pack that
i've already mentioned, a hard disk, a
second asynchronous-synchronous serial
port, an IEEE-488 bus port, an analog-
to-digital converter, an RGB (red-green-
blue) color-monitor interface, and an
8087 math coprocessor. On the software
side you can purchase two additional
operating systems, CP/M-86 and
CP/M-80.

This is an admirable selection of op-
tions that, surprisingly, seems geared to
the scientist. For instance, the analog-to-
digital converter is certainly not for
business applications. The converter, the
IEEE-488 bus port (which controls scien-
tific instruments), and the 8087 math
coprocessor are for the laboratory.

Though this is an admirable selection,
it is also a misleading one; two dealers
I spoke with said that they did not have
in stock the expansion box nor about
half of the other options. One said that
the expansion box was not available,
while the other said that he could order
one for me. Whom to believe? I called
Seequa, and a spokesman confirmed
that the options in question were not
available (see the "At a Glance" box on
page 329), but he promised that even-
tually they would be. This leaves the last
chapter in this mystery unwritten, for we
do not know if Seequa's promise will be
fulfilled. We shall have to wait and see.

You could, of course, tell yourself that
you don't need options; the Chameleon
Plus can handle the usual applications
programs— word processors, spread-
sheets, databases— without accessories.

Software

MS-DOS version 1.2 5, standard on the
Chameleon Plus, works exactly like PC-
DOS version 1.1 as far as the business
user is concerned. You can also buy
CP/M-80 and CP/M-86. If you want, you
can buy PC-DOS version 2.0 from an
{text continued on page 332)

328 BYTE" |UNE 1984

f\ I rV v*L/\lNv,El

Name

Chameleon Plus

Manufacturer

Seequa Computer Corp.
8305 Telegraph Rd.
Odenton. MD 21113
(301) 672-3600 or
(800) 638-6066

Components

Size: 8 by 18 by 15/2

inches

Weight: 28 pounds

Processor: 5-MHz 16-/8-bit

8088 and 2.5-MHz 8-/8-bit

Z80A

Memory: 2 56K bytes

Display: 9-inch diagonal,

green phosphor, built-in

monitor: 80 characters by

2 5 lines: nonadjustable:

composite color video jack

Keyboard: IBM PC-style

Mass storage: Two 5!4-inch

floppy-disk drives. 320K

bytes each

Expansion capability:

None

I/O interfaces: One

RS-2 32C serial port and

one parallel printer port

Software

MS-DOS 1.25, BASIC-86.
GW BASIC. Perfect Writer,
Perfect Calc, Perfect
Speller, Condor I, C-Term
communications program

Optional Hardware

Second RS-232C port $49
4-channel. 8-bit analog-
to-digital converter S49
RGB monitor interface S49
8087 coprocessor $320

Optional Software

CP/M-80 version 2.2 $150
CP/M-86 $60

Perfect Filer (runs
under MS-DOS) $495

Documentation

User's manual. 147 pages:
MS-DOS, 1 54 pages:
Microsoft BASIC, 69 pages:
BASIC reference guide, 149
pages: Perfect Writer/
Speller, 377 pages: Perfect
Calc. 346 pages

Price

$2895

MEMORY

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 K

MAXIMUM FLOPPY-DISK CAPACITY

100 ZOO 300

STANDARD* OPTIONAL**
BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES

) 2

6 8
1
1

PRICE

$0 $1000

$2000

$3000

$4000

$2748

CHAMELEON PLUS

3 APPLE IE

The memory graph shows the standard and optional memory available for the computers under com-
parison. The graph of disk storage capacity shows the highest capacity of a floppy-disk drive on each
of the computers. The bundled software graph shows the number of software packages that are in-
cluded with the system. The price graph shows the costs of the Chameleon and the IBM PC with two
5!4-inch. double-sided, doubie-density. floppy-disk drives: a monochrome monitor with connection ap-
paratus: color-display capability: a printer port and a serial port: 2 56K bytes of memory: the standard
operating systems for the computers being compared: and their standard BASIC interpreters. The Apple
lie includes a monochrome monitor, two disk drives, 64K bytes of memory, and a printer port and a
serial port.

IUNE 1984

IYTE 329

The rear of the Chameleon Plus, pictured on a 4-inch grid. Notice the lack of The top of the Chameleon Plus with the cover removed. Servicing the unit
labels and the trap door. should be easy because of the accessibility of the components. Unfortunately.

there is no room for expansion.

DISK ACCESS IN BASIC
400

BASIC PROGRAM PERFORMANCE
500

400

300

200

100

CALCULATIONS

SYSTEM UTILITIES
50

SPREADSHEET (MULTIPLAN)
25

DISK COPY RATE

FILE COPY

LOAD

RECALCULATE

CHAMELEON

IBM ■ APPLE

The graphs of BASIC program performance and disk access in BASIC show the times for running the benchmarks in listings 1 and 2. The
system utilities graphs show how long it took to format and copy a disk (adjusted for 40K bytes of disk data) and to transfer a 40K-byte
file using the system utility programs. The spreadsheet graph shows how long the computers took to load and recalculate a 2 5- by 25-cell
spreadsheet using Microsoft's Multiplan.

330 BYTE • IUNE 1984

How theTI65-II makes
short woikof long problems

Whenever you can solve
complex problems quickly and
accurately, you're ahead of the
game. And that's exactly what
the TI-55-II does for you. By
giving you 112 pre-programmed

capabilities. This way you can
work out linear regressions, per-
mutations and combinations, just
to name a few.

The TI-55-II also gives you
enough programmability to

functions (like definite integrals), eliminate a lot of repetitive key

it allows you to take short cuts
without losing accuracy. You'll
accomplish a lot more in less
time which means increased
efficiency.

With our TI-55-II you can
tackle problems you thought
could only be solved with higher

punching. Our Constant Mem-
ory™ keeps programs and data
on tap, even when the calculator
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REVIEW: CHAMELEON PLUS

[text continued from page 328)
IBM PC dealer. PC-DOS 2.0 gives you the
advantage of additional disk space and
slightly faster disk access time. It runs
with no glitches on the Chameleon Plus,
as far as I can tell. The only problem in
the MS-DOS department is the TIME
command. In either version of MS-DOS.
TIME keeps terrible time; it loses about
2 seconds every minute. This means that
programs that rely on time updates will
run poorly.

Currently, Seequa provides BASIC-86
with the Chameleon Plus. This lets you
run most IBM BASIC programs that do
not use graphics. Seequa promises to
send GW BASIC to its customers one of
these days. GW BASIC I understand, is
completely compatible with IBM
BASICA, but I haven't seen it yet.

The word-processing programs that
come standard with the Chameleon Plus,
Perfect Writer and Perfect Speller, are
similar to other word-processing pro-
grams and are perhaps better. These two
programs have a number of advanced
features that you would expect to find
on a dedicated word processor. For in-
stance, Perfect Writer has commands
that let you transpose words or letters.
Most other word-processing programs
require that you either type the items
over again or use the command for mov-
ing blocks. However, these simpler pro-
grams are also simpler to learn than
Perfect Writer and Perfect Speller.

Perfect Calc is a spreadsheet program
that's also standard with the Chameleon
Plus. I would rate it as average because
there are several more sophisticated
spreadsheets on the market (for ex-
ample, Lotus 1-2-3).

As for the optional CP/M-80 operating
system, a surprise awaits you: Seequa's
version of CP/M-80 does not open the
world of CP/M-80 software to you. At
best, it lets you get your toe in the door.
But in no way could anyone say it leaps
ahead of you, opens the door wide, and
bows low when you pass through; See-
qua's version of CP/M can read only
disks that are in the IBM PC CP/M-86 for-
mat. And good luck finding CP/M-80
software in CP/M-86 format. Even See-
qua doesn't sell any. I understand Zenith
Data Systems may carry some 8-bit soft-
ware in this format, but what a patch
quilt. I'd rather have a guaranteed source
of software.

In its helpfulness, Seequa gives you the

name and address of a company that
sells a disk-translation program, called
Crossdata, for $99. The program enables
your computer to read different disk for-
mats. So, if you want to "run software
from the vast library of CP/M-80 software
currently available," as Seequa's ads say
you'll be able to do with its Chameleon
Plus, you'd better make sure your dealer
stocks the software in a format the
Chameleon Plus can read. Or be willing
to spend another $99.

One Chameleon Plus dealer I spoke
with said that he could transfer most
CP/M-80 software onto Chameleon Plus
disks. This is a point to remember if you
intend to buy this machine— make sure
the dealer can help you get CP/M-80
software if you plan to use 8-bit software.
Actually, I talked to a couple of
Chameleon dealers about this and they
claimed that there is very little call for
Chameleon Plus 8-bit software.

Performance

The "At a Glance" box shows the results
of a comparison of the Chameleon Plus,
the IBM PC, and the Apple He. The
BASIC benchmarks that I used to test the
disk access and program performance
of the computers are shown in listings
1 and 2. The benchmarks for system util-
ities and standard spreadsheets are quite
different from our previous benchmarks
and require some explanation.

Since much computer time is spent
transferring files from disk to disk, I
measured how quickly the system
utilities (DISKCOPY, COPY, etc.) of the
three computers were able to perform
this function. The results are presented
in the system utilities graphs. 1 also tested
how quickly the machines ran a popular
applications program, Multiplan.

Before you start writing letters to me,
let me say I know that the times I
measured are functions of the computer,
the applications program, the operating
system, and the test files. 1 know that if
I had used different programs or files,
the times might have been faster or
slower. Don't get upset because you feel
that your favorite applications program
would have done the job better. This is
not a comparison of applications pro-
grams; this is a comparison of computer
systems. The numbers are for com-
parison only— to demonstrate whether
one computer saves more time than
another in typical applications.

I placed the test files on otherwise
blank disks to avoid unknown delays due
to random disk file arrangement. The ap-
plications program was in drive A, the
test file in drive B. I always began timing
from the last keystroke needed to begin
the action under test; I stopped timing
when the cursor reappeared.

I did the spreadsheet tests on a 2 5- by
25-cell spreadsheet. I didn't use the
spreadsheet provided with the
Chameleon because I wasn't as familiar
with it as I am with Multiplan.

The IBM PC I used had 2 56K bytes of
RAM on its motherboard and another
2 56K bytes on a QuadRAM board. I did
not use any of the QuadRAM software,
but that does not mean the board did
not affect the operation of the IBM. The
PC also had an IBM monochrome board.

IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED

The Chameleon Plus is basically a good
machine. It served me well for the three
months I used it. As a matter of fact, I
wrote much of this review on the
Chameleon Plus. However, as you've
probably gathered by now, I feel that the
machine could use a bit of improving.
It needs a padded, balanced handle; a
nondestructive case; a small, metal latch;
a copy of Crossdata or a similar program
thrown in when you buy CP/M-80;
labeled I/O ports; and no IOUs. And See-
qua ought to stop advertising ac-
cessories that aren't available and, in-
deed, may never be.

If Seequa doesn't or can't include
Crossdata, then I think it ought to offer
8-bit applications software with the
proper disk format for the Chameleon
Plus. With the recent introduction of the
IBM Portable Computer, Seequa will
have to work extra hard to stay com-
petitive; providing a convenient source
of 8-bit software is one way to do it.

DOCUMENTATION

I received my first version of the
Chameleon Plus several months ago.
With that first machine came a typo-
graphically hard-to-read and incomplete
manual that was utterly useless. Never-
theless, I thought that the machine itself
was very useful. Before the latest version
of the Chameleon Plus arrived, I was go-
ing to recommend to you cognoscenti
who read BYTE that you shouldn't let the
bad documentation steer you away from
(text continued on page 334)

332 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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Additional telephone jack
with exclusion switching

Analog loop back self test

Self Test at Power Up

Call Progress Detection (Busy, Dial
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Full Complement of Status Lights
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REVIEW: CHAMELEON PLUS

{text continued from page 332)
this computer because, for most pur-
poses, all you have to do is buy a book
about how to use the IBM PC and you'll
learn how to use the Chameleon Plus.
The difference in price between the IBM
and the Seequa more than makes up for
the additional cost of the books.

Fortunately, all that rigmarole is no
longer necessary because the
Chameleon documentation has been im-
proved tremendously. The manual now
includes unpacking and setup instruc-
tions, as well as enough information to
get you started on the applications
software.

The documentation for the optional
CP/M-80 operating system is another
story. The CP/M-80 user's manual sup-
plied with the Chameleon Plus version
of CP/M-80 is just a reprint of Digital
Research's CP/M Operating System Manual.
It is far from being a "user's guide"; it
is, instead, a programmer's guide. The
average purchaser of the Chameleon
Plus with the CP/M-80 option will be on
his own when it comes to using CP/M-80.
Fortunately, several good CP/M-80
guides are available, but it's disappoint-
ing to be left in the lurch by Seequa.

The Manufacturer

Seequa Computer Corporation has been
in existence since 1979. It is a privately
owned corporation. The firm seems to
be growing, but that may change with
the introduction of the IBM Portable
Computer. If the company were to fold,
the dealers that sold the Chameleon Plus
will not, so you will probably still be able
to obtain service for the machine. The
Chameleon Plus uses no unique com-
ponents as far as I can tell, so replacing
parts should not be a problem. Of
course, even if the IBM Portable
becomes a big success, Seequa may still
survive.

Service

According to the warranty, service for the
Chameleon Plus is available from
authorized Seequa dealers. The machine
has a warranty for 90 days. Since you
know that all computers break eventual-
ly, you ought to check with your local
dealer to find out what the repair costs
might be. It may help swing your pur-
chase decision either toward or away
from the Chameleon Plus.

[text continued on page 336)

Listing 1: The IBM PC and Chameleon Plus benchmark programs.

LISTING I

5 REM: THE DISK WRITE BENCHMARK FOR THE IBM PC

40 A$ = "12345678123456781234567812345678"

60 BS = AS + AS + AS + A$

80 NR=5I2

100 OPEN "b:test" FOR OUTPUT AS #1

140 FOR 1=1 TO NR

180 PRINT #1. B$;

200 NEXT I

220 CLOSE

240 PRINT "DONE"

5 REM: THE DISK READ BENCHMARK FOR THE IBM PC

10 NR=5I2

20 OPEN "b:test" FOR INPUT AS #1

30 FOR 1 = 1 TO NR

40 B$ = INPUTS(I28. II

50 NEXT I

60 CLOSE

70 PRINT "done"

5 REM: THE SIEVE BENCHMARK

10 SIZE = 7000

20 DIM FLAGSI7001)

30 PRINT "start one iteration"

40 COUNT =

50 FOR 1 = TO SIZE

60 FLAGS! I) =1

70 NEXT I

80 FOR 1 = THEN 170

90 IF FLAGS(l) = THEN 170

100 PRIME =1 + 1 + 3

110 K = 1 + PRIME

120 IF KSIZE THEN 160

130 FLAGSIK) =

140 K = K + PRIME

150 GOTO 120

160 COUNT = COUNT+ I

170 NEXT 1

180 PRINT "done: ";COUNT" primes found"

5 REM: THE CALCULATION BENCHMARK

10 NR = 5000

20 DEFSNG A-Z

30 A= 2.71828

40 B = 3. 14159

50 C= 1

60 FOR 1=1 TO NR

70 C = CA

80 C = C.B

90 C = C/A

100 C = C/B

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT "done"

130 PRINT "error = ":C- I

334 BYTE- IUNE 1984

We've long recognized that suc-
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marketplace requires a
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lb bring the technology of market-
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At C.Itoh Electronics, that means
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That's why, from the very begin-
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involvement in the high technology
electronics industry. This includes
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the same time, engaging in research

and development, cross licensing
and venture capital investing.

In addition to developing and
marketing its own unique products,
C.Itoh Electronics buys products
from many international manufac-
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sales offices, sales representatives,
distributors and OEM's. More than
10 Japanese manufacturers who
market their products in the U.S.
are currently represented.

Cltoh Electronics also procures
products from more than 30 U.S.
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It 's no wonder that when it comes to
bringing high technology to market,
C.Itoh Electronics has the best ideas.

REVIEW: CHAMELEON PLUS

(text continued from page 334)

The two dealers 1 talked to offer repair
service. Dealer A offered a service con-
tract for $245 per year; dealer B said he
did not offer such a contract, but said
he would replace inoperative parts at
price plus a "small markup." He couldn't
tell me what the small markup would be.
I am not a suspicious man, but I tend to
shy away when facts cannot be given.
You would be wise to do the same.

Availability

Certainly availability is a factor in
deciding which computer to buy. At
press time, the two dealers 1 spoke with
said that Chameleon Plus computers
were available. Seequa recently moved
into larger quarters and expanded its
work force to keep up with demand.

I also asked the dealers if they like the
machine, its manufacturer, and if the
machine is selling well. One said he sells
10 Chameleons for every 1 Columbia
portable microcomputer. According to
him, "Columbia doesn't care about its
dealers or customers. Seequa has been
more responsive. Seequa has had prob-
lems, but everybody is going to have
startup problems." He said that the
Chameleon also sells better than the
Eagle, the Morrow, and the NEC APC all
of which he offers.

Here, I thought, is a testimony for See-
qua. But further questioning cast doubt
on its validity. "Do you," 1 asked, "make
more money when you sell a Chameleon
than when you sell one of the other
brands?" I had him there. "Yes." he con-
ceded, "but not always, and even when
I do make more, it is only a small amount
more."

Summary

On its plus side, the Chameleon Plus is
a reliable machine that offers more fea-
tures and a lower price than the IBM Per-
sonal Computer. On the minus side, it is
hampered by several errors in ergo-
nomics and support— the case, the latch,
and the unavailable options come to
mind. If I could get quick delivery, if I
didn't need to carry the computer, if
there were a service facility nearby, and
if 1 had a Formica desktop, I would con-
sider buying the Chameleon Plus. But I
wouldn't make up my mind until 1 had
seen some of the other portables, such
as the Panasonic Sr. Partner and the IBM
Portable Computer. ■

Listing 2: The Apple We benchmark programs.

LISTING 2

5 REM: THE DISK WRITE BENCHMARK FOR THE APPLE II E

40 A$=T 23456781 23456781234567812345678"

60 B$ = A$ + A$ + A$ + AS

80 NR=5I2

100 PRINT CHRS(4l:"OPEN TEST"

120 PRINT CHRS(4I;"WRITE TEST"

140 FOR 1 = 1 TO NR

180 PRINT B$;

200 NEXT I

220 PRINT CHR$(4);"CLOSE TEST"

240 PRINT "DONE"

5 REM: THE DISK READ BENCHMARK FOR THE APPLE II E

10 NR=5I2

20 PRINT CHR$(4):"OPEN TEST"

25 PRINT CHR$(4|;"READ TEST"

30 FOR 1=1 TO NR

40 INPUT B$

50 NEXT I

60 PRINT CHR$(4):"CLOSE TEST"

70 PRINT "done"

5 REM: THE SIEVE BENCHMARK

10 SIZE = 7000

20 DIM FLAGSI700II

30 PRINT "start one iteration"

40 COUNT =

50 FOR 1 = TO SIZE

60 FLAGS|I)=I

70 NEXT I

80 FOR 1 = TO SIZE

90 IF FLAGS(l| = 0THEN 170

100 PRIME =1 + 1 + 3

110 K=I + PRIME

120 IF KSIZE THEN 160

130 FLAGS(K| =

140 K = K + PRIME

150 GOTO 120

160 COUNT = COUNT+ I

170 NEXT I

180 PRINT "done: ";COUNT" primes found"

5 REM: THE CALCULATION BENCHMARK

10 NR = 5000

30 A = 2. 71828

40 B=3. 14159

50 C= I

60 FOR 1=1 TO NR

70 C=C.A

80 C=C.B

90 C = C/A

100 C = C/B

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT "done"

130 PRINT "error ■ ";C- 1

336 BYTE' IUNE 1984

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JUNE 1984 -BYTE 337

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HARDWARE REVIEW

The Texas Instruments
Speech Command System

You can now
give voice

Computer or
use it as an

The TI Professional Computer can now
listen to its master's voice and carry
out the commands. The Texas Instru-
ments Speech Command System is an ad-
COJYIIYOflQS vanced voice interface and communications

package that provides a base for sophisticated

tO tile 1 t voice and data integration. The piggybacked,

— 7 ; 7 two-board speech-processing system is built

PrOreSSlOnal around proprietary components, occupies
one of the Tl Professional Computer's expan-
sion slots, and provides a combination of
communication functions never before
offered to the personal computer user. These

answering functions inc,ude:

— ** "voice recognition

machine and -voice storage

'voice playback

3 Smart •integrated telephone functions

j jr 'pulse or tone dialing

telephone 'dual-tone multifrequency decoding
'selection of communications channel

By combining these functions with the proper
software, it is possible to give voice com-
mands to any application and have an in-
BY MARK HAAS telligent telephone or a sophisticated tele-
phone-answering machine, and more.

Setting Up the

Speech Command System

The TI Speech Command System has three
major components: the Speech Command
System hardware, the Speech Command Sys-
tem software, and the Transparent Keyboard
software. These components work together to
combine the functions described above into
useful tools. In addition, Texas Instruments is
offering a Speech Design Kit to software de-
velopers to allow them to design additional
applications around the hardware component.
The average user does not need to know
what the various components of the Speech
Command hardware do. It is really a special-
purpose computer system with its own pro-
prietary coprocessor, designed to perform a
limited number of tasks. Texas Instruments
provides the software necessary to program
this computer to perform its special tasks. You
only need to install this piggybacked board
into a slot on the TI Professional Computer

system board and run a series of diagnostic
tests.

Installation is fairly straightforward. I found
it necessary to move some of the boards
already installed in the system to accom-
modate this new thicker board. (I have already
installed an internal modem, a Winchester
hard-disk controller, and an asynchronous
communications board.) The speech board
cannot fit in either the first or last slots, leav-
ing only three possibilities. Because it is a
piggybacked system, it takes a bit of care fit-
ting the board into the narrow space (see
photo 1). A wire connecting this board to the
speaker on the main system board must also
be installed if you intend to use the internal
speaker. It takes a steady hand and perhaps
a pair of needle-nose pliers to do the job.

After the board is installed, the headset (or
an external microphone and speaker) is con-
nected and the diagnostics are run. Every
function of this complex system is tested, even
the voice quality. It was a bit of a shock when
the computer first started talking to me. This
is not synthesized speech but rather the
reproduction of someone's voice that had
been stored as data on the diagnostics disk.
When the tests are successfully completed,
the system is ready to be used.

The software for the Speech Command Sys-
tem is contained on two disks that in my case
had to be copied first onto the hard disk.
Before the system can actually be used, a
number of commands must be issued from
the operating-system level, and they must be
used in the proper order. Some of these com-
mands also have one or more arguments as-
sociated with them that may or may not be
included, depending on how you will be using
the system. It took me awhile to sort out the
numerous software components.

First, a command file called CALIBRAT is
used to determine the gain setting necessary
for your particular voice and microphone. It
can also be used to actually set the gain, too.
Then, if your computer uses a Winchester
(tat continued on page 342)

Mark Haas is the technical director at Osbornel
McGrai^Hi/1 (2600 Tenth St.. Berkeley, CA 94710).

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 341

REVIEW: TI SPEECH

AT A GLANCE

Name

Speech Command System

Manufacturer

Texas Instruments
Data Systems Group
Austin. TX 78769

Price

$2600

Hardware Required

Texas Intruments Professional Computer
with 192K bytes of RAM; hard disk
recommended

Documentation

Hardware installation and test manual;
Speech Command software users manual

Audience

Serious computer users or users with
special needs

(text continued from page 341)
hard disk, you invoke WINPATCH to
modify the speech system for use on a
hard disk. Next, you enter PCSPEECH
to install interrupt vectors in the oper-
ating system and load the control soft-
ware into the Speech Command hard-
ware. PCSPEECH can also contain argu-
ments for setting the gain (previously
determined by using CALIBRAT), the
output volume, and a switch to turn the
Smartphone (described below) on or
off. The manual accompanying this sys-
tem presents several examples of batch
files that can be used instead of invok-
ing each of these commands individual-
ly. At this point you are finally ready to
do something.

The Transparent Keyboard

The Transparent Keyboard software pro-
vided by Texas Instruments allows the
user to enter data into the computer by
voice. What this data is and how it is
used is left up to the individual, al-
though a number of predefined vocab-
ularies are provided for applications
such as Lotus 1-2-3 and EasyWriter. I
used the Transparent Keyboard and a
vocabulary I designed to verbally enter
commands into my word-processing
software, PeachText, to write this article.
I can insert and delete, scroll forward
and back by line or page, perform block
moves and cursor movements, and even
save my file and return to the operat-
ing system without touching the key-
board. But not having to touch the key-
board is not the point here. What is im-
portant is that 1 can concentrate on
writing this article without having to
remember which function key is the one
that will insert a line, which one will
delete a line (they are next to each
other), and then have to move my hand
from the keyboard to enter it. All 1 have
to do now is say "split" to insert a line
and "line delete" to delete a line. All this
does not come easily, however.

In order to use the Transparent Key-
board, you must first define a vocabu-
lary (or use one of the prepared ones)
and then teach the computer to recog-
nize your voice. The Speech Command
(SC) software allows you to accomplish
this. After initializing the system with all
the preliminary commands described
above, entering "SC" will activate the
Speech Command software.

The Speech Command software, by

the way, can do a number of things
besides defining the vocabulary for the
Transparent Keyboard. These include:

•activating a sophisticated telephone
management system
•setting up a calendar/tickler manager
•setting up a dictation system

Defining a vocabulary comprises
several steps. First, the words you want
the system to recognize must be deter-
mined and typed into the system. The
system uses these only as a prompt
later when you are teaching it to
recognize your voice. If, for instance,
you type COPY but say "directory," it will
recognize the word "directory." Of
course, any language can be used, too.

Next, the equivalent keystrokes these
words will activate must be defined.
Alphanumeric keys, control codes, func-
tion keys (alone or in conjunction with
Control, Shift, and Alternate), and even
phone pad keys can be used. In fact, any
key or legitimate combination of keys
can be used because you can enter this
data either literally (COPY for the word
"copy"), as a hexadecimal code (using
a caret [ " | as a prefix), as a key code
(using a tilde | ~ ] as a prefix), or as a
phone pad command (using two tildes
| | as a prefix). All the codes are con-
tained in an appendix to the users
manual. A definition can contain up to
2 54 characters. Thus, it is possible for
one voice command to activate a whole
series of commands that would normal-
ly be entered manually

Up to 50 words may be defined in any
one vocabulary, but if more words are
necessary, there is a mechanism that
allows you to switch among several
vocabularies. For example, during my
test of this system I defined one vocab-
ulary for the operating system and
another for PeachText. The two vocab-
ularies totaled more than 50 words. In
my operating system vocabulary I in-
cluded a command called EDIT. The
equivalent keystrokes defined for EDIT
look like this:

PT-0DED-0D"2
PT is the name of the PeachText com-
mand file. The "0D defines the hexa-
decimal code for a carriage return. This
combination causes the PeachText pro-
gram to start. ED and the second car-
riage return then tell PeachText that I
want to edit a file. Finally, the ~~ 2 tells
the Speech Command System to swap

342 BYTE • IUNE 1984

REVIEW: TI SPEECH

vocabularies, turning off the operat-
ing-system vocabulary and turning on
the PeachText vocabulary. Whenever 1
say "edit" at the operating-system level,
these characters are presented to the
system as if I had entered them
manually.

Once the second vocabulary is ac-
tivated, only the words contained there-
in will be recognized. It is possible,
therefore, for the same word contained
in two vocabularies to have different
keystrokes specified for it, and thus ob-
tain different results. For instance, the
word "delete" in my operating-system
vocabulary produces the string DEL,
while the same word in my PeachText
vocabulary produces the equivalent of
the Delete key.

There must be another switch in the
second vocabulary to get back to the
first one (or to a third one that, in turn,
will lead back to the first). In my case
I have defined the command DOS to get
me back. This keystroke definition ends
with '"1 to switch back to the first
vocabulary.

The vocabulary words and their
equivalent keystrokes are entered in two
columns on a series of screens in the
SC software; words on the left, key-
strokes on the right. After all definitions
are entered, they are saved onto disk
by pressing function key F8.

It is then necessary to teach the com-
puter to recognize your voice. The SC
software makes this an easy two-step
process. First, words are entered by say-
ing each one once as it is pointed to by
the SC software. Since it is nearly im-
possible to say any word exactly the
same way twice, the words are then up-
dated by repeating each word a num-
ber of times to average the variations
in the way a word is pronounced.

The degree to which the system is
recognizing your voice can be tested
using a built-in test function. All the
words of a vocabulary are displayed on
the screen and as you say each one, in
any order, the system tries to recognize
and point to it. The screen also displays
a number from to 9 as an indication
of the degree of fit as each word is

Photo I: The TI Speech Command

hardware consists of the plug-in circuit

card, a headset and extension cord, and

a modular phone cord to connect the

circuit card to a telephone wall jack.

recognized. In addition, the highlighting
used to point to a recognized word will
be either green (high degree of fit),
yellow (moderate degree of fit), or red
(marginal recognition). This information
can then be used to update those words
with marginal or moderate recognition
until all words test green.

After all the vocabularies are deter-
mined, the equivalent keystrokes de-
fined, and the system taught to recog-
nize your voice, you still need to install
these vocabularies into the system and
turn on the Transparent Keyboard fea-
ture. Assuming you've already per-
formed the steps outlined above (CALI-
BRAT, WINPATCH, and PCSPEECH), the
next step involves a bit more user inter-
action.

From the operating system the com-
mand TPKSETUP is entered. TPKSETUP
changes the keyboard interrupt vector.
If you intend to use more than one
vocabulary, it will be necessary to also
add a numerical argument to the com-
mand, based on the size of the vocab-
ulary files you want to include, plus
some overhead figure to tell TPKSETUP
how much memory to reserve. If you
don't reserve enough memory, not all
the vocabularies will be able to be in-
stalled at the next step in the process.
It then will be necessary to start again
from scratch by rebooting. I found this
a rather roundabout way of dealing with
this problem, but it seems that once

TPKSETUP is run, you can't run it again
without rebooting.

Next, the command TPK is entered.
Here you are asked for the number and
names of the vocabularies you wish to
use, whether you are using a headset
or microphone, and which vocabulary
you want to activate first. If you didn't
reserve enough memory when using
TPKSETUP, then TPK will not load all the
vocabularies. But at least it will tell you
how much memory you should have re-
served. Assuming you did reserve
enough memory, you can now begin
using voice input.

Using Voice Input

The first command I gave the computer
was "directory return," which caused the
directory of the entire hard disk to scroll
by, all 3 1 7 files (actually, it was two com-
mands). I noticed that it seemed to be
scrolling a bit more slowly than usual.
Then I noticed that if I issued another
command, even just a "return," while
the directory scrolled by, it started
scrolling faster. This would appear to in-
dicate that the Speech Command Sys-
tem, operating in the background, could
degrade performance to some degree.
To test the degree to which perfor-
mance was affected, I ran three of the
standard BYTE benchmarks while the
Transparent Keyboard was enabled. The
first test 1 ran was the Sieve of
{text continued on page 344)

IUNE 1984

1YTE 343

REVIEW: Tl SPEECH

The system can pluck
recognized words from
a stream of words, and
string together multiple
recognized words.

(text continued from page 343)
Eratosthenes (see January 1983 BYTE,
page 283). Surprisingly, it ran in 2
minutes 38.2 seconds, exactly the same
time it ran in before the speech hard-
ware was installed. Next, 1 ran the disk
write and read benchmarks, using the
hard disk for convenience. This time,
however, the times were slower, running
7.8 and 5.5 seconds respectively, in-
stead of the 7.1- and 5.1-second times
recorded previously. These times repre-
sent 10 percent and 8 percent degrada-
tions. (See "The Texas Instruments Pro-
fessional Computer" in the December
1983 BYTE, page 286, for a table listing
all the benchmark times.)

Since 1 originally noticed the slow-
down during display scrolling, I next
issued a TYPE command from the oper-
ating system to display the contents of
a 53K-byte file. Without the Transparent
Keyboard enabled, the file scrolled by
in 59.8 seconds. With the Transparent
Keyboard enabled it took 1 minute 43.6
seconds, a 73 percent increase in time.
Again, if I issued another command dur-
ing the scrolling, the scrolling would
speed up.

1 brought this problem to the atten-
tion of Ken Bice of Texas Instruments
while 1 was at the Fall 1983 COMDEX
in Las Vegas. It turned out that TI was
unaware of the slowdown but was ex-
tremely interested in my findings. The
following week. Ken called me with a
complete explanation of the problem.
The Transparent Keyboard software, it
seems, patches in its own keyboard de-
coding routine by changing an interrupt
vector (see my December 1983 review).
Every time application or system soft-
ware checks for keyboard input, it has
to pass through this extra code. The
TYPE command does this after every
character displayed, thus the significant
slowdown. Reading and writing to disk
does this less frequently. When a ver-
bal command is uttered and recognized

by the speech system, the keyboard
checks pass through less code since
there is data in the keyboard buffer, and
the processes then speed up. Apparent-
ly it would take a major revision of the
Transparent Keyboard software to fix
this.

Distinguishing Voices

An important factor to consider when
evaluating a speech system is how well
it recognizes your voice. 1 defined a
simple vocabulary consisting of words
beginning or ending in plosives, such as
"type" and "edit," as well as words be-
ginning or ending in sibilant esses such
as "search" and "thesaurus." I also in-
cluded combinations of similar words
such as "delete," "line delete," and
"word delete." and "scroll forward" and
"scroll back." The results were interest-
ing.

The system had no trouble distin-
guishing the similar word combinations.
The words "delete," "line delete," and
"word delete," as well as the two scroll
commands were never confused. The
sibilant esses proved to be no problem
either. But I did have trouble with the
plosives. I attribute this more to my dic-
tion, however, than to some shortcom-
ing in the system, since further testing
by another individual showed no prob-
lem, and a serious effort on my part to
more clearly pronounce the words
resulted in improved performance. Also
the system has the ability to pluck
recognized words from a stream of
words, such as a sentence, and string to-
gether multiple recognized words.

1 also wanted to test the system to see
how well it recognized a female voice.
Using the same vocabulary as before,
1 had my sister-in-law (who has a distinct
midwestern accent but excellent diction)
teach the system to recognize her voice.
In most cases the recognition (closeness
of fit) was greater, especially on the
words that had given me trouble.

Next, I wanted to test how well voice
recognition could be used as a security
device, responding only to my voice.
Using a vocabulary based on my voice
data, 1 had my sister-in-law speak the
contents of the vocabulary. There was
no recognition whatsoever. Since our
voices are markedly different, this didn't
surprise me. I then had my brother-in-
law try the same thing. Though our pro-
nunciation is somewhat different, our

voice qualities are very similar. This time
the system recognized every word.
Using the built-in test facility of the SC
software, I looked for closeness of fit.
In most cases the closeness of fit was
moderate to marginal, although one
word did score a nine. I would not
recommend using this system as a secu-
rity device.

Ambient sounds are present in any of-
fice environment. Although 1 didn't test
this system in an office, 1 did try to simu-
late it by having others talk in the back-
ground and make other loud noises
while I used the system. 1 could detect
no adverse effects on system perfor-
mance.

Finally, I tried changing my voice,
speaking in a moderately higher pitch
as might be the case when one has a
cold. This time the system did have
trouble recognizing my voice and
missed most words.

The only other problem I encountered
concerned false triggers, the issuance
of a command when none was spoken.
Whether this was due to ambient
sounds (the fan on the computer is
quite noisy) or a bug in the software, it
can become not only quite annoying
but dangerous. There were enough of
these false triggers that I would hesitate
to recommend using the Transparent
Keyboard feature for important work. I
made sure there were no words defined
in my vocabulary that could cause irre-
parable damage should they be invoked
accidentally. For example, I did not in-
clude the QUIT command in my Peach-
Text vocabularies because invoking it
would cause the entire file to be lost.
On several occasions during the writing
of this article I found PeachText sudden-
ly stopping when no command had
been spoken. Fortunately, it was ex-
ecuting a normal END and saving the
file on disk. It was annoying, but not
disastrous. These false triggers occurred
only when the microphone on the head-
set was on. I called Tl to ask about this
problem. According to TI, it seems to
be a matter of a buffer overflowing, and
they are working on it.

It should also be noted that the Trans-
parent Keyboard feature will not work
with Tl's communications software
unless a patch is installed. TI informs me
that this is a temporary solution and
that with the release of MS-DOS 2.0
(text continued on page 346]

344 BYTE • IUNE 1984

THE BUFFER DID IT.

K«P

^°

Who Stole The 1500 Letters
From The Computer?

Let's just say you've got to
send a letter to 1500 different
people. Would you like to
spend 22.5 hours* or
60 seconds of

computer «***

time? ^ v \

With
a garden-
variety
buffer, the
computer has
to mix, merge
and send 1500

addresses and 1500 letters to the
buffer. Trouble is, most buffers
only store about 32 letters. So after
32 letters, the computer's down
until the printer's done. Altogether,

you're talking 22.5 hours.

In the case of our new (not to
mention amazing)
there s _ ShuffleBuffer,

aVs tu ^aaorv Jf com P uter time
keijev* ,-'. 1nuscr ipts, repon seconds

But

mar,

J ev e j,

t fin

y ou'a i 0ve

my v

flat.

Just give
ShuffleBuffer one form letter and
your address list, and it takes care
of the mixing, the merging, and the
printing. But that's not all
ShuffleBuffer's stolen from the
computer. Oh, no.

Who Changed and
Rearranged The Facts?

Again, ShuffleBuffer's
the culprit. You want
to move para-
graph #1
down
where
#3 is?
Want
to add a
chart or
picture? No

problem. No mystery, either. Any
buffer can give you FIFO, basic
first-in, first-out printing. And some

^a™

p 6 Bfl* llU

rff

buffers offer By-Pass; the ability to
interrupt long jobs for short ones.
But only ShuffleBuffer has what we
call Random Access Printing — the
brains to move stored information
around on its way to the printer.
Something only a computer could
do before. Comes in especially
handy if you do lots of printing.
Or lengthy manuscripts.
Or voluminous green
and white spread
sheets. And by the
way, ShuffleBuffer
does store up to
128K of information
and gives you a
By-Pass mode, too.

And Who Spilled The
Beans 239 Times?

Most buffers can't
tell the printer to
duplicate. If they can,
they only offer a
start/stop switch,
which means you're
the one who has to
count to 239. Turn
your back on your
buffer, and your
printer might shoot out
a room full of copies.
ShuffleBuffer, however,
does control quantity.
Tell it the amount, and
it counts the copies.
By itself.

So, What's The Catch?

There isn't any
Sleuth
around.
You won't
find another
buffer that's as slick a
character as this one.
You also won't find one that's
friendly with any parallel or serial
computer/printer combination.
This is the world's only universal
buffer.
With a brain.

Who Wants You To Catch
A ShuffleBuffer In Action?

You guessed it. We do. Just go to
your local computer dealer and ask
him to show you a ShuffleBuffer at
work. Or, you can call us
'& at (215) 667-1713, and

e>\ a '

we'll clue you in on
all the facts directly.

jSl©'

BUtf 1

. ^

* Based
on an average
4000 character letter
& 128K buffer.

f ou'd oe
ByMH. ""*'

V ■

fJKf an <mu sp «.neuf- ^ ■

, . mi jS Dim. ""* ow '

■ nlfVV VI* ^ M

^ShuffleBuffer

The Buffer with a Brain

Interactive Structures Inc.
146 Montgomery Avenue
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 345

REVIEW: TI SPEECH

The Speech Command
software lets your TI
PC send telephone
messages and serve as
an answering machine.

(text continued from page 344)

(due out by the time you read this) the

problem will solve itself.

Other Features of the
Speech Command System

Besides allowing you to define vocab-
ularies to be used with the Transparent
Keyboard, the SC software can turn
your TI Professional Computer into a so-
phisticated telephone messaging sys-
tem.

In its most traditional role. SC software
allows the TI PC to act like an answer-
ing machine. You can "record" up to five
greeting messages of any length, pro-
vided you have enough disk space. You
can then direct the system to play one
of these messages whenever it answers
the phone. You can program how many
rings to wait before answering, too.
When the computer picks up the line it
immediately plays the chosen greeting
message and then goes into record
mode and awaits the caller's response.
In most cases, the caller will simply
leave a message of some arbitrary
length. The message is saved after the
caller hangs up, and the file is time and
date stamped. Remember, the voice in-
formation is being digitized and stored
as digital data on a disk as any other
type of file would be, not recorded in
analog form as with a tape recorder.
Consequently, the file can be time and
date stamped, copied, and combined
with other information such as a text
description of the contents of the
message. TI's software allows you to do
all these things and more.

The answering machine functions
allow you to review the messages in two
ways, either from the keyboard or
remotely using a Touch-Tone keypad.
Messages are stored in two groups: new
messages that have been added since
the last review, and older messages that
have been previously stored. When per-
forming this function from a remote
location over the telephone, a four-digit

password must be entered first, and
voice prompting then guides you
through the rest of the process. You can
even request the time and date of a
message and the system will respond
by voice. Again, this is not synthesized
voice, but rather a real voice that has
been processed and stored in a file and
provided with the software.

The SC software also allows your TI
PC to become a message-sending sys-
tem. It will automatically deliver a
message you have recorded to every
phone number listed in a directory you
create and then optionally record any
reply the called party may have. You
program the system to begin calling at
a certain time, to allow each phone
called to ring a certain maximum num-
ber of times before going on to the next
number, and to keep trying unreached
numbers until a certain cutoff time. The
system will then start calling at the
predetermined time, beginning with the
first number in the directory, proceeding
down the list. If a phone is not answered
before the maximum number of rings
programmed, the system will go on to
the next number until the end of the
directory is reached. At this point the
computer attempts to call numbers not
reached the first time, and so on until
the cutoff time is reached.

One of the more mundane functions
the SC software performs, but one that
is fun to play with, is that of a dictation
machine. You talk and it records. You
can then play your words back. But you
can also control the speed of playback
without changing the pitch of the voice.
Push a few buttons and you, too, can
sound like the fast-talking man on the
Federal Express commercials. As with
any dictation machine, you can also
move forward and back within the
"recording" and pause at any point.

Lastly, the SC software provides a
calendar/tickler system. You can enter
appointments, birthdays, and such,
along with an associated date and time.
You can choose to have a reminder
placed on the screen when you first use
the SC software on any given day. But
this functionality is low, in my opinion,
since you could be wrapped up for
hours designing, say, a Lotus 1-2-3
model and you won't be reminded of
anything until you run the SC software
again. This function could be quite
useful if the tickler system were running

in the background with the ability to
play back a verbal message or pop a
message onto the screen at any time no
matter what other program you were
running.

Quality versus Quantity

The quality of voice reproduction in a
system such as this is closely associated
with the rate at which the recorded
voice is sampled. The higher the sam-
pling rate, the more bits per second, the
greater the fidelity on playback. The
price paid for this fidelity is the amount
of storage needed to hold all this data.
The new compact disk stereo players
use a laser to record music at a sam-
pling rate of 5 5,000 samples per sec-
ond, and each sample is a 16-bit word.
When recording is limited to voice only,
several "tricks" can be performed to
greatly reduce the volume of data nec-
essary to produce intelligible speech on
playback.

When you consider that the recording
rate of the Speech Command System is
only 2400 bits per second, it's astound-
ing that you can understand the play-
back at all. TI has done a remarkable
job of providing adequate voice quali-
ty and high storage density. At this rate,
a single 320K-byte disk is capable of
holding up to 16 minutes of digitized
speech, and a 5-megabyte hard disk can
accommodate over eight hours of voice
data. TI accomplishes this minor miracle
with a technique called linear predictive
coding, or LPC. Basically, LPC converts
the incoming voice signal into a series
of numbers representing the coeffi-
cients of an equation. This equation
models the human vocal tract. Upon
playback, these coefficients are then
used to drive this artificial vocal tract,
and speech is produced. One side
benefit of this system is that long
pauses between words or sentences are
eliminated, and precious disk space is
not used for "dead air." Also, this system
is designed for voice recording only,
and it does that very well. An attempt
to record music resulted in a series of
blips and squeaks, though they did have
a definite rhythm.

The Smartphone

Another component of the Speech

Command System is the Smartphone.

The Smartphone provides a truly inte-

(tot continued on page 348)

346 B YTE • JUNE 1984

More For Your Micro

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with service and support not available elsewhere.

1. Digital Signal
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CROSSTALK or even Hayes' SMART-
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New from MST«

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The 212 A
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The most economical way to get
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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 347

REVIEW: TI SPEECH

[text continued from page 346)
grated phone system for your TI PC that
is capable of completely "hands-off"
phone operation.

The Smartphone is activated by a soft-
ware switch when invoking the PC-
SPEECH command from the operating
system. By itself, the Smartphone allows
you to make phone calls through your
headset (or microphone) using the
numeric keypad on the TI PC's keyboard
to dial. It also allows any extension
phone with a Touch-Tone keypad to use
the Smartphone features. These fea-
tures include:

•redialing of the last number called
•speed dialing any number in a direc-
tory using only three keys
•eliminating incoming calls (callers
hear the phone ring, not a busy signal)
•switching between tone and pulse
dialing
•dial tone detection

The Smartphone becomes even more
impressive when used with the Trans-
parent Keyboard.

Imagine yourself deeply immersed in
an application, such as writing a review
of a Texas Instruments product, when
you suddenly realize you need to call
someone at TI for information. While
you're still using your trusty word pro-
cessor you utter "Call TI" and a few
moments later you hear the phone ring-
ing in your headset. You get the infor-
mation you need, jotting it down with
your word processor as you talk, press
a key to hang up, and complete your ar-
ticle. This is not a fantasy. What 1 just
described is possible using the Smart-
phone in conjunction with the Trans-
parent Keyboard.

DOCUMENTATION

Texas Instruments provides a compre-
hensive manual detailing every function
of the Speech Command System. It
does a decent job of familiarizing you
with the use of a fairly complex system.
It provides several examples to aid in
understanding and even suggests
methods for streamlining system opera-
tion, such as creating batch files for sys-
tem initialization. A smaller, separate
guide is provided for the physical in-
stallation of the processor card, and it,
too, clearly describes the process, point-
ing out trouble spots and supplying il-
lustrations for clarity.

Conclusions

Texas Instruments has provided a truly
unique package of functions at a price
that is only a fraction of that charged
for less-capable, stand-alone voice-
recognition systems. (If you don't think
$2600 is cheap, then you should see the
prices on the other systems.) TI also pro-
vides a fair amount of software to allow
you to do some useful things with your
computer. But I think it will be the in-
dependent software vendors who deter-
mine whether this product succeeds or
fails.

You have to understand one thing.
The Speech Command System is
basically another computer within your
Texas Instruments Professional Com-
puter. TI provides two levels of software
There is the systems software that gives
this computer its basic smarts— digitize
a voice, reproduce a voice, detect Touch
Tones or produce them, and so on. The
second level of software is the applica-
tion that runs on the TI PC and accesses
the functions of this second computer,
in this case the SC software and the
Transparent Keyboard software, and
combines them with its own logic to
produce a useful product. Without the
proper software the hardware is useless.
At the same time, however, the user has
absolutely no access to this computer-
within-a-computer and cannot develop
any other applications for it. Instead, a
software developer needs to invest
about $8000 to license the run-time
software for integration into an applica-
tion, and then needs to purchase a de-
velopment kit to be used in conjunction
with a high-level language to develop
the application. Thus, any purchaser of
this system will have to rely on (as yet
nonexistent) third-party software devel-
opers to provide new ways in which to
use it. (Software developers interested
in designing applications for this system
should contact Bill Smiers at Texas In-
struments in Austin, Texas.)

The potential of voice input is exciting
and could solve many of the problems
now encountered with mice and touch-
screens. There are perhaps dozens of
specialized applications for this system
(e.g., an aid to the disabled). All in all,
I found the Speech Command System
quite impressive. With the exception of
the false triggering, which is a problem
I suspect TI will solve, the system per-
formed as advertised. ■

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348 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 349

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SOFTWARE REVIEW

Volition Systems'
Modula-2

A version of

Modula-2 for

the Apple II

by Eric Eldred

How does Volition Systems' imple-
mentation of Modula-2 stack up in
the hands of a nonprofessional
Apple Pascal programmer? This review should
answer that question.

Why Modula-2?

Modula-2 was designed for systems program-
ming, so it has speedy low-level facilities built
into a readable high-level language. You don't
have to restrict yourself to one microproces-
sor's assembly language. Modula-2 has inter-
rupts and coroutines and can perform multi-
tasking on the Apple II.

The language embodies the ideals of struc-
tured programming. Its module concept is
superior to Apple Pascal's intrinsic units both
in ease of use and efficiency. The definition
module, which replaces the interface section
of a unit, can be compiled separately and can
make teams work well together. Only the data
that must be shared need be exported; every-
thing else will be inaccessible and, therefore,
protected against accidental or malicious tam-
pering. Modules maintain type checking, and
version checking protects against changing
the definition module without recompiling the
programs that depend on it. It is possible to
do some of this in Apple Pascal but it is never
easy (see Michael Feldman's "Information
Hiding in Pascal," November 1981 BYTE, page
493).

Modula-2 remedies some of the problems
of Apple Pascal (few units, no open arrays,
limited I/O (input/output), etc.) but it doesn't
force you to abandon Pascal entirely. Pascal's
block structure is still there because variables
exist inside the same procedures. Yet there are
some arbitrary differences as well as im-
provements in syntax, so it will take a Pascal
programmer a few weeks to become comfor-
table thinking in Modula-2. For example, see
the connected example of source code in
listing 1. When you run this program, it will
ask you to enter a real number, which must
have a decimal point. If the number converts
to integer 1, then the module Scheduler
creates a status window and you can type
anything into the top window while the trivia
test is going on below. If what you type con-

tains either of the two uppercase characters
not on the standard phone dial, you will create
another silly process. Statements in the form
(*$..*) are directives to Volition's compiler. If
you set (*$UPCASE:=TRUE:*), enter "|"
(which divides CASE statements) as "!".

The Product

Let's take a closer look at the Volition Systems
package. Three disks come with it: M2SYS:,
M2LIB:, and M2PROGS:. Volition's Advanced
System Editor (ASE, pronounced "ace") and
p-Shell (formerly "p-Nix") are available as op-
tions on separate disks.

On M2SYS:, there is a file called SYS-
TEM.MODULA that replaces Apple's SYS-
TEM.PASCAL. This is the standard Apple 6502
operating system, based on UCSD Pascal III,
but the file is 40, rather than 41, blocks long
(a block is two sectors, or 512 bytes). Your
command prompt line will work exactly the
same as in Apple Pascal.

M2SYS: also contains a p-code ("pseudo-
code," or the instruction set of an imaginary,
portable p-machine) interpreter, called SYS-
TEM. APPLE, written in 6502 assembly code.
It is 32 blocks long and is not much different
from the Apple Pascal file it replaces, except
that it has extensions for Modula-2. Because
it does not have the two UCSD support
routines IDSEARCH and TREESEARCH, it can-
not run the Apple Pascal compiler or any user-
written Pascal programs containing TREE-
SEARCH.

Volition does not supply a Pascal compiler
with the Apple system; therefore, you must
boot Apple Computer's SYSTEM.APPLE and
SYSTEMCOMPILER on a separate disk if you
wish to program in Pascal. Also, the system
will crash if Pascal programs using long in-
tegers are run under the Volition interpreter;
this problem may be resolved in a later re-
lease of Modula-2. Incidentally, many people
who have made patches to the Pascal SYS-
(tert continued on page 354)

Eric Eldred is a chief pulmonary technologist for
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massa-
chusetts. He can be reached at RFD 2, English Range
Road. Deny. NH 03038.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 353

REVIEW: MODULA-2

AT A GLANCE

Name

Modula-2

Type

Modula-2 one-pass p-code
compiler, p-code interpreter,
library modules, and utilities.

Version

0.3k

Manufacturer

Volition Systems
POB 1236
Del Mar. CA 92014
(619) 481-2286

Format

5!4-inch disks. Apple Pascal 1.1
format, unprotected

Computer Needed

Requires 64K-byte Apple 11+ or
lie and two disk drives;
80-columns and lowercase input
and display helpful but not
essential; versions available for
the Apple III, 64K-byte IBM PC
(not XT or PCjr), Z80/8080. and
Sage II and IV

Software Required

Apple Pascal 1.1 or 1.2 (not
1 .0); Apple III version needs
Pascal and SOS

Documentation

241 -page user's manual. 8V2- by
1 1-inch 3-ring binder: Niklaus
Wirth, Programming in Modula-2,
2nd edition (NY: Springer-
Verlag). 1983. 176 pages,
hardcover

Price

$295

with ASE. $395;

Modula-2 User's Manual. $3 5;

ASE User's Manual. $2 5:

Winn's book, $16; p-Shell

available through UCSD p-

System Users' Society (USUS)

and the International Apple

Core

Audience

Systems and application
software developers, individuals
advanced in Pascal

[text continued from page 353)
TEM.APPLE for various reasons will find
most will not work with the new inter-
preter unless done with SYS-
TEM.ATTACH.

The more recent Volition releases in-
clude a file called SMALL.APPLE, which
uses significantly less memory than
SYSTEM.APPLE, and SMALL.COM-
PILER, with which you can compile
larger Modula-2 programs— as long as
you do not employ real numbers.

P-Code Compiler

The centerpiece Modula-2 compiler was
written in Pascal and is one block
shorter than Apple Pascal's 75. It is a
fast, one-pass compiler that compiles to
p-code.

Using a p-code compiler is significant
because such programs can execute on
other machines for which there is a suit-
able p-code interpreter. (Even Apple II
Pascal code files can't run under the
Apple III Pascal interpreter.) The Volition
compiler has an option to flip the "byte-
sex" of the code, so you can compile
a program on a 6502-based system and
then on a computer that has the high
byte in opposite order, such as the
68000. I think the Volition Modula-2
system will be attractive to program-
mers who want to reach a majority of
the business market (Apple, IBM, CP/M,
68000) with a single tested program.

The compiler has some other ad-
vanced features, including conditional
compilation. I found it convenient to use
with Volition's optional ASE edition.
When the compiler caught a syntax
error, it first reported an English phrase,
not an error number. I then got a chance
to enter the editor at the place the error
was found, hit the space bar, and cor-
rect it. After finding and correcting the
error, 1 still had to start the compilation
all over again. If you set the (*$DEBUG:
=TRUE;*) compiler option, a run-time
error will report the procedure name,
rather than some cryptic number. But
there is still no true debugger with
breakpoints or single stepping.

The major difference between Voli-
tion's implementation and Wirth's
Modula-2 standard is Volition's inclusion
of PACKED variables, FORWARD dec-
larations, and CODE procedures.
PACKED variables and FORWARD dec-
larations were included to save memory
and disk space. (The FORWARD declara-

tion could have been dispensed with
because it is logically possible to write
mutually recursive procedures in a
roundabout fashion, but its inclusion
does simplify work for a one-pass com-
piler.) The CODE procedures, which
allow you to perform low-level opera-
tions with p-code instructions, are not
needed in standard Modula-2. Pro-
grams that use any of these extensions
will not be directly compilable with a
standard Modula-2 compiler. Other dif-
ferences occur between Volition's and
Wirth's Modula-2. Volition uses IN-
TEGER, rather than the standard CAR-
DINAL, values for FLOAT and TRUNC
and integer size limits for the maximum
CASE label, DIV and MOD, but these
are more limits than violations of the
Modula-2 standard.

Using Modula-2

Volition has added most of the I/O and
string-handling features that have made
UCSD Pascal so popular, but they are
located in the utility library on the
M2LIB: disk. Thus the standard lan-
guage is sparse, pure, and elegant, and
the user has access to as much power
as desired. There are minor syntax dif-
ferences from the Pascal versions of
some procedures.

The utility library includes the module
Decimals, which gives COBOL-like for-
matting "pictures" for business or scien-
tific purposes.

You will need to put the library (97
blocks) and user files on the second
drive because of the Apple's limited disk
capacity. Much of the time it takes you
to get used to Modula-2 will be spent
in determining which module to import
and which module is dependent on
which. Because whenever you import a
module you put it and its dependent
modules in memory, you will quickly use
up your workspace unless you are
careful. The manual gives helpful hints
on how to maximize either compilation
or run-time space. I had to make up a
map of module dependencies.

LIB.CODE, the library manager on
M2L1B:, is an improvement over the
similar Apple Pascal LIBRARYCODE
because

• You can hide and unhide modules
in the library to speed up the com-
pilation process.

• You can remove definition

354 BYTE • IUNE 1984

REVIEW: MODULA-2

modules after all the implementation
modules and programs have been
compiled and they are no longer
needed.

• You can concatenate user modules
into a program library that you can
then compact by doing an update.

• You can go into compiled program
code, extract a module, and reuse it
in another program. You don't have
to disassemble it to get the source
text, you can make full use of it with-
out its being a separate code
fragment.

• You have 64 slots in the standard
library versus 16 in Apple Pascal, and
module overlays are much superior
to Pascal's segments.

Software Benchmarks

Is Volition Systems' Modula-2 any faster
than Apple Pascal? To find out, I ran
BYTE's Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-
number generator program (see
"Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More
through the Sieve," by )im Gilbreath and
Gary Gilbreath, January 1983, page
283).

The Modula-2 program in listing 2 ran
in 322 seconds (or about 11 percent
faster) on the Volition system versus 363
seconds for the Apple Pascal version in
listing 3. 1 couldn't resist tinkering with
the declaration order of the original
benchmark. 1 declared the integer or
cardinal variables before the array, re-
versing the customary sequence of lines
9 and 10. Though it's not widely known,
the UCSD p-machine was designed with
more efficient storage instructions for
the first 16 words of data in a procedure,
so you should always declare the most-
used scalar variables first and arrays
(which take more space) last. Other
Pascal compilers' times may not im-
prove using the modified Sieve shown
in listing 3.

The Modula-2 compiler also does not
allocate storage in backward order as
the Apple Pascal compiler does when
you assign several variables the same
type within the same statement. Thus,
to be absolutely fair, I reversed the
order inside the Pascal integer variable
declaration (see line 9), but because
those variables are still within the first
16 words of data, it made no difference
in running time.

BYTE's original Modula-2 benchmark
(text continued on page 356)

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REVIEW: MODULA-2

(text continued from page 354)
was not written in standard Modula-2
syntax, so it would not compile. (The
Apple Pascal benchmark wouldn't com-
pile either until I changed the name of
the program from "Prime," which ali-
ased one of the identifiers, to "prime.")
When I tuned up the text, turned off
range checking, and optimized both
with addition instead of multiplication
on line 18 (leaving the declaration order
as in the originals), the benchmarks ran
in 375 seconds for Volition's Modula-2
and 451 for regular Apple Pascal 1.1.
Both might run faster if the arrays were
initialized with FillChar, but that was
specifically disallowed because of port-
ability concerns. The Volition system has
FillChar, but it should be used cautious-
ly because it avoids some of the usual
tight type checking. The Sieve article ex-
plained how to turn off range checking
if that were available, and so I did.

The fourth column of the listings,
which gives the offsets, or bytes, gen-
erated, shows that the way these com-
pilers work is different from what you
would expect from the text files. The
Modula-2 compiler left the message
shown below the listing; the program is
compact, occupying 176 bytes. This
doesn't count the module InOut, which
will also be loaded into memory at run
time, before the timing starts. Note that
procedures such as WriteString don't
generate more code than Pascal's
WriteLn, they simply make the program-
mer do more of the work.

In particular, observe that the Volition
Modula-2 compiler uses comparative-
ly few bytes for a FOR loop. 1 under-
stand that Volition's president, Joel
McCormack, invented a new method of
coding the FOR. . .TO. . .BY. . .DO. . .END
loops that saves the p-machine much
space and time. Because benchmarks
such as BYTE's mainly use this control
structure, Volition's programs test faster.
Other constructs might not be as effi-
cient, but Wirth claims that Modula-2 's
CARDINAL type and the built-in INC
procedure, to name a few, are superior
to Pascal's.

Please note that for some reason my
benchmarks were slower than others
BYTE gave for Apple Pascal, but some
of my timings have been confirmed by
Alan Anderson in an article submitted
to Apple Orchard magazine.

In my experience, Volition's Modula-2

Listing 1 : This program creates four windows on the screen to demonstrate some
features of Modula-2 . Each coroutine has memory space and processor time allocated
by the modules "Window and Scheduler. Note the similarities to Pascal (e.g., calling
procedures by name or by value) as well as the differences (e.g., expressions and an
ELSE within CASE labels, ELSIF, and two methods of module unqualifying:
FROM . . . IMPORT or the alternative used in ReattnOut.ReadReal). See text for
more information.

MODULE WindyDay;

(* multitask Modula-2 program "improved" from loel McCormack's WindowDemo *l

(*$SET "Old stock Apple II keyboard?" FatherWoz *)(*$IF NOT FatherWoz THEN *)

FROM Windows IMPORT WINDOW, Open, Write, WriteString, Borders:

(*$TYPE "Remember, first compile definition and implementation modules" *)

("STYPE "you edit from Scheduler, and assign (*$SEG: = 8;*| to definition." *)

FROM Scheduler (* in M2-LIB:WindDemo.text *) IMPORT CreateTask. Sleep, Start;

FROM Terminal IMPORT BusyRead; (* FROM Mouse IMPORT Swiss;*) IMPORT ReallnOut;

FROM ASCII IMPORT esc; (• all these must be in library modules, prefix #5: *)

PROCEDURE MaBell;

VAR wind : WINDOW;
BEGIN

Open (wind, II, 18, 5, 22);

LOOP

WriteStringlwind, "You cant dial these 2"); Sleep

END
END MaBell;

PROCEDURE IsaacWatts;

VAR wind: WINDOW;
BEGIN

Open (wind, 12, I, 10, 16);

LOOP

WriteStringlwind. "little busy bee "); Sleep

END
END IsaacWatts;

(* appears in center of screen

(* toward left side

PROCEDURE WriteltOnTheWind;

VAR ch : CHAR; wind : WINDOW;
BEGIN
Open (wind, 2, 24, 6, 15);
Borders (wind, ' + ', '{', '-');
LOOP
BusyRead(ch);
IF ch = 0C THEN Sleep
ELSIF (ch = Q') OR (ch = I32C)

THEN CreateTask (IsaacWatts
ELSIF ch = esc THEN HALT
ELSE Write(wind, ch) END

(* type anything in top window
(* nice border around wind

(* checks for character typed
(* if not, continues
(' 'Z' : nC is octal
What?)

END
END WriteltOnTheWind;

(* types buffer in wind
(* if you have an Apple lie 80-column card, '
(* you get inverse wind when you hit CTRL-0'

PROCEDURE OpenWindow;

VAR number: REAL; choice: INTEGER: wind: WINDOW; CONST two = 1 + 1 :
BEGIN
Open (wind, 0, 1. 39);

WriteStringlwind. "Won't you really type one number? ");
ReallnOut.ReadReal(number); choice := TRUNC(number);
CASE choice OF
two - 1 : CreateTask (MaBell, Phony');

CreateTask (WriteltOnTheWind, Typer); Start
I 2. .9 : HALT
ELSE OpenWindow

END (• CASE Swiss *)
END OpenWindow; (* Phony'

(* Scheduler creates status box, *)
etc., appear in box when created *)

BEGIN

OpenWindow
END WindyDay
(*$END*)(*lf stock Apple

keyboard, set (*$UPCASE: = TRUE;*) at top first*

356 BYTE • JUNE 1984

REVIEW: MODULA-2

runs about 10 to 20 percent faster than
Pascal on the p-System, if you do not
include disk-access time. More infor-
mative comparisons could be obtained
with other high-level languages. 1 believe
that Modula-2 will run many times faster
than BASIC or COBOL, but somewhat
slower than most C or FORTH imple-
mentations, everything else being equal.
But I think Modula-2 is the most
readable.

It would be wise to heed the warning
in the benchmark article, "Execution
time of the Sieve program, of course,
should be regarded as only one of sev-
eral considerations in choosing a par-
ticular language, system, or processor."
For example, it took about 40 seconds
to compile (without listing to the printer)
and then load the Modula-2 Sieve pro-
gram, versus 22 seconds for Apple Pas-
cal. The Modula-2 compiler accesses
the disk more, to find modules to im-
port from the standard library. But you
can edit the standard library or even
package necessary library modules
directly into the program and so reduce

the disk access. You might also place
your files on a RAM (random-access
read/write memory) disk.

Hassles

I had only a few minor problems with
the Volition Systems' Modula-2 package.
One was the documentation. Though
complete, the manual is segmented into
six parts, each with its own index, but
there is no overall index and no com-
mon reference chart or summary. You
have to read through the whole manual
before it makes sense.

The last part of the manual is what
you will need first— it is the implemen-
tation guide for your system. This guide
has important differences from earlier
sections of the manual. For example,
section one of the user's manual says
FLOAT and TRUNC work with CAR-
DINAL numbers and even gives an ex-
ample of how they work. That example
will not compile as listed because, as we
discover later, the Apple implementa-
tion uses the type INTEGER instead of
the standard CARDINAL for those func-

Listing 2: The Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program written in Modula-2.

This program was compared to its Pascal equivalent, seen in listing 3.

1 7 1:D (* STO "PRINTER:" *)

2 7 l:D I (* SRANGE: = FALSE; *) (* Note range checking off for speed *)

3 7 1:D 1 (* Eratosthenes Sieve prime-number program in Modula-2 *)

4 7 l:D 1 (" Original by Gunter Dotzel. ETH-Zurich, BYTE, January 1983, p. 290 ']

5 7 l:D 1 (* Modified by Eric Eldred •)

6 7 1:D I MODULE Prime;

7 7 l:D I FROM InOut IMPORT WriteLn. WriteCard, WriteString;

8 7 1:D I CONST Size = 8190;

9 7 1:D 1 VAR i. prime, k, count, iter : CARDINAL;

10 7 l:D 6 Flags : ARRAYIO.Sizel OF BOOLEAN;

11 7 l:C BEGIN

12 7 2:C WriteLn; WriteString! TO iterations");

13 7 2:C 24 FOR iter := 1 TO 10 DO

14 7 2:C 27 count := 0;

15 7 2:C 30 FOR i := TO Size DO Flags|i| := TRUE END;

16 7 2:C 49 FOR i := TO Size DO

17 7 2:C 52 IF FIags|i| THEN

18 7 2:C 60 prime := i + i + 3;

19 7 2:C 67 k := i + prime;

20 7 2:C 72 WHILE k < = Size DO

21 7 2:C 80 Flagslkl := FALSE;

22 7 2:C 87 INC(k, prime)

23 7 2:C 92 END;

24 7 2:C 94 ('• WriteCard(prime,6); WriteLn; *)

25 7 2:C 94 INC(count)

26 7 2:C 98 END;

27 7 2:C 98 END;

28 7 2:C 107 END:

29 7 2:C 114 WriteLn; WriteCardlcount, 6); WriteStringC primes')

30 7 1:C 133 END Prime.

30 lines, 1750 words left
1 76 bytes generated

tions. Also, some examples in the first
part of the text do not assign segment
numbers to definition modules; there-
fore, if you try to compile them as is, the
compiler just breaks off. Later, the
manual tells you what numbers to
assign and how, but I wish I had been
advised earlier not to try to type in the
manual's examples. The ones that do
work are on disk and can be compiled.

The sample programs on the PROG2:
disk and on M2LIB: disk are an excellent
tutorial to the Volition system. You
should first print out the text files of
these programs so you can follow along
as you try to compile them.

The manual advises that you are
limited to 10 significant characters for
module names (the Modula-2 standard
does not mention a limit). But two sam-
ple programs on PROG2:, namely LIB-
MODBTEXT and OBJECTMODB.TEXT,
have the same first 10 characters in their
identifiers (NumberGenerator and Num-
berGenerators). When I compiled the
second program it overwrote the file of
the first one without any warning. I
learned that it doesn't matter if you tell
the compiler to give the code file a dif-
ferent filename because the compiler
uses the identifier in the text file and
then adds a suffix .SYM (or .MOD in the
case of implementation modules). This
procedure is different from the UCSD
Pascal compiler's and deserves to be
treated cautiously.

I also had one problem with the con-
ditional compilation feature, using the
(*$IF. . THEN. . .SELSIF. . .$ELSE. . .
SEND*) directives. At first, I could not
compile more than one module at a
time, as was suggested by David Carlisle
in the \ournal of Pascal and Ada (May/June
1983). The compiler stops when it sees
a period in the text. The compiler direc-
tive (*$END*) to end the choice must
come once, before the last period. Each
separately compiled module or pro-
gram usually ends with a period, and if
there is more than one the compiler
can't find either a (*$END*) or a (*$IF*),
depending on which module I chose at
compile time. When I inquired about
this. Volition Systems told me the com-
piler had been changed somewhat from
the 0.3a version Carlisle used, and that
when using version 0.3k I should end
each module prior to the last module
with a semicolon instead of a period.
(text continued on page 3 58)

JUNE 1984

iYTE 357

REVIEW: MODULA-2

(text continued from page 357)

That worked fine. Tne documentation

should be updated.

In addition to the user's manual and
the tutorial disk, Volition includes
Wirth's book. Programming in Modula-2.

Listing 3: The prime-number program in Apple Pascal. Both prime-number

programs were modified from the originals found in "Eratosthenes Revisited: Once

More through the Sieve," by )im Gilbreath and Gary Gilbreath, )anuary 1983

BYTE, page 283.

1 1 1:D I (*$L PRINTER:*)

2 1 1

D 1 ("$R-*) (* Note range checking turned off for speed *)

3 1 1

D 1 (* Eratosthenes Sieve prime-number program in Pascal •)

4 I 1

D 1 C Original in BYTE, lanuary 1983, p. 284 *)

5 1 1

D 1 (* Modified by Eric Eldred 25 Dec 83 to compare to Modula-2 *)

6 1 1

D 1 PROGRAM PrimePascal:

7 1 1

D 3

8 1 1

D 3 CONST Size = 8190;

9 1 1

D 3 VAR iter, count, k, prime, i : INTEGER

10 1 1

D 8 Flags : ARRAY|0..Size| OF BOOLEAN;

II II

BEGIN

12 1 1

1 WriteLn; WriteLnC 10 iterations');

13 1 1

1 43 FOR iter := 1 TO 10 DO BEGIN

14 1 1

3 57 count := 0;

15 1 1

3 60 FOR i := TO Size DO Flags|i] := TRUE;

16 1 1

3 90 FORi := TO Size DO

17 1 1

4 106 IF Flags|i| THEN BEGIN

18 1 1

6 114 prime : = i + i + 3 ;

19 1 1

6 121 k : = i + prime;

20 1 1

6 126 WHILE k < = Size DO BEGIN

21 1 1

8 133 FIags|k] := FALSE;

22 1 1

8 140 k := k + prime

23 1 1

7 141 END;

24 1 1

7 147 (* WriteLn(prime); •)

25 1 1

6 147 count := count + 1

26 1 1

5 148 END;

27 1 1

5 159

28 1 1

2 159 END;

29 I 1

I 166 WriteLn; WriteLn(count,' primes'!

30 1 I

211 END (• PrimePascal *).

30 lines

Smallest available space = 2349 words

Table 1 : These p-Shell utility programs add UNIX-life capabilities to the p-System.
All of these shell utilities are written in Modula-2 and their source code is available.

cat concatenates/copies input to output

cl clears screen and home cursor

cp copies any kind of file to another file

date writes current date to standard output

echo writes command arguments to output

ed invokes editor, and edits file if listed (ASE is too large to fit in memory along with
Modula-2 on the Apple II, but the original SYSTEM. EDITOR works fine here.)

f invokes SYSTEM.FILER.

grep searches input for string and writes lines to standard output: can search files listed

Is catalogs files on disk

mc invokes compiler (this won't work on Apple II)

mem writes words of memory available

more echoes input to terminal and writes "More?'' when output reaches bottom of screen. If
you then type "y", the screen will clear and the next 24 lines appear

mv changes name of file

rm removes file

sh invokes shell (recursively)

sort sorts lines of text file by ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information In-
terchange) order and writes to standard output; uses recursive quicksort in memory

wc counts words, lines, and characters and writes totals to standard output

which is hardly mentioned in the user's
manual. Some of the modules in the
manual are explained, with full source
code, in the book. It's hard to know
which to read first, but if you are just
beginning programming you might
study the first few chapters of the Wirth
book before anything else. It is hard to
find some things in the book because
of its woeful index. Wirth not only wrote
Modula-2, but also set the standard,
helped develop hardware on which to
run the new system, used the hardware
to write the book about the language,
then wrote a program to format the
book's text, and finally typeset it with
the computer and a Canon laser printer.

Wirth's book gives the definition
module LineDrawing and states that it
should be included in each implemen-
tation's standard library. It is not in-
cluded in Volition Systems' library.
Apple's Turtlegraphics unit (with minor
syntax changes) is used instead, and it
is somewhat different. It is not clear how
Apple's high-resolution screen memory
pages can be protected from user pro-
grams overwriting them. Some pro-
grams in Wirth's book can't run directly
on an Apple because they were de-
signed for the LineDrawing module or
the Lilith's graphics screen. There is the
module Windows on Volition's library
disk, but it is not exactly the same as
the WindowHandler in Wirth's book.

I must admit that I ran into these prob-
lems only because of my eagerness to
get going with Modula-2. If I had ap-
proached it in a more organized
fashion, I would have learned Modula-2
from the documentation rather than my
own mistakes. If you have used Apple
Pascal, it should not take more than a
few weeks to feel comfortable with Voli-
tion's Modula-2.

1 did experience some hardware prob-
lems.

When I attempted to install Modula-2
on my Corvus Winchester disk, the hard
disk would no longer boot. Eventually,
I had to completely reformat the disk
and wipe out all its data in the process.
Corvus customer support did not know
about Modula-2 but I later learned that
they were working on getting it up on
the Corvus drive. Similar problems
probably will occur if any hardware
depends on patching Apple's SYS-
TEM.APPLE in a nonstandard way. The
(text continued on page 360)

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REVIEW: MODULA-2

[text continued from page 358)
standard way is to use the SYSTEM.AT-
TACH utility, as described on a disk from
the International Apple Core. For exam-
ple, 1 was able to install my Saturn 128K-
byte card as a RAM disk with no
trouble.

To be fair. Volition Systems did not
suggest that 1 could perform any such
surgery on my Corvus. If I had checked
with the company first, it would have
warned me of the consequences.
Modula-2 can be used with the Corona
Starfire (with minor patches) and Xebec
hard disks, but some early Videx
Videoterm 80-column card ROM (read-
only memory) chips may need to be up-
dated before Modula-2 will work with
them, according to a manual
addendum.

Other difficulties I experienced using
Modula-2 on the Apple are not Voli-
tion's fault. The Apple II has limited
memory, speed, and disk space and
Modula-2 pushes the machine to its
limits. Apple has promised that Apple
Pascal version 1.2, when released, will
allow you to use Volition's Modula-2
more conveniently, at least on a 128K-
byte Apple lie.

The version of Modula-2 I tested (0.3k)
did not support long integers. Volition
Systems has been working on imple-
menting them in two directions. First,
Richard Gleaves revealed to me that he
had worked out a zero-page change to
allow Pascal long integers to run under
Volition's Apple p-code interpreter, and
this should be available in the next
Modula-2 release. Second, Volition,
together with the Modula Research In-
stitute, is developing a standard long-
integer approach, a natural tool on
16-bit machines, and hopes to persuade
Wirth to include it in the standard lan-
guage. Although Volition does include
the Decimals module to do scientific
and commercial mathematics, so many
programs have been written using long
integers in Pascal that it would be sense-
less to disregard them and start over.

There are several ways to use Pascal
with this Modula-2 system. One is to run
Pascal straight, as a completely separate
program under the Modula-2 inter-
preter. ASE, a large Pascal program,
does this. If the program works, there
will be no need to waste time convert-
ing it. But if you wish to convert a Pascal
[text continued on page 362)

360 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Table 2: A feature-by-feature comparison of Volition Systems' Modula-2 (version
03k) with Apple Pascal (version 1.1).

Feature

Language Comparison Chart
Apple Pascal (version 1.11

Volition Modula-2 (version 0.3k)

Separate compilation,
information hiding

units, constricted; no true
packages with local variables,
user-defined opaque types

modules, flexible; definition
modules give version control;
locals, opaques

Large programs

26 segments, chaining

64 modules, overlays

Input/output

awkward, not standard

standard library

Machines access

machine language or variant
records

type transfer, SYSTEM, fixed
address variable

Concurrency, interrupts

not standard

standard, coroutines

Procedure variables

none

standard type

Functions

return only scalars

return any type

Arrays

fixed size, typed

open array parameters

Expression evaluation

not always clear order

AND, OR short-circuits

Constants

no expressions, fixed order of
declaration

expressions too (also allowed
in CASE labels); declare in
any order

Declaration order

fixed, at beginning; all CONST,
etc., together

any place before use; ok to
group in any order

Identifiers

case-insensitive; no standard
style among programmers

CaseSensitive (standard—
unless SUPCASE directive)

Character significance

first eig(ht

AsManyAsltTakes

Underscore character

ignored, more readable

NotAllowedAtAll

Predefined

GET, PUT, INTERACTIVE

not needed

ATAN

same as standard ARCTAN

arctan only

CAP

none; use nonstandard
capitalization procedure

standard identifier, converts to
uppercase

CONCAT

)oins two or more strings

only two arguments

Log (base 10)

in TRANSCEND unit

not provided

NEW, DISPOSE

use MARK, RELEASE

standard identifiers

NIL

reserved word

standard identifier

ORD

returns INTEGER, value of
CHAR is decimal

returns CARDINAL, but CHAR
value is octal

PAGE

no UCSD ClearScreen

use ClearScreen

Power of ten

PWROFTEN

PowerOfTen

PRED, SUCC

standard

none, use INC, DEC

PROC

none; no procedure variables
allowed

standard type, denotes
parameterless procedure

ROUND

standard UCSD identifier
(integer)

none, use FLOAT(integer)
(standard is CARDINAL)

[table 2 continued on page 362)

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REVIEW: MODULA-2

The p-Shell
(formerly called
p~Nix) is an optional
replacement for the
p-System command
envelope.

(text continued from page 360)
procedure to Modula-2, as for example
a software tool, then you can do so with
the aid of CONVERT.CODE, a program
on M2LIB:. This will not convert a pro-
gram automatically. First you have to
compile the program (or assemble an
external procedure) and make it a Pas-
cal intrinsic unit. Then you have to
change the interface syntax by hand so
it agrees with Modula-2 's and make that
part into a definition module. You do
not even need the text of the unit. Final-
ly, you can convert the unit code into
a Modula-2 implementation module
and use it in MODULA.L1BRARY. Unless
you go through these steps, all careful-
ly described in the manual, you cannot
directly access a Pascal or assembly
routine from Modula-2. It makes sense
to start thinking in Modula-2 right away,
but your Pascal programming need not
all be wasted.

The p-Shell (formerly called p-Nix) is
an optional replacement for the p-Sys-
tem command envelope. It adds com-
mands like those in the UNIX operating
system to the p-system. (See "The Soft-
ware Tools: Unix Capabilities on Non-
Unix Systems," by Deborah K. Scherrer,
et al, November 1983 BYTE, page 430,
for another implementation.) The p-
Shell has pipes and redirection, but no
hierarchical files and no control struc-
tures such as IF. . THEN. Also, it creates
a temporary file on the root volume
when needed, so it is rather slow and
disk-intensive.

Volition has generously donated the
full Modula-2 text files of many shell
utilities (see table 1).

You may add commands of your own
to the shell. Facing the disk and mem-
ory limits of Apple II version 1.1, you will
need to use all the tricks suggested in
the disk documentation when recompil-
ing the shell programs. I'd like to see
some utilities such as a style checker
(text continued on page 364)

[table 2 continued from

page 360)

SQR

also SORT In TRANSCEND

sqrt only

STR

may convert long integers or
integers to string

none; use Decimals,
Conversions

TIME

not implemented

not implemented on Apple

TREESEARCH

fast binary tree search
function

absent; thus can't run Pascal
compiler

TRUNC

accepts long integer, but error
if >32767

returns INTEGER, no long;
(standard is CARDINAL)

WriteLn

if followed by string, number,
or character, then writes it
and return, else return alone

carriage return and line feed
only; import WriteString,
WriteCard, etc. for other
functions

Reserved words

case-INsensitive (more legible
if in CAPS)

MUST BE ALL CAPS (but see
SUPCASE directive)

Include

PROGRAM, FUNCTION,
EXTERNAL. UNIT USES.

use modules isntead; convert

INTERFACE, SEGMENT

language too)

Also

PACKED, FORWARD

nonstandard but present

CODE procedure

none; use assembly
language

p-code instructions

BEGIN

one for every END

most not needed

Terminator for

END; (END. for program) ok:

add identifier after END as

procedure (module)

END (* Big_Program *).

END Stuff; END Foon

IF, FOR, WHILE, WITH,

use compound statements

require only closing END;

REPEAT

each with BEGIN. . .END

(UNTIL if REPEAT)

ELSE

none allowed in CASE

ok in CASE for otherwise

ELSIF

none; use maze of IF. . THENs

use for cascaded IF. . THEN

GOTO, LABEL

programming's Piltdown man;

streng verboten; use

useful for multiple exits

LOOP/EXIT, RETURN, HALT

DOWNTO

negative steps in

none; step can be BY - 1 or

FOR. . .TO. . .DO

almost any value

Symbols

Extra delimiter

Pointer

Set constant delimiter

Subranges, array
Declarations

AND

Not equal
Comment delimiters

generate all needed from old
Apple II keyboard

";" expected to delimit all
statements

not before ELSE

Isquare, brackets)

"( ",")" around subranges

AND

either "(*" or "{"; if use
both, then one-level nesting,
not standard

use nonstandard SSPECIAL to
transliterate some

also, "|" delimits CASE
statements and record
variants

no "|" before ELSE

declare POINTER TO

{curly, braces}

"I" ."I", also arrays if explicitly
declared

"&" also used

"#" also used
only "(*"

multiple nesting is standard
(table 2 continued on page 364)

362 B YTE • IUNE 1984

"Kaypro 2. . . $1295. . . Complete. . ."

Oh, mentor of highest wisdom,
help all mystified first-time buyers
discover the ultimate truth about
personal business computers.

Tell them that, unlike other
computer companies, Kaypro
does not advertise a low "starter
system" price, then charge extra
for so-called "options" like a
monitor, software, disk drives or
peripheral interfaces.

Tell them that Kaypro 2 has
become the fourth largest-selling
personal business computer
because we sell it complete. For
$1295.

Tell them that Kaypro 2 comes
with a highly readable, 9" green-
screen monitor. A 64K RAM, Z-80
microprocessor. Two built-in disk
drives with a 400K capacity. A
more complete keyboard than
Apple He. Interfaces for both a
printer and a telecommunica-
tions modem. And a full comple-
ment of CP/M software to handle
the overwhelming majority of
Word Processing, Data Base
Management and Financial
Spreadsheeting needs, with top
quality programs such as
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All for $1295.

Then, tell them to call 800-
447-4700 for their nearest dealer,
or call Kaypro at 619-481-4318.

x The $1595 computer that
now sells for $1295.

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 363

REVIEW: MODULA-2

Volition Systems'
Modula-2 for the
Apple II has useful
features to correct
most of Pascal's
problems.

(tot continued from page 362)
and dictionary, and others have sug-
gested that lint, a program syntax
checker, would be welcomed.

Volition Systems is composed of a
small group of programmers, many of
whom worked on the original UCSD
Pascal project. Their support ranks
among the highest I have encountered.
1 found them approachable, patient, and
anxious to fix all bugs. They are active
in helping users groups, and they make
you feel we are all in this together.

Conclusions

Volition Systems' Modula-2 for the
Apple II is much more than enhance-
ment to the Apple Pascal operating sys-
tem and language. The system has use-
ful features to correct most of Pascal's
problems; the modules are a big im-
provement over units, especially for
teams of programmers. It has advanced
features such as multitasking and low-
level access. See table 2 for a feature-
by-feature comparison with Pascal.

The system is not intended for begin-
ners, but it would be suitable for any ad-
vanced user who is reaching the limits
of Apple or UCSD Pascal. Most students
start with BASIC, go on to Pascal, and
then on to Modula-2, C, etc.

This version of Modula-2 is designed
to be portable. Not only will most ex-
isting Apple Pascal programs run un-
changed under its interpreter, but you
can easily convert most Pascal units to
Modula-2 as well. You should be able
to compile Modula-2 programs on the
Apple II that will run directly on an
Apple III, an IBM PC, a Sage, or a Z80
computer.

The Advanced System Editor and p-
Shell are inexpensive and effective tools
for software development. You may find
you spend a lot of time using them for
everyday purposes, even if you don't
program in Modula-2. ■

[table 2 continued from page

362)

String delimiters

single quotes; contained
single quotes can be
expressed by doubling them

either single or double
quotes; use other mark to
express contained one

"8"

not allowed

empty parameter list

INTEGERS

decimal only; ok to mix with
reals

also hex and octal; convert
before mixing

MOD

unreliable with negatives;
works with any INTEGERS

undefined for negative; no
CARDINALS >32767

CARDINAL,

none, use (long) integers

unsigned units to 65535

Long integers

up to 36 BCD digits for
business, scientific use

use Decimals (19 digits) no
long integers yet

Reals

no decimal point is required,
"e" ok; ok to mix with
integers

requires decimal point, "E"
only, not "e ": don't mix with
integers

Reading a real

mistaken string input will
crash system; read string
instead and then convert

ReadReal uses ReadString, so
no crash, but you must check
if it's real

Characters

standard Pascal maybe not
standard ASCII sequence

in ISO, US ASCII order;
ordinal value octal

Strings

UCSD; first byte is length of
string

ARRAY, not predeclared, can
convert to UCSD

One-character string

allowed in versions after .3k

Constant, variable length

must match

constant can be shorter than
ARRAY length

Sets

elements 0-511, integer,
maximum

same, up to 32 words on
Apple, 255 on others

Type

determined by elements

can be explicitly typed

BITSET

lacking; (NB: PACKED ARRAY
10.7] OF BOOLEAN is 16 bits)

standard default type to fit in
one machine word

Set operations

within same type

can also use INCL, EXCL; "/"
for bitwise XOR

Record variants

very important, but only one
variant part available

"trick" variants for PEEK.
POKE

can contain several variant
parts, each terminates with
END;

use SYSTEM for machine-
independent access

Compiler

supplies dots for each line

no dots

Swapping

compiler option

nonswapping

Even more swapping

S++ gives more memory

SRECYCLE option

Conditionally compiles

yes

Byte-flip option

yes

Debugger

not implemented

minimal SDEBUG

Version control

none or minimal

both at run and compile

Input-output check

(•SH disables

not compiler option

364 BYTE • IUNE 1984

If you still

For nearly a hundred years, the Statue of Liberty
has been America's most powerful symbol of freedom
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Circle 212 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE REVIEW

A RAM-based
database-
management
system

by George Bond

Infoscope

Infoscope is a database-management
system for the IBM PC that is significantly
different from other similar products.
Unlike many other programs in the new
generation of database-management systems
(DBMSs), Infoscope is not relational. It does
not handle huge data files. It does not do
fancy formatting of reports. And, more than
just incidentally, it does not cost over S400.
What Infoscope does do is run extremely
fast. The program is RAM (random-access
read/write memory) based rather than disk
based, giving it a faster operating speed with-
out the usual wait for disk accesses for data
retrieval. You can have as many as 12 "scopes"
(the program's term for windows) on the
screen and 8 files open at once. However, only
one scope may be used at a time— the pro-
gram does not offer multiple active windows
in the sense that Concurrent CP/M-86 does.
Infoscope does sophisticated, complex sorts
and searches. It is as close to being truly "user
friendly" as anything on the market today. Its
use of color adds genuine utility to the pro-
gram. It has an excellent on-line, interactive
spelling checker and it can use files generated
by other popular programs, such as dBASE
II and Lotus 1-2-3. And Infoscope carries a
retail price of $22 5.

BASIC Functions

The main program, written in assembly lan-
guage, occupies almost 85K bytes of disk
space. Help and other subsidiary files add
about 1 50K bytes to the disk load. Infoscope
allows a maximum of about 8000 records per
file, 254 fields per record, and 2 54 characters
per field. It can use straight ASCII (American
National Standard Code for Information Inter-
change) text command and vocabulary files;
these files can be created with MS-DOS's
EDL1N editor or a compatible word processor.
The basic trade-off made in writing the In-
foscope program seems to have been speed
versus file size. The program runs entirely in
RAM, which makes it exceptionally fast, but
it requires a lot of memory, which limits the
amount of data that can be used at one time.
The specified minimum system requirement
for RAM is 192K bytes. With the memory-

address space available to 16-bit microproces-
sors, such as the 8088 in the IBM PC, the large
memory requirement for Infoscope is not a
serious problem. For example, when the pro-
gram is loaded into an IBM PC having 512K.
bytes of RAM, 392K bytes will be left for data-
file manipulation. When a file of 1418 records,
each containing 173 characters, is loaded on
top of the Infoscope program, 1 53K bytes of
RAM remain free. This means that Infoscope
is not limited to files of trivial size, although
it will never become the program of choice
for running a population analysis of the
People's Republic of China or an econometric
model of the United States.

RAM limits also cause problems when using
Infoscope's DOS command (under DOS 2.0 or
higher, only). This command allows you to
temporarily leave Infoscope, drop into MS-
DOS, run another program, and return to In-
foscope exactly where you left it. This is very
handy but, unfortunately, if you leave Info-
scope with, say, 240K bytes of RAM free and
run a BASIC program from DOS, you may find
only 100K bytes or so of RAM free when you
get back to Infoscope. Infoscope generates a
warning message if it is in danger of over-
writing itself in memory.

The Quick Sort

If you are used to working with dBASE 11 or
another DBMS that is I/O (input/output) inten-
sive, sorting on Infoscope will be a pleasant
surprise. The 1418-record file described pre-
viously can be sorted on one field, 40 char-
acters long, in about 6 seconds. Sorting on
two fields takes about 8 seconds, and on three
fields takes about 10 seconds. Sorting the
same file on the same single field using
dBASE 11 (the file was originally created in
dBASE 11 and converted by an Infoscope util-
ity program) on a computer with an Intel
80186 microprocessor running at 8 MHz (in-
stead of the 4.7 MHz of the IBM PC's 8088)
took about an hour and five minutes. Multi-
list continued on page 368)

George Bond is managing editor of User News for
BYTE. He can be contacted at POB 372. Hancock.
NH 03449.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 367

REVIEW: INFOSCOPE

{text continued from page 367)

field sorts are not possible using the

dBASE II sort program.

Sorting the BYTE standard benchmark
file for DBMSs (see table 1) took about
3.2 seconds using Infoscope. In con-
trast, dBASE II took 6 minutes and 33
seconds on the same IBM PC using a
10-megabyte hard disk. On a DOS 2.1
formatted 5!4-inch floppy disk, the
dBASE II sort took 12 minutes and 45
seconds. Lotus 1-2-3 required 12.8 sec-
onds for the sort. (Both 1-2-3 and Info-
scope work entirely in memory, so the
type of disk you use has no effect ex-
cept when loading and saving files.)
Finding specific records within the file
is equally fast. In Infoscope, it again
takes about 0.5 second to find and dis-
play the 1000th record in the bench-
mark file as opposed to 0.3 second on
the hard disk using the "locate" func-
tion in dBASE II (however, if the dBASE
file is indexed, its "find" function slightly
outperforms Infoscope, taking about 0.3
second to find the 1000th record, but
not display it). On the floppy disk, the
dBASE 11 "locate" took 43 seconds.

Color

Infoscope uses color to make the pro-
gram more effective. The program dis-

Photo 1: Scopes, Infoscope $ name for
windows, can be colored and then referenced
by the color name rather than by the file-
name. On this screen, for example, the scope
at top left could be moved to the cursor
position with the command "move red here'.'

plays information inside a scope. The
scope is outlined by a white line when
first displayed. Up to 12 scopes, contain-
ing information from different files, can
be displayed on the same virtual screen.
When multiple scopes are open, mov-
ing among them can be a problem. In-
foscope helps you cope with this
through its COLOR command. You can
outline a scope in yellow, red, blue,
cyan, magenta, or green (see photo 1).
Once a scope is colored, you can refer
to it in commands by its color instead
of its filename. (For example, you can
command the program to "move red
here" rather than type "move pay-
rol63.dat here.") The same method can
be used on a monochrome screen, but
instead of actually changing color the
scopes are merely labeled with the
color name.

The colors of all parts of the screen
can be easily changed, albeit only for
cosmetic reasons outside of naming
scopes. Having black characters on a
white background inside the scopes,
however, does seem to make them
easier to read and less visually fatigu-
ing than the normal VDT (video-display
terminal) light-on-dark screen. Black, in-
cidentally, is an undocumented color;
press K to get it from the PAINT menu.

Working Environment

When Infoscope is booted, it displays
a "command box" on the bottom left
of the screen and a "scanner" on the
right (see photo 2a). The command box,
which occupies about 80 percent of the
horizontal space at the bottom of the
screen, is where commands are entered
and some basic system information is
displayed. The scanner, is a simulation
of the program's workspace and is in-
tended to show you where the cursor
is located in that workspace. The work-
space is 62 lines deep by 253 charac-
ters wide; the physical screen, which is
a window into the workspace, is 22 lines
deep by 78 characters wide.

Cursor movement in the workspace is
slow compared to other Infoscope func-
tions. It takes about 7 seconds to move
from the left edge of the screen to the
right edge using the right cursor key.
The cursor movement can take even
longer if a scope is wider than 80 char-
acters (see photo 2 b). Fortunately, there
are alternatives. You can use the MAP
command for an overall view of the
workspace, showing the relative location
of scopes from above the screen (see
photo 2c) or from the left side or bot-
tom of the screen. MAP also allows you
to jump the cursor directly to a new

Table I : These benchmarks were compiled using a standard BYTE benchmark file
composed of 1000 records, each 100 characters long. The first field of the record is 4
characters long and contains a unique number from 1001 to 2000. The remaining
three fields are also numeric, each containing four continuous strings of the characters
"1" through "8" ("12345678123456781234567812345678").

The sort was done on the first field. It was sorted into normal order from reverse
order, "locate" is a dBASE II function that locates records in nonindexed files. The
time shown is the time needed to find the last record in the file, using the four-
numeral field as the search field. "Find" is the dBASE II procedure for finding a
record in an indexed file; again, the four-numeral field was the search field. Neither
Infoscope nor lotus 1-2-3 require indexing, although Lotus 1-2-3 does require a look-
up table for its "find" function. The dBASE II times for both "locate" and "find"
are compared to nonindexed. nontabled procedures in infoscope and to look-up table
procedures in lotus 1-2-3. All times are the average of four trials.

Note that three of the times are Vi second or less, and normal margins of error
could make relatively large differences. However, these should be useful measures
relative to each other.

Sort

Locate
Find

Infoscope

3.2

dBASE II

(floppy disk)

765

43
.3

dBASE II

(hard disk)

393

13
.3

Lotus 1-2-3

12.8

(All times in secondsl

368 BYTE • IUNE 1984

REVIEW: INFOSCOPE

scope. The POINTER command lets you
enter vectors to jump the cursor to a
new location. For example, you can
enter the command "pointer R 59 D 22"
to move 59 columns to the right and 22
down. Finally, you can set up to 10
markers— landmarks" in Infoscope
jargon— anywhere in the workspace and
jump directly to any one with a Control-
A\t-number command. Using the numeric
keypad's plus and minus keys in con-
junction with the arrow keys also helps
by causing the cursor to do a long tab,
10 characters at a time horizontally or
vertically.

Infoscope's spelling checker should
make entering long commands, such as
the pointer strings and other data, less
frazzling for the fumble-fingered. Type
"poniter" in a command line and In-
foscope politely asks if you really mean
"pointer." Respond with a Y and the
command is entered. In fact, the spell-
ing checker is so effective and makes
the program so much faster and easier
to use, it's a wonder more programs
don't have such an amenity.

Overall operation of Infoscope is
straightforward. Most procedures can
be run either by pointing to choices in
a series of menus and submenus or by
typed-in commands. Help screens are
available for many functions (see photo
2d). New scope files can be made
through a CREATE command. Data is
entered into a scope from the keyboard
by using the ADD RECORD command,
and edited or deleted with the
CHANGE and DELETE commands.
Changes are permanently saved with a
SAVE command and printed with a
PRINT command. On-screen forms may
be designed using a FORMS command
and saved for later use. In all, there are
67 Infoscope commands; they can be
displayed by typing "list commands"
(see photo 3). If you don't like some of
the command words, you can change
them within the program. If you prefer
the concept of rearranging data rather
than sorting it, you can add the RE-
ARRANGE command to the system
vocabulary as a synonym for SORT.

FEATURES

Infoscope can deal with several foreign
file formats. It can read and write files
for dBASE II and Lotus 1-2-3 by simply
"loading" them before "looking" at
them (LOAD converts the file format

jar me a p^z'" n cps*
SL Sr !i Kir £sl

wotr-i hm«(cm, but, r ,;^H'
^j. _Ma*j^^B

(2c) (2d)

Photo 2: \nfoscope provides operating information in several ways. "Tiers" of commands
can be displayed at the bottom of the screen (2a) by pressing the lab or Slash key and
individual commands can be selected by stepping to them with the space bar or by typing
their first character. The blue square at the right is the "scanner" showing the cursor's
relative position on the virtual screen. The colors of any screen section may be changed with
a short series of commands. The scopes themselves may extend beyond the real screen
boundaries {2b). requiring scrolling to be displayed fully. The program can provide a map of
the virtual screen (2c), showing the position of multiple scopes on the virtual screen. You can
jump directly to any screen by locating the cursor over it on the map. Help screens (2d) are
available for many functions. An unusual feature of Infoscope's help screens is that they may
be kept on the screen while the instructions are executed, eliminating the need for the user to
remember a complex series of steps to do a task.

and LOOK puts an Infoscope file into
memory). DataStar files can be read
after having their extensions changed
to conform to Infoscope requirements.
After data is manipulated by Infoscope,
it is semi-automatically converted back
for use by one of these programs (you
must "write" the file instead of "saving"
it). Infoscope also can write but not read
Multiplan SYLK files.

Two kinds of sorts are available. One
is the ordinary sort-on-last-name varie-
ty to reorder an entire file. It works in
the same manner as many other DBMS
sorts, although much faster. The second
sort is called Focus, and it creates tem-
porary new files that contain only
specific records within a file. The range
of words you can use in focusing is
much wider than the usual collection of
Boolean terms (see table 2). These

words include several that use an algo-
rithm to locate similar-sounding words-
freed and Fried, for example. In a per-
sonnel file, all lune hires could be found
and placed in a special, temporary file
(that can be saved if a permanent file
is needed) by using the command
"focus hired in June." The FOCUS com-
mand does not reorder the contents of
the temporary file; it is a selection and
creation command. But a Focus file can
be reordered with the SORT command.
Infoscope procedures can be auto-
mated through the use of command
files either from DOS or in the program.
Also, function keys may be repro-
grammed easily from the keyboard. In-
foscope was written by Jeff Garbers.
who wrote the Crosstalk telecommuni-
cations program, and its parentage
(text continued on page 370)

IUNE 1984

1 Y T E 369

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REVIEW: INFOSCOPE

One of the nice
features of Infoscope is
that most of its data is
stored in ASCII files.
No fancy control codes
are used, so you can
write simple BASIC
programs that process
Infoscope data.

[text continued from page 369)
shows in the command-file procedures.
Anyone familiar with writing Crosstalk's
command files will be at home with In-
foscope's. Reprogramming function keys
is accomplished by the KEY command.
"Key 1 sort date |" would program key
Fl to sort the active scope by date.
Combinations of Alt, Shift, and Control
keys plus a function key can be pro-
grammed also, allowing 40 macros to
be stored at once.

As mentioned before, one of the nice
features of Infoscope is that most of its
data is stored in ASCII files. No fancy
control codes are used. This means that
you can write simple BASIC programs
that can process Infoscope data. It also
means that you have an "escape valve."
If you can't figure out how to change a
certain parameter in your data, you can
use an editor program or word pro-
cessor to change it directly. For exam-
ple, a BYTE editor using the program
couldn't figure out how to change the

name of a data field from "Received?"
to "Date-Rec'd." But he quickly found
the file that contained the field names
and changed them using the PeachText
word-processing program.

Problems

Not all program bugs have been fixed
yet. Directions for using two of the data
types, "date" and "time," are incorrect
in the manual. (The types must be
entered as "date-type" and "time-type"
when creating a scope.) A tutor program
is misnamed on the disk, which could
cause problems for an inexperienced
user. Formatting for printing is poor; the
program simply breaks lines at the
eightieth character, no matter if it's in
the middle of a word. And the screen
formatting can be difficult to read (see
photo 4). A "maximum-field-width"
command is promised for later versions,
which should help correct the latter two
problems.

The user manual could be improved.
Its biggest problem is that it was de-
signed to be read with a powerful
magnifying glass and not the unaided
human eye. Physically, it looks like the
IBM PC user-manual format— a 7- by
9-inch three-ring binder with slipcase.
Unlike IBM, which sets type specially to
fit this format. Infoscope information
was set on 8J4- by 11 -inch sheets and ap-
parently simply shrunk to fit in the
binder (I know because I had a pre-
production version of the manual still
in its 8'/2- by 1 1-inch format). The illustra-
tions are useless. All of this is a shame
because the content is not only read-
able, but also bright and interesting—
(tat continued on page "ill)

Photo 3: There are 67 Infoscope
commands; the full command set can be
displayed on the screen by typing "list
commands'.'

Photo 4: Infoscope's screens can sometimes
be difficult to read, especially when long
lines are broken to fit into an 80-column
display.

370 BYTE • IUNE 1984

AT A GLANCE

Name

Infoscope

Type

In-memory database
manager

Manufacturer

Microstuf Inc.
1845 The Exchange
Suite 140
Atlanta. GA 30339
(404) 952-0267

Price

S225

Author

Jeff Garbers

Format

One 5^-inch floppy disk

Language

Assembly language

Computers

IBM PC and PC XT

Documentation

IBM PC-style 162-page,
indexed manual

Audience

Anyone needing to
organize and analyze
moderate amounts of data

LOCATE TIMES (IN SECONDS)
50 ■

SORT TIMES (IN SECONDS)
800-

600

200

FIND
2

TIMES ( IN SECONDS)

dBASEII
(FLOPPY)

dBAStll
(HARD)

LOTUS 1-2-3

A he

.hese are the results of three sets of benchmark tests comparing Infoscope, dBASE II,
and Lotus 1-2-3. All were run on an IBM PC with 512K bytes of RAM (256K on the mother-
board and 2 56K on a Quadboard I) and an external 10-megabyte hard-disk drive manu-
factured by Great Lakes Computer Peripherals. The operating system was PC-DOS 2.1.

The first test was to determine how long it takes to sort a file containing 1000 records,
each 100 characters long, on a field containing four numeric characters. The second test was
to determine how long it takes to access and display the last record in the file without using
an index; the third test was for the same thing, but using an index. Creating the dBASE II
index on the four-numeral field took about 96 seconds. Neither Infoscope nor Lotus 1-2-3
require indexing, but Lotus 1-2-3 requires a look-up table for its Find function. Also, when
dBASE II executes a "locate" or "find" command, it does not automatically display the
record found; that requires a second command.

All times listed were clocked by hand using a stopwatch, so they are not absolute.
However, they should be accurate in relation to each other.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 371

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

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REVIEW: INFOSCOPE

{text continued from page 370)

almost unheard of characteristics in

computer documentation.

Summary

Infoscope clearly is not the program for
every use. There are better choices for
dealing with mailing lists or complex

sets of related but separate data that
will be combined into a multiplicity of
unique databases or for dealing with
data that requires sophisticated numer-
ical manipulation. But for many, perhaps
most, DBMS applications suited for
microcomputers, Infoscope should pro-
vide an attractive solution. ■

Table 2: Focus

commands for Infoscope. The commands, using "plain English',' enable

you to select the particular records based on specific criteria in

any of a record's fields to

create temporary

new files. The temporary files can be saved

if needed.

Word:

Example / Meaning:

Price IS 80.000

EQUALS

Price EQUALS 80.000

(same as IS)

SAME

Price SAME AS 80,000

(same as IS)

Price BE 80,000

(same as IS)

(abbreviation for IS, EQUALS, SAME, BE)

BETWEEN

Price BETWEEN 80,000 and 100,000

STARTS

Name STARTS with "fa"

BEGINS

Name BEGINS "fa"

(same as STARTS)

ENDS

Name ENDS "y"

(similar to BEGINS)

BEFORE

Date BEFORE 12/31/83

FROM

Date FROM 12/1/83 to 12/31/83

(similar to BETWEEN)

DURING

Date DURING March, 1983

AFTER

Date AFTER 12/1/83

TODAY

Date is TODAY

LAST

Date is LAST MONDAY

Date is NEXT MONDAY

OVER

Price OVER 80.000

(abbreviation for OVER)

GREATER

Price GREATER THAN 80.000

(same as OVER)

ABOVE

Price ABOVE 80,000

(same as OVER)

Price MORE THAN 80,000

(same as OVER)

LARGER

Price LARGER than 80.000

(same as OVER)

UNDER

Price UNDER 80,000

LESS

Price LESS than 80,000

(same as UNDER)

(abbreviation for LESS THAN)

BELOW

Price BELOW 80,000

(same as UNDER)

SMALLER

Price SMALLER than 80,000

(same as UNDER)

(conjunction — used to express multiple conditions, i.e.: City is "moria" OR

"Riveria")

AND

(conjunction — used to express more than one
i.e.: Price over 80,000 AND city is "Moria")

focus condition at a time.

(abbreviation for AND)

INCLUDES

Features INCLUDES "school"

(abbreviation for INCLUDES)

CONTAINS

Name CONTAINS "BERT"

(same as INCLUDES)

HAS

Name HAS "BERT"

(same as INCLUDES)

SOUNDS

Name SOUNDS "Freed"

(finds records which
sound like "Freed";
"Freid", "Fried", etc. First
letter MUST match)

(alternate form of SOUNDS)

NEAR

(alternate form of SOUNDS)

NOT

City NOT "Moria"

(abbreviation for NOT)

REJECT

(alternative form of NOT i.e. Focus reject city "
city not "moria")

moria" is the same as Focus

BUT

(alternative form of NOT i.e. Focus All BUT city

"moria")

EXCEPT

(same as BUT)

AMONG

(Include only items which are contained in a certain set; i.e. Focus company

AMONG automakers will locate only those com

panies in the file that are

also contained in the AUTOMAKERS set. The set must have been previous-

ly defined with the DEFINE command.)

(same as AMONG)

CHANGED

(finds records that have been changed since last Infoscope session)

MARKED

(focus on specially marked records)

DELETED

(finds records that have been deleted during th

is Infoscope session)

NEW

(finds records that have been added during thi<

Infoscope session)

372 BYTE ■ IUNE 1984

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Data Sentry puts an
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First, Data Sentry
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your computer. Then it hangs
up the phone and searches its
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entry of a password. If the
correct password isn't sup-
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Sentry disconnects and will
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Data Sentry also lets
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an option, Remote-ON? lets
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REVIEW FEEDBACK

Basis 108

I read with interest Seth Bates's informative re-
view of the Basis 108 (January, page 354). I
bought a Basis in August 1983 and agree with
Bates's positive comments about its advantages.
However, he failed to note some of the limita-
tions of which your readers should be aware.
Here are those we have discovered:

• The Basis 108 is not fully compatible with
Apple 11+ CP/M software, in much the same way
that the Apple Me is not.

• Technical support from the current Basis dis-
tributor (and Basis itself) has been very poor.

• Documentation is poorly organized and
uneven in depth. Those professionals planning
to add peripherals or do anything out of the
ordinary should be aware that no assembly
code of the CP/M BIOS is available. Since this
is essential also for debugging and using adver-
tised options, it is a distinct disadvantage that
it has not been included in the documentation.

M. |. Mayer

Associate Professor of

Psychology/Psychobiology

University of California

Santa Cruz. CA 95064

Your review of the Basis 108 computer in the
lanuary issue missed some features of this com-
puter that I have found very helpful. It also over-
looked some deficiencies and contained some
errors.

On the positive side, the Basis does not nor-
mally require a fan for cooling purposes (be-
cause of the large metal housing and sufficient
power supply). This means it is without the
nerve-wracking hum that many computers have.
Other writers who work in a quiet environment,
as I do, would appreciate this feature. The
power supply also comes with surge protection
built in.

One of the utility programs included is a
"pseudo disk" that transforms the extra 64K
bytes of RAM into a "RAM disk," a most useful
feature that can speed up processing immense-
ly and can automatically be booted upon
power-up.

While the Basis has many improvements over
its Apple counterparts, this also means some
programs written for the Apple need to be
specially configured ("optimized" in the words
of the reviewer) for the Basis. This means you
may be forced to buy the software from a Basis
dealer. Some dealers will not provide computer
help unless you are using their software.

Seth Bates is obviously a computer technician,
since he didn't comment on the documentation
of the Basis. The documentation that to date
has come with the Basis is very technical. For
a technician the manual is probably useful, but

for a layperson it is confusing and not helpful.
Computer Systems Designs informs us that a
new, more friendly manual is in process but not
yet available.

We purchased our machines in 1982 and no
documentation is available for the CP/M utilities
(CP/M 2.2); this means you borrow an
Apple/CP/M Softcard Manual from an Apple
owner, or spend hours on the phone handhold-
ing a dealer, who you hope is patient and in-
telligible. Even then, some of these utility pro-
grams include the configuration program for the
Basis, GBASIC, and MBASIC, which require
documentation to use.

This makes it imperative to have Basis users
groups. However, your review erred in listing
a California Basis users group in Salinas, Califor-
nia. The gentleman listed is a former Basis
dealer, period. The only Basis users group is
the one listed in New lersey, under Bill Cook.

The Basis is a well-built, powerful computer
(like a well-designed German car), but the aver-
age driver needs a good drivers manual, not
an electrical specs pamphlet. The average lay-
person will find it difficult to use the full powers
of the Basis without more clear and simple
documentation.

Martin Thommes

549 Auburn St.

Ashland. OR 97520

Bugs in the Pinball
Construction Set

I was surprised to read Elaine Holdens review,
"Pinball Construction Set" (lanuary, page 282)
and see that she could not find anything wrong
with it. I have had the Commodore 64 version
for two months now and find it extremely bug
infested. Some of the problems, which were ap-
parent the first day I had the product, are:

• The drop targets can "catch" a ball and jam.
Also, hitting a drop target near the side can
drop the target on the opposite side.

• The "multiball unit," the most advanced fea-
ture of the playfield, hardly works at all. With
the default "world" settings, the balls tend to
sit at the top of the unit but never enter it. in-
creasing the gravity (not always desirable)
seems to reduce this, but the problem may still
occur. However, after multiball play, if a ball re-
enters the unit, the game may never detect that
that player's turn is over.

• The construction mechanism itself is prone
to hang or crash without apparent cause. I have
talked with other users and found that this is
a common problem. Anyone who works with
the set for a few hours can expect to see such
a crash. There's no restart mechanism, so you
are back to zero when this happens. When play-

ing the game and bugs like those mentioned
hang a player, there's no recourse but to cycle
power and reload to continue to play.

There are also a number of limitations and
design flaws I hoped the review would mention,
but these are not truly bugs. Many show limita-
tions of the Apple origin of the software, how-
ever, and could have been cleaned up quickly.

1 have not seen the Apple or Atari versions
of the Pinball Construction Set, but I expect they
do not suffer the same problems. Apparently
Electronic Arts rushed this product out for the
Commodore 64. The package reads "Designed
and programmed by Bill Budge." but when the
disk is booted, we find a message that the 64
version has been programmed by someone
else. (I doubt if Bill Budge, having spent the time
he obviously did, would have let the bugs slip
out.) Electronic Arts' "warranty" is a disclaimer:
it claims the company will not be responsible
for the bugs.

Pinball Construction Set is certainly a spec-
tacular piece of software, and it is sure to be
a big seller. It's unconscionable that Electronic
Arts would push the Commodore version to
market in the state that it's in.

Harry I. Kuhman

6407 I The Lakes Drive

Raleigh. NC 27609

The IBM CS-9000

After reading Thomas R. Clune's review of the
CS-9000 from IBM Instruments (February, page
278), 1 felt that he had left some things unsaid.
We have had a CS-9000 in our laboratory since
lanuary 1983, and we have experienced every
difficulty mentioned in the review and then
some. The amount of time I have spent with
that machine is just appalling.

We purchased the CS-9000 for two major
reasons. First, because its multitasking operating
system (OS) would let us acquire data from our
two liquid scintillation counters and two gam-
ma counters concurrently. These devices out-
put digital data on multiple samples at sample
intervals of several minutes over periods of
several hours. Our plan was that after one
counter had finished its samples we could
massage the data via BASIC or Pascal programs
while the other counters were still active. The
second reason for purchasing the CS-9000 was
to add the four RS-232C ports on the optional
analog-sensor board to the three RS-232C ports
on the motherboard, ending up with seven
ports: four for the counters, one for a digital
plotter, and two for future expansions.

When our CS-9000 arrived, we went through

every problem that Clune noted (including

(text continued on page 376)

374 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Why buy a VISUAL 102

instead of a DEC VT102?

■ ;« . . * ■ u ■■■...■.., . .■ ■'■■ ■ >.-. '■

14"
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See for

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Andy

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a 768 x 293 resolution graphics terminal emulating the Tektronix '4010/4014. Just insert
the card and immediately you have high resolution graphics compatible with a variety
of available software packages.

VISUAL 102. The low cost, DEC VT102 compatibk
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REVIEW FEEDBACK

(text continued from page 374)
breaking the plastic nut on the CRT ball joint).
We discovered that the CS-9000 multitasks only
with compiled programs. No compiler was avail-
able for months and the BASIC was interpreted.
Then we got the Pascal compiler (so I learned
Pascal) and discovered that the OS had some
bug that effectively prevented multitasking. We
finally got a multitasking OS and the long-
awaited analog-sensor board. The RS-232C
ports on the analog-sensor board never have
been made to work with OS 1.0. However, we
were successful in using the motherboard
RS-232C ports in a multitasking mode.

Where are we now? The latest version of the
OS, OS 1.1, which we received in January 1984,
won't write BASIC files to disks formatted by

OS 1 .0. The programs we wrote to input data
via the motherboard RS-232C ports using OS
1 .0 don't work with OS 1 . 1 . Despite the fact that
we do have programs that successfully input
data using OS 1.0., we are unable to input data
using OS 1.1 via either the motherboard or the
new analog-sensor board RS-232C ports. Read-
ers should also know that the XENIX operating
system mentioned by Clune is only in the "in-
tended" stage— it is not available now. Addition-
ally, I know of no commercially available soft-
ware for the CS-9000 other than the languages
available from IBM Instruments. The OS for the
CS-9000 is not compatible with any other com-
puter. Service on the CS-9000 consists mostly
of sending the owner new parts for installation
by the owner. The CS-9000 is built to occupy

as little space as possible, and doing anything
other than plugging in a new options board is
not trivial. We have had several hardware prob-
lems. I can now gut. scale, and fillet a CS-9000
in about 10 minutes, but it took a lot of prac-
tice. The ergonomic problems noted by Clune
are also not trivial. Our lab benches are stan-
dard for a biochemistry lab, but too narrow for
the CS-9000— siting has been a problem.

But the cruelest blow was when a visiting
scientist brought his Apple 11+ to our lab. A
few lines of Applesoft and it took in data from
a counter on the first run.

To give the CS-9000 its due, it is very capable

hardware. It might be the choice if you have a

few highly repetitive tasks for which you are will-

(text continued on page 378)

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• Double-Sided Direct Shaft Drive for IBM

• 32 mm Height, 3 5 inch Direct Shaft Drive
for OEM.

10M BYTE HARD DISK SYSTEM

• Low Power Slim Line Hard Disk with Intelligen
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in IBM PC

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for IBM

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667 Brea Canyon Road, #25
Walnut, California 91789
Tel: (714) 594-6959
Outside Calif 1-800-MITSUBA
Japan TLX: 23325 EI-EN ENT

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

IBM is a registered trademark ol IBM Corp

Apple is a registered trademark ot Apple Computer mt

Gifford

has a lock on

multiuser CITM 8-16

It's 11:00 P.M. Do you
know where your files are?

It's great when multiple local and off
site users can run any 8- or 16-bit CP/M
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they can share expensive resources like
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of all is when they can share your most
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But sometimes data is sensitive. How
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Gifford adds a new dimension
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With our new security features, you
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Gifford's proprietary security
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make some projections, then switch
instantly to WordStar® to use this infor-
mation to update a letter. If you forget
what's on a screen, just touch a key to
refresh your memory. You won't need to
go through the distracting process of
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And since your Virtual Terminal can
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In the unlikely event that you encoun-
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Circle 146 on inquiry card. IUNE 1984 'BYTE 377

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

Multi-function "'
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Switches 10 lines (2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20).
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REVIEW FEEDBACK

[text continued from page 376)
ing to write the software, and you have another
computer for spreadsheets, general graphics,
and the like. At present, the CS-9000 is definitely
not a general-purpose laboratory computer.
And it never will be one until it becomes de-
pendable easy to use, and begins to get a soft-
ware base.

And. to give IBM Instruments its due, it has
agreed to take back its computer and give us
a refund.

Peter S. Tobias. Ph.D.

Department of Immunology

Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation

10666 North Tbrrey Pines Road

La lolla. CA 92037

After reading the article by Thomas R. Clune,
I was amazed. Not as amazed as I have been
by the lousy service we have received from IBM.
however. It's terrible! Our research group
ordered a CS-9000 in the fall of 1982, and the
string of promises, inaction, and bugs that fol-
lowed (and are continuing) has forever tarnished
the IBM name for me.

First there were the delays in shipping, then
the lack of documentation or a high-level lan-
guage. When we finally did receive versions of
Pascal and BASIC, they weren't compatible with
the current (original) version of the operating
system (OS). Similar problems plagued us for
at least another year. Finally, after seven months
of promises from our former marketing repre-
sentative, the company replaced our unit. The
new processing unit didn't work with the old
disk drives or old software, so more waiting
followed.

You call this customer service? There have
been several updates of both the high-level lan-
guages and the OS since our new machine ar-
rived last fall. We were not informed of them
nor did we receive any of them. Most of our
information about software updates and new
offerings comes from the rumor mill, not from
our current marketing representative.

Most recently we discovered yet another bug
in the system. The editor has the habit of inad-
vertently overwriting parts of other files on the
same track of the disk, leaving all of the affected
files unusable and unretrievable. When I
described this problem to Dr. lohn Tesch of
IBM. he agreed that it does do that sometimes.
Even though IBM is aware of this bug, it is still
shipping an OS containing it, without warning
customers.

I agree with Clune's description of the poten-
tial that this system possesses. That's what com-
pelled us to purchase one when it was first in-
troduced. Unfortunately, unlike Clune, we were
not the beneficiaries of any significant atten-
tion from the customer service department at
IBM Instruments. Without that support, and with
this trouble-laden product, none of us are very
fond of our CS-9000 system.

Michael Riebe

Chemistry Department

University of Wisconsin

Madison. Wl 53706

I enjoyed your article on the IBM CS-9000 lab-
oratory computer, but I feel the article grossly

understates the computing power of the
CS-9000 system. The performance example
cited in the article involved polling a device
once per second, receiving, and averaging 2K
bytes of data. In our application (high-per-
formance NMR spectroscopy and medical
imaging), a CS-9000-based system is used for
polling several devices every 200 milliseconds,
receiving, scaling, and graphically displaying 6K-
byte data packets. In addition, the system is able
to simultaneously transform the data to floating-
point format and perform complex manipula-
tions on it rapidly (for example, 1024-point com-
plex floating-point Fourier transforms in 145
milliseconds). By way of comparison, a VAX
1 1/780 with DEC'S floating-point accelerator re-
quires 228 milliseconds of processing-unit time
and an indeterminate amount of real time to
perform the same 1024-point complex floating-
point Fourier transform (IMSL scientific sub-
routine library "FFTCC ").

To be fair. I must point out that my CS-9000s
have been configured with extra hardware in-
cluding 1 megabyte of RAM, a 10-megabyte
Winchester disk, and a SKY Computers
SKYMNK-V floating-point processor. Even with
all these goodies, the CS-9000 system can be
purchased for $20,000, an order of magnitude
less than the cost of the VAX. The implications
of this are quite remarkable, and they suggest
that a new generation of supermicrocomputers
is now available. These machines are desktop
computers that offer real computing power, af-
fordable by small laboratory or business
groups. Only 5 or 10 years ago comparable per-
formance figures would have been regarded as
competitive for a low-end mainframe.

The EN1AC, a room-size behemoth that rev-
olutionized the world of computing, required
200 milliseconds to perform one multiplication.
The CS-9000 sitting on my desk does one multi-
plication in less than 2 microseconds. In other
words, my little computer is 100.000 times faster
than the EN1AC I think it is impressive.

David J. States. M.D.. Ph.D.

Staff Scientist

MIT

Building NW14-5122

Cambridge, MA 02139

The Wang
Professional Computer

I was pleased to see the review, "The Wang Pro-
fessional Computer," by Elaine Long in the
December 1983 issue, page 360. This is the first
article I have seen about the machine.

There are three Wang PCs at my place of em-
ployment. I have been using one almost daily
since luly for spreadsheet and word-processing
applications (using Multiplan and Wang Word
Processing). And I introduce new users to the
computer and software. I like the hardware very
much. The keyboard in particular is excellent.
The arrangement of the keys favors the person
with some typing experience, but the shape and
response of the keys suit almost everyone ex-
cept those with unusually large fingers. On the
other hand, the lack of an Escape key is
irritating.

378 B YTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

REVIEW FEEDBACK

The menus make it easy for our users to
spend time using the computer rather than
learning how to command the operating system.
If the menus are time-consuming to a regular
user, they can be circumvented quickly.

Wang Labs' sales and support has been rather
poor in my area; I feel it is not ready to sell the
equipment. There is a toll-free PC hotline in
Lowell. Massachusetts, for customers. Answers
to questions are being delayed one to two days
at this time. The people on the hotline are very
diligent in their efforts to solve problems;
however, they are still learning about the
equipment.

Regarding quality, on the first two machines
a memory-expansion board and a Winchester
controller card failed to function on delivery.
A floppy-disk drive failed in three days after
delivery. Both of these machines were delivered
to us before September of last year. We re-
ceived an extensively configured machine in
December, everything still functions. A board
inside one of the older monochrome monitors
was replaced recently. Service (on maintenance
contract) has been painless, of the replace and
test variety.

For us. delivery of hardware takes about eight
weeks. We have waited for several months for
delivery of our 2.0 version of Wang Word Pro-
cessing and the Program Development Manual.
The local sales office will not show us the Wang
Data Base, explaining that it is too bug-ridden
to be demonstrated.

When we purchase a system, the second drive
and expansion boards arrive in separate pack-
ages. The customer is expected to install them
or engage Wang (the fee is extra). There are in-
structions included, and the current set is cor-
rect. There are no caveats regarding static
charge and the like, however. Installation is
simple for the type of person who would fear-
lessly attack a broken toaster— and be able to
avoid creating further damage.

I like the computer, and I will like Wang bet-
ter in a few more months when, I hope, the new-
ness of the product has been overcome.

By the way, the printer in photo 1 of the ar-
ticle is not a daisy-wheel model. It is the Wang
Dot Matrix printer, correctly listed as model PC-
PM010. The printer looks and acts remarkably
like an Epson MX-80 FAT. The daisy-wheel printer
available is model PC-PM012: it looks like a
Diablo (640, 1 think). I recommend that any pro-
spective Wang Word Processing user either pur-
chase one of Wang's printers, an Epson or
similar printer, or do some very thorough in-
vestigation. Wang's generic parallel-printer
driver supports few of the word-processing
package's features, not even the double line
spacing, I have not worked with the generic
serial printer driver.

Kandace L. Myers

1 7 East Factory St.

Mechanicsburg. PA 17055

Videx UltraTerm

I would like to extend Videx's thanks for the re-
cent review of the UltraTerm in the February
BYTE (p. 310). There has been a change, how-

ever, in the VisiCalc preboot for the UltraTerm
that occurred after the review was written. The
160-column mode of the preboot was replaced
with another display mode that uses 80 col-
umns and 32 lines. We feel that this display will
better complement the UltraTerm with VisiCalc.
Videx is now sending a list of available soft-
ware that utilizes the expanded features of the
UltraTerm upon request.

William Leineweber

Customer Service

Videx Company

897 NW Grant Ave.

Corvallis. OR 97330

Z-100 Documentation
and Other Views

I have just read "The Zenith Z-100" (lanuary.
page 268) written by Ken Skier. I am a sopho-
more computer-science major at Clarkson
University and have had a Z-100 for about six
months. Mr. Skier's review was excellent in all
aspects but one: the documentation. In my
opinion, the documentation as a whole is lousy.
It is often incomplete, difficult to use. and very
confusing. The BASIC. FORTRAN, Pascal, Multi-
plan, CP/M, and Z-DOS manuals consist of one
or two ring-bound binders. Almost all are lack-
ing a detailed index consolidating both binders
in a clear and concise fashion. Although, as Mr.
Skier mentioned, the documentation is quan-
titative (in terms of pages), it certainly is not
qualitative.

Other than this section, I think the review was
very accurate and did justice to the underpub-
licized Z-100.

Brent n. Hunter
Clarkson University
Potsdam. NY 13676

1 enjoyed reading Ken Skier's Z-100 review. (I've
had my H-120 since last May.) I'm writing be-
cause of one small inaccuracy regarding the
dual-processor configuration.

Any time you are running CP/M-85. you are
using the 16-bit 8088 almost constantly. Briefly,
all I/O (input/output)— disk, screen, keyboard,
serial, and parallel ports— is being done in the
bottom page of memory under the control of
the 8088. Anytime there is I/O activity, the 8085
swaps out to the 16-bit side.

There are a couple of significant advantages
to this, besides the fact that the 8088 is run-
ning more efficient code routines:

• The BIOS in the 8-bit memory page is con-
siderably smaller; CP/M-85 therefore gives the
user around 3K bytes more program and data
workspace.

• Warm boots are extremely fast, as copies of
the BDOS and CCP are kept in the bottom page
of RAM and therefore do not have to be re-
read from a bootable disk. A warm boot merely
logs in the new disk, as the 8088 very quickly
copies the BDOS and CCP from low RAM to
the CP/M page of memory.

A couple of minor points— the separate video

RAM banks are not parity-checked, and the

(tat continued on page 380)

Only Titan's Neptune™ pro-
vides Apple He users with
an 80-column video display
and up to 192K memory —
all in just one slot.

Now, Titan's exclusive Neptune
extended 80-column card gives
you increased video display and up
to 192K memory using just one slot
in your Apple He. Designed
expressly for the auxiliary slot of
the He, the Neptune is available
with 64K, 128K or 192K of RAM
memory The RAM memory can be

utilized as a solid state RAM disk.
Additionally Titan's VC-EXPAND/
80™ software supplied with each
Neptune expands VisiCalc® up to
220K of workspace memory and
provides many other VisiCalc
enhancements. DOS, PASCAL and
CP/M® PSEUDO-DISK™ patches and
a DOS relocation program are also
included with each Neptune card.

Let us help you expand your
Apple's productivity For informa-
tion on the Neptune and other Titan
microcomputer products, see your
computer dealer or contact: Titan
Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 8050,
Ann Arbor, MI 48107; Telephone
(313)973-8422.

Sales and Marketing by The
MARKETING RESOURCE GROUP,
Costa Mesa, CA.

ra Titan

«— ^— TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

■^^^^M^^^^^V FORMERLY SATURN SYSTEMS OF MICHIGAN

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp, Inc.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
VC-EXPAND software is written by Micro Solutions, Inc.
Neptune and PSEUDO-DISK are trademarks of Titan
Technologies, Inc.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 379

REVIEW FEEDBACK

(tot continued from page 379)
1 1-megabyte Winchester upgrade has been an-
nounced at SI 799.

1 thought the article was very good— compre-
hensive and well written. I have three Heath/
Zenith micros; the H-120 is rapidly becoming
my favorite because of its exceptional
capabilities.

Al Heigl

Mill City Records

POB 3759

Minneapolis, MN 55403

I would like to take this opportunity to comment
on the Zenith Z-100 review. I own a Heath H-100,
which is the kit version of the Zenith Z-100. and
I am extremely pleased with this machine.

Ken Skier states that "8-bit CP/M software is
hard to come by in the Z-100 5!4-inch format."
1 have found that almost all software that I am
interested in comes in the Heath/Zenith format.
Perhaps your author was not aware that the
Zenith format is the same as the common Heath
format. In particular, the complete CP/M User's
Group and SIG/M public-domain CP/M libraries
are available on Heath soft-sectored disks (two
sources of these public-domain disks are:
Robert Todd Jr., 1121 Briarwood. Bensalem, PA
19020, and Headware, 2865 Akron St., Atlanta,
GA 30344).

Skier states that the Z-100 cannot transfer files
between disks of different formats. Computer
Consultants to Business (1033 Bishop Walsh Rd..
Cumberland, MD 2 1 502) sells several Z-100 pro-
grams that allow file transfers between the
Heath/Zenith CP/M format, the Heath/Zenith Z-
DOS (IBM PC-DOS) format, the Osborne CP/M
format, and the Kaypro CP/M format. This com-
pany is also considering other formats, such as
DEC Rainbow and North Star.

The author also stated that "although both
processors |8088 and 8085| are present ... I am
not aware of any applications that transfer con-
trol from one processor to another." One such
application, called "CP/EMulator," is available
from the Heath User's Group, which produces
hundreds of programs for the Heath/Zenith
computers (and sells them, with source code,
for about $20 each). This program runs on the
8088 (Z-DOS) and allows the user to temporarily
switch control to the 8085 (CP/M) to run CP/M
programs. These CP/M programs may use Z-
DOS files for I/O (input/output).

Skier states that "a light-pen port is available,
but Zenith does not yet provide a light pen to
go with it." While it is true that Zenith does not
yet fully support this option, at least one third-
party vendor does. Software Wizardry (122
Yankee Drive, St. Charles, MO 63301), a long-
time supporter of the Heath/Zenith computer

line, sells a light pen that is compatible with the
Z-100. This firm also sells a graphics software
package for the Z-100 that optionally accepts
input from this light pen.

The author mentioned that the Z-100 is not
IBM PC compatible. While it is true that many
programs written for the IBM PC will not run
on the Z-100. almost all of the most popular ap-
plications programs are available in versions for
the Z-100 or in MS-DOS versions (the Z-100 can
run all MS-DOS programs). Many of the Z-100
applications are even superior to the IBM PC
versions; for example, the Z-100 version of Lotus
1-2-3 supports more colors and higher-resolu-
tion graphics than the IBM PC version. Also,
there are two programs available for the Z-100
that allow some incompatible IBM PC software
to run on the Z-100. These programs are
"IB-Em" from Wideman Computer Consulting
(1320 Pepper Villa Dr., El Cajon. CA 92021) and

RUNPC" from Lindley Systems (21 Hancock St..
Bedford, MA 01730).

1 agree with Skier's conclusion that the Z-100
is an excellent machine. This is probably one
of the best 8088-based microcomputers on the
market today, and although third-party software
support is not as large as for the IBM PC, the
Z-100 hardware is far superior to the IBM PC
(and its clones) in terms of hardware.

Also, please note that 1 am not affiliated with

REVIEW FEEDBACK

any of the companies mentioned in this letter.
I am a computer user and have used some of
the products that I have described. Those I have
used all operate as advertised.

Kenton Lee

2138 Aldrin Rd.

Apt. 5A

Ocean. NJ 07712

I appreciated Ken Skier's hardware review on
the Zenith Z-100. While suitably glowing in its
assessment of the machine, the review under-
standably omits mention of an immense
resource that is readily available to users of
Zenith computers— namely, users of Heath
computers.

The omission is understandable because
Zenith never mentions it either. From the com-
pany's advertising and its dealers one might
think that a Z-100 has nothing in common with
an H-100 (the kit version of the same machine).
In fact, however, the only thing they don't have
in common is 4 square inches of plastic on the
front panel: the product logo.

The H-100 is one of the newest toys to capture
the imagination of the rather large community
of Heath computer builders and users and—
equally important— to capture the attention of
the rather large number of independent hard-
ware and software vendors who provide sup-

port for Heath machines. The users themselves,
to judge from the publications that cater to
them, are hardware and software hackers in the
fine old sense of the word: people who stay
up until morning breathing solder fumes and
banging on keyboards for the fun of it. The ven-
dors provide what these people need: hardware
and software that exploit the machine's capa-
bilities and don't cost a mint. The journals pro-
vide information of use to everyone from begin-
ners to professionals.

What H-100 users need is also what Z-100
users, including Mr. Skier, need. Almost every-
thing his review says a Z-100 won't do, it will
do— with the help of cheap or free things from
the Heath users and their commercial allies.

Eight-bit CP/M software is not hard to come
by in the Z-100 514-inch disk format. Several ven-
dors, such as the Software Toolworks, sell very
economical software— compilers, utilities,
editors, games— in that format. Users groups
and other sources provide a great deal more
at lower prices.

For example, Z-DOS indeed can't write CP/M
files— however, CP/M can be tricked into reading
Z-DOS files, with identical results. RDZDOS, a
$20 program from an independent vendor,
makes that possible. If you don't have $20 left,
you can trick the machine into doing the same
thing using just the utilities that come with the

operating systems: the trick is explained in a
letter to REMark magazine, issue 4 5 (October.
1983). REMark is the journal of the Heath Users'
Group, which is actually a part of the Heath
company.

That should be enough to make the point.
Anybody considering a Z-100 should take into
account its underground support system. You
don't have to be a genius to use it. You just have
to be inquisitive.

Arnold Seibel

621 Parcel St.

Monterey. CA 93940

Flight Simulator

In regard to Stan Miastkowski's review "Micro-
soft Flight Simulator" (March, page 224), I real-
ize that the programmers can, and did, take
literary privilege in writing this software. But the
comments of Miastkowski, who purports to be
a pilot, are simply astounding.

On page 228, Miastkowski says that Meigs
Field, in Chicago, is an uncontrolled airport. If
he had checked with his "lepp" manuals, he
would have assuredly known that Meigs is in-
deed a controlled airport, to the extent that stu-
dent pilots are forbidden to take off or land
there.

[text continued on page 383)

Let the gibberish stop here.

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 381

Now you can sell to

your European prospects and

customers, right here

in BYTE's

International Advertising Section!

Among our 40,000 international BYTE
paid subscribers are your prime European
customers for microcomputer products:

■ 79% own/use a computer for personal
applications

■ 89% of BYTE's European subscribers
now own or use a microcomputer

■ 91% are involved in company computer
purchase decisions

■ 92% are involved in company software
purchase decisions

■ 49% have purchased a product from an
ad in BYTE

■ 28% indicated they read no other
English-language computer magazine

■ The average full-page ad in BYTE
generates nearly 1 300 inquiries

Your ad will not only be read by these
40,000 buyers, but it will reach another
40,000 passalong BYTE readers! BYTE's
International Advertising Section is now your
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every month. Make your space
reservations today.

And, for complete details of our
European readers, telephone your BYTE
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Subscriber Profile Study :

London: Arthur Scheffer at 01-493-1451

Frankfurt/Main: Fritz Krusebecker at
72-01-81

Paris: Kenneth Davey at 720-33-42

Milan: Savio Pesavento 86-90-656

Stockholm: Andrew Karnig at 08-51-68-70

Madrid: Maria Sarmiento at 45-52-891

Bat Yam, Israel: Gurit Gepner at
866-561-321-39

U.S. A.: Pete Huestis at 603-924-9281

EITI

the international standard 1 '

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

34 Dover St.

London W1X 3RA England

REVIEW FEEDBACK

{text continued from page 381)

Since its construction. Meigs Field has been
plagued by crosswinds and burbles (disturbed
winds coming from buildings and structures),
as well as convection currents (from flying over
water and then flying over heated concrete or
other hard terrain). This is the result of the fact
that Meigs has only two runways.

1 find that the Flight Simulator software should
not be used without a joystick control, which
the IBM PC does not make allowances for.

LOVELL E. SWANIGAN JR.

2801 South King Dr. #51 7
Chicago, 1L 60616

Interrupting Hercules

With reference to the review, "The Hercules
Graphics Card" by Tom Wadlow (December
1983, page 343). I would like to point out a
problem with the examples presented.

The assembler language interrupts will not
work on an IBM XT running DOS 2.0 due to the
fact that INT 40-4F are used by the system.

A close look at the technical reference manual
will show that these interrupts are, indeed,
reserved.

Hercules, it seems, has fallen into the same
trap as so many others (including ourselves).
The only interrupts that are reserved for the
user are 60-6F.

Charles Allen

Managing Director

Gulf Computing Systems

POB 25125

Safat, Kuwait

Hercules responds:

Since Mr. Allen took the trouble to send us
a copy of the letter that he wrote to you. 1 will
take the trouble to correct him. The Hercules
Graphics Card uses interrupt 10. not any inter-
rupts in the range 40-4F. as is his understanding.
The fact that I am composing this letter on an
XT running DOS 2.0 with a Hercules card in the
system convinces me that there is no problem
with this arrangement.

Andrew Fischer

Technical Support

Hercules Computer Technology

2550 Ninth St.. Suite 210

Berkeley. CA 94710

Applause for APL

Thank you very much for the excellent article
"STSC APL'PLUS and IBM PC APL: Two APLs
for the IBM PC" by lacques Bensimon (March,
page 246).

REVIEW FEEDBACK IS a new column of
readers' letters. We welcome responses
that support or challenge BYTE reviews.
Send letters to Review Feedback, BYTE
Publications. POB 372, Hancock, NH
03449. Name and address must be on
all letters.

The author established immediate empathy,
I am sure, with every APL "true believer" when
he recounted his disappointment that APL was
not chosen over BASIC as IBM's premier lan-
guage for the PC. Having established his creden-
tials as an APLer, though, he did not go on to
abandon those unfamiliar with the language, as
I have seen many authors do. The section "A
Brief Look at APL." with numerous clear ex-
amples, was worthy of publication all by itself.

■ The entire article was very well written, tech-
nically accurate, to the best of my knowledge
(I have had professional exposure to both sys-
tems), and a fair and equitable comparison be-
tween the two implementations.

A heartfelt "keep up the good work" is in

order for both you and lacques Bensimon.

Jim Fiegenschue

1805 High Meadow Cove

Carrollton. TX 75006 M

What do you get when you cross
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IUNE I984 'BYTE 383

An Analog and Digital I/O board for your IBM PCat just $295!*

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IBM PC, IBM Personal Computer and PC DOS are registered trademarks of IBM. PCLAB is a trademark of Data Translation, Inc.

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

BUTE

Kernel

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 385

Is BYTE too
big for you ?

Is the biggest monthly
computer magazine in the
world too big for your
advertising? Are you concerned
that your ad will be lost,
unread among all those others?
Consider these big-number
facts:

Advertisers in BYTE receive an
average of over 1,000 inquiries
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average of 1,300 for full-page
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And as the number of ad pages
goes up, the number of
inquiries-per-page soars. When
we broke the Folio 400 record
by doubling our ad pages, we
tripled ad response. And not
just in preferred positions, but
all through the magazine. Some
back-of-book advertisers have
received over 2,000 inquiries
from a single ad.

One more big number: over a
quarter of a million readers
have bought products from ads
they've seen in BYTE.

If you're an advertiser, or are
just starting to think big, talk to
us— we're the people who
wrote the book on
microcomputer marketing. Just
call Pete Huestis, Advertising
Sales Manager, at
603/924-9281.

BITE

THE INJERNATION AL STANDARD

KB BYTE ispuHishd mon% by M%rwi-MM , wHfco&es 4+ 70 MainSt v ftterbo«xgh / N.H.<W58 / ph. G03-n*-?2ai

COMPUTING

AT CHAOS MANOR

A Superbusy
Month

Apple-Franklin Case »»

CompuPro Hard Disk

Hudson 8087 Boards

Tlirbo Pascal

Rana Drives

Dilog RAM Disk

Disk Maker I

Quickon

Printer Optimizer

Helix Bubble Disk

ow do you manage to find so
much to write about?" my sane
friend asked.

I just looked at her. When your subject is
small computers, the problem isn't finding
enough to write about, it's knowing when to
stop.

1 thought I knew where to start. We've been
expecting two new machines, the Sage IV and
the CompuPro 10. Alas, both arrived today.
The flu has blasted through Chaos Manor, and
we're not likely to uncrate either machine until
well after the deadline for this column, so this
month maybe I can catch up on the backlog.
Maybe.

by Jerry Pournelle

Thanks

Sage IV First, a pair of thank-yous. As some of you
know, I've been heavily involved in the L-5
Society Promoting Space Development,
which is an outfit that takes seriously Robert
Heinlein's dictum that the earth is just too
small and fragile a basket for the human race
to keep all its eggs in. (You can join the L-5
Society by sending $25 to L-5, 1060 East Elm
St., Tucson, AZ 85719.)

The L-5 Society isn't broke, but I don't sup-
pose it's much of a surprise that there's no
surplus money, so when we found ourselves
in need of some new computer equipment we
had a problem.

Indeed, it was more of a problem than you
might think. I'm fully aware that I could get
any number of companies to donate equip-
ment to L-5; but might someone see my re-
quest as attempted extortion?

Fortunately, there was a simple solution to
the problem.

Some years ago the L-5 Society bought a
CompuPro computer to keep the books and
membership list on. CompuPro's Bill Godbout
arranged to have that system completely up-
dated, donating a new set of hardware with
all the bells and whistles, including a new
CompuPro hard disk.

Meanwhile, the Bay Area L-5 people were
putting on the annual meeting, and their com-
puter died; whereupon David Kay's company
donated a Kaypro IV, which, I am pleased to
report, arrived in time to bail our people out

of a mountain of paperwork.

Since what I think of those machines was
in print long before I brought up the subject
of L-5, I've no fear anyone will get the wrong
idea. My thanks to both companies and their
presidents.

The Copyright Decision

The papers announce that Apple and Franklin
have settled out of court.

That's fine, but it means that for the moment
we'll have no final and binding decision on the
questions the suit posed. We do have a deci-
sion by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit. That's binding only in that area; judges
in other circuits could rule otherwise, although
in practice the Third Circuit decision is likely
to be persuasive wherever the issue comes
up.

What's at stake is the whole question of
copyright protection for software.

The facts of the case were pretty simple.
Franklin (of Philadelphia) wanted to market a
computer that would run Apple software. It
studied the situation and concluded that it
wasn't feasible to rewrite the Apple operating
system including the code in the boot ROM
(read-only memory) because, in the words of
Franklin's vice-president for engineering,
"there were just too many entry points in re-
lationship to the instructions in the program."

Franklin therefore copied Apple's ROM. Ac-
cording to the Circuit Court decision, "Apple
produced evidence at the hearing . . . that pro-
grams sold by Franklin in conjunction with its
ACE 100 computer were virtually identical
with those covered by the fourteen Apple
copyrights. The variations that did exist were
minor, consisting merely of such things as
deletion of reference to Apple or its copyright
notice."

In fact, James Huston, an Apple program-
mer, found his name embedded in one of the
programs sold by Franklin and the word "Ap-
plesoft" in another. Franklin didn't dispute that
(tat continued on page 388)

]erry Pournelle holds a doctorate in psychology and is
a science-fiction writer who also earns a comfortable liv-
ing writing about computers present and future.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 387

CHAOS MANOR

{text continued from page 387)
it copied the Apple programs. "Its fac-
tual defense was directed to its conten-
tion that it was not feasible for Franklin
to write its own operating system
programs."

In short, Franklin's defense was (1) it
had to copy the Apple programs or it
couldn't produce a machine that would
run Apple software, and (2) operating
systems and machine codes aren't sub-
ject to copyright because they're not
literary works.

This isn't a totally unreasonable posi-
tion. My late mad friend thought copy-
right law was sufficiently complicated
already, and he was adamantly op-
posed to adding computer-program ob-
ject code to the works protected by
copyright. MacLean thought there
ought to be special legislation based on
patent law. I didn't agree with him, but
he could be pretty persuasive.

Moreover, there are only so many
ways to make computers do things. You
can't copyright an idea; only its expres-
sion. Thus, it can certainly be argued
that had Franklin been able to rewrite
the Apple operating system in such a
way as to keep all the same entry points
but not have made an exact copy of the
copyrighted Apple programs, it would
have been home free.

This would be akin to taking a book
of nonfiction and rewriting it so that the
table of contents for the original and the
rewrite were identical: on each page of
both the same ideas would be ex-
pressed, but the actual words and sen-
tences would be different. That would
be a lot of work but certainly not
impossible.

Franklin didn't do that. My reading of
the Court's decision leads me to think
that it would have won if it had, but in
fact the Court specifically didn't address
that issue in the decision. What it did
do was rule that "a computer program
in object code embedded in a ROM
chip is an appropriate subject of copy-
right," and that "a computer program,
whether in object code or source code,
is a 'literary work' and is protected from
unauthorized copying, whether from its
object- or source-code version."

This can have some pretty far-reach-
ing effects. For one thing, software pub-
lishers can't have it both ways: if they
want to rely on copyright protection,
they're going to have to give up those

388 BYTE- |UNE 1984

ridiculous licensing agreements their
lawyers are so fond of. That's probably
just as well, because I suspect those
agreements are worthless.

The idea of licensing software is a
legacy of the mainframe and minicom-
puter days, when software could and
did cost hundreds of thousands of
dollars and was installed and main-
tained by experts. There was a time,
after all, when you couldn't buy an IBM
computer; they could only be leased,
and severe restrictions on what periph-
eral equipment you could connect to
the IBM were built right into the lease
contract.

In those days, software licensing
agreements were actual contracts,
negotiated between independent enti-
ties that, if not in an equal bargaining
position, were at least not as unequal
as a consumer and a major software
company.

That's no longer true. Now you go to
a store and plunk down money for soft-
ware exactly as you might buy a cable
or an all-day sucker or a Jerry Pournelle
science-fiction novel. The difference is
that when you get your software home,
there's this imbecilic licensing agree-
ment under which the publisher war-
rants nothing at all and guarantees that
his product isn't worth anything, and
you "agree" not to copy the program,
show it to others, or run it on more than
one machine or during the dark of the
moon. You also agree that this unwar-
ranted and unmerchantable program is
enormously valuable, and if you do
violate the terms of the agreement you
have done the publisher irreparable
harm, and you'll sell your spouse and
children into slavery in partial recom-
pense to the poor damaged publisher.

I've never heard of a court trial based
on one of those goofy licenses, and I
find it hard to believe that any judge
would take one seriously. Of course, one
is never safe in relying on lawyers to ex-
hibit common sense. Even so, i really
doubt the enforceability of those agree-
ments, and I suspect that software pub-
lishers would do much better to rely on
copyright.

There are, however, some limits to
copyright protection. For one thing,
educational and nonprofit groups have
some privileges under the Copyright
Act. So do those outfits that translate
and adapt works for use by the blind.

Educators, reviewers, and scholars have
the right of "fair use." Finally, there's the
question of backup copies. Under copy-
right law, you are prohibited from sell-
ing or distributing copies of a protected
work without the owner's permission;
but making a copy for your own use is
a different story. You can't make a copy
and sell the original, but I see nothing
to stop you from making and keeping
copies for your own use.

You can also lend books to friends, so
long as they don't make copies. Indeed,
as I've said before, the law requires me
to pay taxes in support of institutions
whose business is to lend people copies
of my books.

Thus, one result of the Franklin-Apple
case may be the demise of software
licensing agreements in favor of some-
thing more sensible. 1 hope so. It's too
bad, though: I can sympathize with both
companies' desire to stay out of court
and get this thing settled, but 1 wish it
had gotten to the U.S. Supreme Court
so we'd have some of the issues settled
once and for all.

Cp/m-8/16 Revisited

It's hard to believe that I've had my
CompuPro 40-megabyte hard disk and
CP/M-8/16 for only a month now. In fact,
it's hard to see how I ever lived with-
out them. Not that it has all been
smooth sailing. As I mentioned last
month, it's just as well that Chaos Manor
was a test site for the new BIOS (basic
input/output system): we were still
flushing bugs out of the system as late
as last week.

None of them was fatal, but some
were annoying. Diagnosing one of the
errors was instructive. The directory of
the E: segment of my hard disk kept go-
ing haywire. That is: the hard disk is
divided by software into five logical disk
drives. The A:, B:, C. and D: drives have
10 megabytes each. The E: drive has 1.1
megabytes and is set up to look exact-
ly like an 8-inch double-sided double-
density floppy, making it possible to
copy to and from it. However, whenever
I'd put any great amount of data onto
the E: drive, the directory would get
trashed, and I couldn't even erase it.
When I tried, it would tell me there were
Read/Only files on it, but then STAT
couldn't find them. It made the E: drive
useless.

Then we had another glitch, some-
(text continued on page 390)

We're on
Louis Nizer's Case

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TlHf

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 389

CHAOS MANOR

[text continued from page 388)
thing like keyboard bounce, that would
go away once the system had been
running for a few minutes. Hardly fatal,
but annoying, and as Bill Godbout is
fond of saying, if the error rate is high
enough to measure, it's too high. Little
glitches can be symptoms of coming big
trouble.

Tony Pietsch, the guru who maintains
my systems, couldn't figure out what
was happening and kept coming up with
new hypotheses, most of which involved
removing features from The Golem (our
CompuPro Dual Processor). That's no
bad way to proceed, of course. Get the
system down to basics you understand.
The relentless application of logic will
generally solve the most puzzling prob-
lems.

Finally, he removed jim Hudson's
8087 add-on board. That did clear up
the cold-start glitch, and the E: drive
seemed to be behaving itself.

However, it left me without an 8087
math-chip system, and that's not accept-
able. Logitech's Modula-2, the language
I've fallen in love with, doesn't do float-
ing point unless you have an 8087.
Thus, I found myself on the phone to
tell Jim Hudson we'd yanked his board.

He wasn't happy and decided to
come down with a new math board and
his own Dual Processor's processor
board, which was known to work in a
system nearly identical to mine, lust to
be sure he hadn't left anything out, he

brought Bob Greene, a troubleshooter
from Intel, who carried a couple of new
8-MHz 8087 chips.

After a few tests it transpired that I
had a very early 8088 chip, which
doesn't surprise me since The Golem
was one of the first Dual Processor sys-
tems to leave the CompuPro factory; it
too began life as a test box, but we'd
never had any trouble before. We re-
placed the 8088, at which point all
seemed to work fine. Then, when we
had everything swapped out, I needed
a copy of lim's Modula-2 disk. He'd
brought down a lot of small program
modules he'd got from Willy Steiger at
Logitech: more than 200, in fact.

Fine, thought I. We'll use the newly
working E: disk to copy onto. I started
PIP going. Things went well for a while.
Then, suddenly, error messages. Worse,
when I checked the E: disk to see what
had managed to get copied, there was
that same old trash in the directory
again!

I still didn't have a copy of lim's disk.
Alas, no one has yet written a copy pro-
gram that understands that my 8-inch
disks are I: and (:, respectively. (That's
coming Real Soon Now.) It was lunch-
time, and we were in a hurry, so 1 tried
to use PIP to move Jim's disk off to the
M: memory drive, which is certainly the
fastest way. That didn't work either. Now
what?

In fact, try as I liked, I couldn't use PIP

to move that disk to any part of my hard
disk. It would go a long way, then come
up with a BDOS (basic disk operating
system) error, even on the D: segment,
which had never given me any trouble.
There was nothing for it but to fire up
Zeke II, my superreliable Z80, and copy
that disk.

lim went home feeling much better:
it wasn't his board causing the problem.
Now it was Tony's turn to sweat.

We also knew it wasn't the processor
board. Nothing for it, then: Tony
brought over his own CompuPro hard
disk and controller. We installed them.
Everything worked fine. I breathed a
sigh of relief. "Not yet," said Tony.
"Where's that disk that kept crashing the
system?"

We put that into the floppy-disk drive
and started PIP going. File after file
came across. Then— blooey. Same error
messages. Tony sat down with a St. Pauli
Girl to think. For some reason, I started
to use PIP to move the disk to the M:
memory drive while he was puzzling it
out.

That provided the clue. After 128 files
had been sent over, we got an error
message. Tony thought for a second.
"Oh, sure," he said. "There's no more
directory space. There's not room for
more than 128 files in the M: drive/
H: RAM (random-access read/write
memory | disk."

(tat continued on page 392)

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390 BYTE • |UNE 1984

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CONTROL 16 S-100 USERS
WITH 1 ADIT BOARD

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CHAOS MANOR

[text continued from page 389)

I hadn't known that, and I guess Tony
had forgotten it. "Hardly a serious
limitation," 1 said. "Strange, though, the
file just after that one is where we get
the other problem . . ."

I stopped talking because Tony was
scribbling madly.

It didn't take long to fix things after
that. When Tony and the CompuPro
people ginned up the new superfast
BIOS, they'd managed to put in a wrong
number in the part that allocates direc-
tory space. Five minutes with DDT fixed
things. We phoned the fix up to Com-
puPro just in time: it was due to begin
shipping the next day. No one had
tested the new software's ability to use
PIP on more than 129 files.

As 1 said, an instructive lesson: if 1
hadn't happened to notice precisely
where things Went wrong, we might still
be wondering why this particular disk
full of software would crash the system.
The moral of the story is. if you have a
problem, keep a log. Write down every
bit of information you can get. What did
you do, what error message did you get,
what are the symptoms of the problem,
what was happening just before the
problem manifested itself: everything
you can find out. It may seem trivial or
irrelevant, but write it down anyway,
before you forget. More often than not
there's a powerful clue buried in among
the details, and if you don't record the
details, you may not spot the clue.

It Can Change Your Life

That may have been the last bug in
CompuPro-8/16. It does have some an-
noying "features," nearly all associated
with user numbers, but they're endur-
able: and now I don't understand how
I ever got along without 8/16 and a hard
disk. I have a larger temporary program
area (TPA), floppies work faster than
ever before, and I can keep an enor-
mous pile of stuff on the hard disk.

It has made some surprising changes
in the way we do things here. When I
find a minor problem in a program I've
written, instead of logging it, often I fix
it on the spot. It's easy, now that I don't
have to go find the source, find the disk
with the compiler, load the compiler,
and load the source, all before I can
start. Now I have source, programming
editor, and compiler all on the hard
disk.

Bookkeeping is easier, too. I keep the
journal on the hard disk, and it's very
easy to call up the Journal program and
enter checks and cash as it happens,
rather than save it all up for frantic en-
try just before April 15.

Hard disks are wonderful.

Hudson's Z-100 Board

One major application for microcom-
puters is spreadsheets, and the com-
plaint I most often hear about them is
that they're too slow. Since spread-
sheets are often associated with finan-
cial calculations, which demand high ac-
curacy combined with large numbers,
it's understandable: floating-point calcu-
lations are inherently slow. Fortunately,
though, there's a hardware remedy: the
8087 math chip, which does floating-
point calculations at about 500 times
the speed that the 8088 chip can do
them.

I've already mentioned lim Hudson's
8087 board for the CompuPro Dual Pro-
cessor. It's a small board that rides
piggyback on the processor board: to
install, remove the 8088 chip, insert
Hudson's board where the 8088 was,
and insert the 8088 into the socket on
his board.

It works fine. Of course, if you don't
have an 8-MHz 8087 chip-they're still
fairly rare and expensive— you have to
slow your Dual Processor down. Hud-
son's board does that automatically, and
it has provisions for letting you speed
things back up when you get a faster
8087 chip.

The results of using an 8087 are im-
pressive: some 120,000 floating-point
math operations take less than 10 sec-
onds. If you're doing much number
crunching with an 8086 or 8088, you
must get an 8087. The IBM PC has a slot
on board for the 8087: just get one and
plug it in. Ditto for the Eagle 1600, ex-
cept that the Eagle needs one of the
8-MHz parts, and that will cost you
some change. There's no way— at least
none known to me— to slow the Eagle
down, and an 8087 won't work in a sys-
tem in which the microprocessor is run-
ning faster than the 8087.

Hudson's 8087 for the CompuPro was
so successful that he designed a board
for the Z-100. It uses one of the S-100
bus slots and has 256K bytes of RAM
in addition.

Before you can make real use of the

memory on Hudson's board, you'll need
to fill those empty memory sockets on
the Z-100 motherboard with nine 4164
64K-bit dynamic-memory chips. You
ought to do that anyway: it's easy
enough. You can get the chips from
Hudson when you buy his board: he
isn't in the chip business, though, so to
order separately, go to an outfit like Cal-
ifornia Digital. (You can also get a "kit"
from Zenith, but there's nothing in it but
nine chips and some instructions, and
Zenith charges a lot.)

Hudson's board comes with programs
to test both the memory and the 8087,
and Hudson supplies source code to
the tests. Installing the Hudson 8087
board in the Z-100 is simple, and it has
given us no problems. I'd have been
shocked if it had: I've known )im for a
couple of years now. He's one of the
good guys, a perfectionist who would
take it personally if something he sup-
plied didn't work properly.

There's already a lot of support soft-
ware for the 8087, and more is coming
all the time. Borland's Turbo Pascal, for
instance, has a Turbo87 version. If there
are any spreadsheets that make use of
the 8087's great speed, I haven't seen
them yet, but it's only a matter of time.
Within a couple of years they all will.
Anyone developing new software for
the IBM PC or Z-100 really ought to get
in on the 8087 revolution.

Turbo!

I'm not fond of the name "Turbo," but
that's about the only thing in Borland
International's Turbo Pascal that I'm not
mad about. So are my readers. I have
tons of mail praising Turbo— and I have
yet to get one complaint.

Borland's coming out with a new ver-
sion, 2.0, that's a significant improve-
ment over the old. Meanwhile, it has
canceled that silly licensing-agreement
policy. It's doing everything right and
deserves the full support of the micro
community.

Meanwhile, Microsoft is selling Potent
Pascal. I hate that name. I don't care
much for the product, either: it's IBM
Pascal, essentially unchanged. The
Microsoft ad speaks of a "software de-
velopment environment." That's true in
the same sense that any compiler is a
"software development environment,"
but not otherwise. If you believe "en-
(text continued on page 394)

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CHAOS MANOR

(text continued from page 390)
vironment" implies a compiler inte-
grated with an editor, as with the
MT+86 Speed Programming Package
or Turbo Pascal's integrated editor.
Potent Pascal isn't one. Kaypro's Tyler
Sperry, who's here to deliver the 1984
model of the Kaypro IV (faster, new
video, built-in modem; it's a real im-
provement), wonders if the company
couldn't call Kaypro's S-BASIC an "en-
vironment." It compiles, doesn't it?
i remain impressed with Borland.

Hot Tips

As I've said before, I'm in the middle of
a storm: Rod Coleman of Sage Com-
puter is certain that the Motorola 68000
chip and its successors are the real
future for microcomputers. So, of
course, does Apple. My son Alex tends
to agree with Rod, and between them
they make an awfully good case.

On the other hand. Bill Godbout and
his people are just as convinced that the
future lies with the Intel 8086 and its
successors, and they can point to the
success of the IBM PC for confirmation.
When Jim Hudson and Bob Greene
came down with the new Z-100 board,
we spent some time talking about the
future of the micro revolution. I didn't
come to any conclusions, but I did get
some hot tips on using 8088 equip-
ment, particularly the IBM PC.

Oops!

If you have a hard disk in your IBM PC.
you can have a real problem when the
time comes to format a new floppy disk.
If you're logged onto the hard disk and
invoke the format program without
modifications, you get the message
"Ready to format hard disk. Strike any
key when ready."

Generally, you didn't want to format
the hard disk. Formatting erases every-
thing, permanently and irrevocably. If
you don't do just the right thing, though,
that's what will happen. Alas, many PC
users see that message, panic, and hit
either the Escape key or Control-C, both
of which usually rescue them— but
neither will rescue them this time. Nor
will the ersatz "reset" of Ctrl-Alt-Del;
that "Strike any key when ready"
message really means it.

The only escape is to turn the ma-
chine off.

This is obviously an undesirable situa-

tion. Bob Greene suggests a permanent
solution: on the hard disk, rename
"FORMAT" to "DOFORMAT" Now
create a batch file named FORMAT.BAT
that has one, and only one, line in it:

DOFORMAT A:

The A: disk will be a floppy-disk drive.
Incidentally, when making up batch
(.BAT) files for the PC, the proper ter-
mination for the last entry is not car-
riage return but Control-Z (Control-Zed,
as Greene puts it; he spends too much
time in England). If you don't use Con-
trol-Z, you get an extraneous carriage
return in the command string, which
produces an annoying extra prompt.

Youll Be Sorry

One thing that annoys Intel are people
who do original research in the 8086 in-
struction set.

Let me explain.

The 8088 and 8086 chips, like all
micro chips, have an "instruction set" of
commands to which they'll respond.
These are such commands as "Move
the contents of the C register to the A
register" and "Add with carry": the
primitive commands from which assem-
bly-language programs are built. These
instructions are built into the chip in
micro code and are actually part of the
chip's very structure. The instruction set
is a key feature of a microprocessor
chip, and the manufacturer publishes a
list of commands the chip will accept.

However, some "holes" are in the
micro code that instructs the chip. Cer-
tain instructions, although not docu-
mented in the published command list,
will in fact work, often to produce useful
results, such as to clear a certain register
without resetting the carry flag. Some
programmers have zealously experi-
mented with the 8086 and 8088 chips,
finding a number of these "undocu-
mented features," which they have
made use of in programs.

This looks at first like a good idea.
Why shouldn't you make use of all the
chip features, whether documented or
not?

Bob Greene says it's not a good idea
at all. Since these features are not sup-
ported by Intel, there's no obligation on
Intel's part to keep them: subsequent
"editions" of the 8086 and 8088 chips
may not have those features at all, and
there's a good chance that another

manufacturer making the chips under
license from Intel won't include them
either.

Moreover, one of the strongest fea-
tures of the 8086 family is that pro-
grams written for the 8086 and 8088
will work unchanged on upgrades such
as the 80186 and 80286-that is, they'll
work unless the program uses "illegal"
instructions. Programs that use the un-
documented features of the 8086 are
guaranteed not to work on the 80186
and above, because all the upgrades
check for illegal op codes before ex-
ecuting any instruction.

Intel reserves those unused instruc-
tions for new instructions of its own de-
vising; so unless you intend unduly to
restrict the portability of your programs,
you'd be well advised not to make use
of illegal op codes for the 8086 and
8088 chips.

Rana Drives

What do you say about products that
quietly work, never giving any trouble?

We recently got an Apple He for Mrs.
Pournelle; her school has one, and we
thought we might find some good soft-
ware for it. So far, though, I haven't seen
anything very interesting, and neither
has Roberta, but that's for another
column.

What she got was a plain Apple He
with a single Apple drive. Already I can
see I'll have to upgrade that. The boys
have an old Apple II out in back. Theirs
is equipped with a Rana disk controller
and drives.

Their machine does disk operations
faster and more reliably than Roberta's.

If you're contemplating an Apple, get
Rana disk drives. You won't regret it.

Dilogs RAM Disk

Longtime readers of this column know
I'm a fan of RAM disks, which fool the
computer into thinking that a big chunk
of memory is a disk drive. True, once
you have a hard disk you may not use
the RAM disk so much, but if you're
confined to floppy disks, you'd do well
to look into getting a RAM disk.

RAM disks make WordStar and other
programs that routinely do disk ac-
cesses not only endurable, but very
nearly a pleasure. They also take a lot
of the delay out of games like Star Fleet
that have overlays.

(text continued from page 392)

394 BYTE • |UNE 1984

for Performance, Quality and Reliability

Anyone can sell you a box full of hardware. But is it too much computer? Too little? Will it run the
appropriate software? What about service? If you need the right answers both before and after the
sale, call your nearest Full Service CompuPro System Center. For product information, see pgs 106-7.

ALABAMA

Birmingham

Cost Plus Computers
(205) 879-5976

ARIZONA

Scottsdale

S-100

(602) 991-7870

CALIFORNIA

Bakersfield

Creative Computing Serv.

(805)835-1118

Berkeley

American Computers

& Engineers

(415)849-0177

Track Computer Center

(415) 845-6366

Burlingame

Mentzer Computer

Systems

(415) 340-9363

Canyon Country

Creative Computing Serv.

(805) 251-9877

Chats worth

Priority One Electronics

(818) 709-6789

Hayward

Best Computers Hayward

(415) 886-4732

Irvine

Priority One Electronics

(714)660-1411

Los Angeles

American Computers

& Engineers

(213) 477-6751

Gifford Computer

Systems

(213)477-3921

Mountain View

ACC

(415) 969-4969

Oakland

Track Computer Center

(415)444-8725

Pacific Palisades

System Interface

Consultants

(213)454-2100

Pasadena

Omni Unlimited

(818) 795-6664

Petaluma

Advanced Information

Management

(707)763-7283

Pleasanton

Best Computers

Stoneridge

(415)463-2233

Sacramento

Logic Systems

(916)922-3377

San Leandro

Giflord Computer

Systems

(415) 895-0798

San Rafael

Computer House

(415) 453-0865

Santa Barbara

Data Bank

(805) 962-8489

Santa Maria

Data Bank

(805)922-1333

Santa Rosa

Matrix Computers

(707) 542-0571

Sunnyvale

Pragmatic Designs Inc.

(408) 736-8670

COLORADO

Lakewood

Rocky Mountain
Microsystems
(303) 232-4545

FLORIDA

Gainesville

Online Computing

(904)372-1712

Orlando

Data/Ottice

(305) 629-6776

Satellite Beach

Binary Magic, Inc.

(305)777-7080

Tampa

Micro Computer

Technology

(813) 985-0919

West Palm Beach

Steve's Computer Works

(305) 683-5900

HAWAII

Kahului Maui

Capacity Plus
Computers
(808) 871-7984

ILLINOIS

Athens

Computers Plus
(217) 636-8491
La Grange Park
Small Business
Systems. Inc.
(312)579-3311
Skokie

Lillipute Computer
Mart. Inc.
(312) 674-1383

INDIANA

Terre Haute

General Software. Inc.
(812) 234-9421

KANSAS

Ellinwood

Genesys Systems, Inc.
(316) 564-3636

MARYLAND

Bethesda

JR Systems
(301) 657-3598

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston

New England
Electronic Exch.
(617)491-3000

Chestnut Hill

Key Micro Systems
(617) 738-7306

MISSISSIPPI

Pascagoula

Automated Accountants
(601) 769-2937

MISSOURI

Kansas City

BBRL

(816) 753-5900

NEW YORK

Amherst

Gilford Computer

Systems

(716)833-4758

Deer Park

Datapro Systems. Inc.
(516)595-1311

New York

Park Plaza Computer
Center, Inc.
(212)759-5820
Park Plaza Computer
Center, Inc.
(212)505-8200
Park Plaza Computer
Center, Inc.
(212)344-5151
Park Plaza Computer
Center, Inc.
(212) 595-5353
Staten Island
John D. Owens Assoc.
(212)448-6283

NORTH CAROLINA

Greensboro

Genera! Semantics
Computers
(919) 378-1500

OREGON

Portland

Microwest Computer

Products

(503) 238-6274

PENNSYLVANIA

Reading

Fraser Business

Equipment

(215)378-0101

RHODE ISLAND

Coventry

Key Micro Systems
(401) 828-7270

TEXAS

Austin

CPA Systems, Inc.
(512)458-9281
Inlorma. Inc.
(512)459-4216
Omegax Systems
(512)476-6069

Dallas

Dator Systems
(214)521-0915

Ft. Worth

Dataworth Computer

Systems

(817)877-4041

(orap

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A GODBOUT COMPANY

3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545

Houston

Gifford Computer

Systems

(713) 680-1944

Informa. Inc.

(713)861-7612

San Antonio

RFCanon. Inc.

(512)657-0444

Seguin

CPA Systems, Inc.

(512)379-0660

VIRGINIA

Woodbridge

Office Networks Corp.
(703)690-3312

WASHINGTON

Bellevue

North Ridge

Computer Systems

(206) 453-0596

Seattle

American Computers &

Engineers

(206) 583-0130

WISCONSIN

Greenfield
Byte Shop

of Milwaukee
(414) 281-7004

Madison

Beam International
(608) 255-2325

AUSTRALIA

Bankstown

Automation Statham
Pty., Ltd.
(02) 709-4144

CANADA

Coquitlam, B.C.

CSC System Center Ltd
(604) 941-0622
Vancouver, B.C.
Dynacomp Business
Computers Ltd.
(604) 872-7737

THE PHILIPPINES

Quezon City

Corona International Inc
78-34-71

UNITED KINGDOM

Swansea

Comcen Technology Ltd.
(0792) 796000

51984 COMPUPRO

PREVENT THE DISASTER

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The war against dust and dirt
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Otherwise you're flirting with
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Dust-Off II is most effective
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CHAOS MANOR

(text continued from page 394)

They have one major drawback, of
course: since they're only a kind of
memory, whatever you put onto a RAM
disk goes away when you turn off the
computer. There are some remedies to
that, the most obvious being a bat-
tery backup; but it takes consider-
able power to keep memory intact, and
most batteries can't do it for long.
(There are low-power memory chips on
the market but they tend to be pretty
expensive.)

An alternative is to give the RAM-disk
board its own power supply. That won't
do you any good in the event of a
power failure, but it will save you if
you've accidentally turned off the
machine before copying your work to
permanent storage. It also saves you the
trouble of using PIP to move your editor
and files each time you want to use the
RAM disk.

The Dilog Model DP-100 Electronic
Disk comes with its own power supply
but no battery backup. There's also an
RS-232C port, called an "Asynchronous
Communications Adapter"; it's said to
be functionally identical to the IBM
Communications Adapter, and I'm will-
ing to believe it, although I've not tested
it.

The Dilog DP-100 comes with idiot-
proof instructions, complete with
pictures and diagrams; 1 can't imagine
anyone being unable to install the board
properly. The manual shows what a
jumper plug looks like and tells
precisely how to install them, as well as
how to set the internal switches on the
IBM PC. Dilog has covered every
combination of floppy and hard disk,
and tells precisely how to address its
electronic-disk board for each.

We've had the DP-100 running for a
couple of weeks now, and it goes fine.
Indeed, it came in while I was out of
town, and Peter Flynn installed it; I
didn't even know it was aboard for the
first week, and it was only by accident
that I found out that when you turn off
the IBM, the DP-100 RAM disk doesn't
lose anything. It's well made, installs in
a few minutes, and does everything
Dilog says it will.

You still have to worry about power
failures, playful kittens, and small
children; writers should save early and
often.

(text continued on page 398)

396 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

COHERENT™ IS SUPERIOR TO UNIX*

AND IT'S AVAILABLE TODAY

ON THE IBM PC.

Mark Williams Company hasn't just taken a mini-computer
operating system, like UNIX, and ported it to the PC. We
wrote COHERENT ourselves. We were able to bring UNIX
capability to the PC with the PC in mind, making it the most
efficient personal computer work station available at an
unbelievable price.

For the first time you get a multi-user, multitasking operating
system on your IBM PC. Because COHERENT is UNIX-
compatible, UNIX software will run on the PC under
COHERENT.

The software system includes a C-compiler and over 100 utili-
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COHERENT is a trademark of Mark Williams Company.

*UNIX is as trademark of Bell Laboratories. Circle 355 on inquiry card.

CHAOS MANOR

{text continued from page 396)

Day of the Jackpot

Four long-awaited systems came in to-
day. All come highly recommended.
One, the Disk Maker I by New Genera-
tion Systems, is supposed to solve all
my disk-format problems forever: it has
one 5W-inch drive that will do both 48
and 96 tpi (tracks per inch; IBM uses 48,
while Eagle does 96) and an ST 00 card.
I'm to plug the card into Ezekial II, my
CompuPro Z80, after which 1 can read
all known 514-inch disk formats on the
Disk Maker's 514-inch drive and trans-
fer the files to my 8-inch disks. Disk
Maker knows both CP/M and PC-DOS,
and it will move files back and forth be-
tween them. Leor Zolman, the author of
BDS C and an always reliable source,
swears by it.

Meanwhile, Security Microsystems
Consultants has sent a little gizmo,
Quickon, that you install in an IBM PC,
after which you can disable the manda-
tory memory test or let it run, as you
prefer. I haven't installed mine yet, but
lim Baen swears by his. It ought to save
considerable time.

I also have a printer buffer at long last.
Applied Creative Technology's Printer
Optimizer not only contains a box full
of memory, but both serial and parallel
input and output ports: you can cross-
connect as you like. The Printer Op-
timizer is a handsome little box, and I'm
looking forward to using it between The
Golem and the NEC 7710; more next
month.

As soon as I wrote all that, Daniel
Benton brought over the new Helix
Laboratories bubble-memory board for
the IBM PC. 1 was really impressed with

it at COMDEX; it's in production now.

If that weren't enough, Shirley has yet
to be uncrated; the Sage IV, complete
with EMACS text editor, LISP, and a
bunch of other new software, came in
two hours ago; and Tyler Sperry came
up from Kaypro with the 1984 model
Kaypro 4.

All in all, it looks to be a superbusy
month at Chaos Manor. ■

\erry Poumelle welcomes readers com-
ments and opinions. Send a self-
addressed, stamped envelope to \erry
Poumelle. do BYTE Publications. POB
372, Hancock. NH 03449. Please put
your address on the letter as well as on
the envelope. Due to the high volume of
letters, jerry cannot guarantee a personal
reply.

Items Reviewed

Security Microsystems Consultants

$69.95

16 Flagg Place

CP/M-8/16 and BIOS

. .S250

Staten Island, NY 10304

CompuPro

(212) 667-1019

3 506 Breakwater Court

Hayward, CA 94545

Rana Disk Drives Elite I (Apple)

.$379

(415) 786-0909

Rana Systems
21300 Superior St.

Disk Maker I

.SI 500

Chatsworth, CA 91311

96 tpi option

. .3385

(213) 709-5484

New Generation

Systems Inc.

.$7300 .

2153 Golf Course Dr.

Sage Computer

Reston, VA 22091

4905 Energy Way

(800) 368-3359

Reno, NV 89502
(702) 322-6868

DP- 100 Electronic Disk

.$1295

Dilog PC Products

$49.95

12800 Garden Grove Blvd.

Borland International

Garden Grove, CA 92643

4807 Scotts Valley Dr.

(714) 534-8950

Scotts Valley, CA 95066
(408) 438-8400

Helix PC Bubble Disk

.$1495

Helix Systems

8087 Math Board for Dual . . .

..$495

11601 Wilshire Blvd...,Suite 720

Processor

Los Angeles, CA 9002 5

8087 Math and Memory

..$595

(818) 710-0300

Board for Z-I00

memory only

..$595

..$499

complete

. $995

Applied Creative Technology Inc.

lames Hudson Associates

2156 West Northwest Hwy., Suite 303

POB 2957

Dallas, TX 77520

Santa Clara. CA 9505 5-2957

(214) 556-2916

(408) 554-1316

Through the Trap Door

Mard 1979— $35

Breaking the Sound Barrier

September 1977— $35

BYTE COVERS

The prints shown at left are beautiful Collector Edition Byte Covers,
strictly limited to 750 prints each, and signed and numbered by the
artist, Robert Tinney. Each print is 18 in. x 22 in., and is accompanied
by its own Certificate of Authenticity. To order, use the coupon below.
Visa and MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

Please send .

Trap Door prints ($35),.

Through the

□ Visa

Card No. .

Expires: _

□ MasterCard

Breaking the Sound Barrier

prints ($35), or sets of both prints \ arne

($55) I have included $3 per order shipping Address:

and handling ($8 overseas). citv:

□ I have enclosed check or money order. state:

□ Please send me your color brochure.

Robert Tinney Graphics - 1864 N. Pamela Dr.

_Zip:

Baton Rouge, LA 70815

398 BYTE- lUNE 1984

ith one line
you can draw
a thousand

conclusions.

Without a good line, it's difficult-to draw
much of anything. And Taxan has an
extraordinary line.

It's a dozen computer display monitors
(RGB and composite as well as mono-
chrome), one printer buffer, a television
conversion tuner, several coaxial cables
and a multitude of PC cards long. All
segments designed and manufactured
to represent the utmost in computer

display technology.

The Taxan product line.

The only one of its kind. Backed by
a solid reputation and 15 years in the
computer display industry.

So, if you're in the market for a com-
puter monitor or related accessory, just
ask one of our dealers to demonstrate
our full line.

You can draw your own conclusions.

«n »r» jul oci

The one to watch.

■ W. 'l

T&XA1XJ

Taxan Corporation

TAXAN

18005 Cortney Ct. City of Industry, CA 91748

TAXAN

(818) 810-1291

Circle 324 for Dealer inquiries. Circle 325 for End-User inquiries.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 399

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

Mac and (sigh) Valdocs

■ Dear Jerry,

I've seen the Apple Macintosh, and it is ex-
actly what I hoped it would be: a little 68000
monster that takes up as much room as a stack
of paper. Mac shows off its speed in MacPaint
with good cut, paste, and copy performance.
Take a look!

Why do you hate the Epson QX-10 so much?
I think it's the best 8-bit computer for the
money. If you want more speed, go into Help
and turn on Quirks (this works only in the ex-
pert or advanced mode). Then turn on the
Quick display and turn off the center line. You'll
find your screen now looks like a "regular" ter-
minal. All Valdocs attributes are still there when
you turn Quick off. Valdocs II exists, but it won't
be released till late spring. CP/M 3 or CCP/M
could be configured for this computer. TP/M
runs CP/M programs right out of Valdocs and
will return with your document preserved (as-
suming you had one). Try it; select Menu; go
for applications on the right drive. When
Valdocs asks for an application, insert any CP/M
disk with a program on it. Press Return twice,
then you can use the cursor controls to select
a program. When you're done, perform a
Control-C and put the data disk back in. This
also works with two-drive CP/M stuff. Just put
the Valdocs disk back in before you drop out
of your program.

As soon as someone optimizes the QX-10's
16-bit screen processor and gets those 8-bit
subprocessors marching in step, we will get
substantial performance in Valdocs. That may
become less important with Epson's little sister
Comrex offering an MS-DOS card and a 512K-
byte semidisk. By the way, a Control-Print does
a screen dump any time. Now quit being such
a brat and get some good laser-cut fanfold
paper for that FX-80. Then hook it up to some-
thing that will use it (like your Eagle or Sage)
in the manner it would grow accustomed to.
Frank McConnell
Greendale. Wl

You're not the only one who wants me to look
at the Mac. As it happens. Dr. Michael Hyson
and 1 have Macintoshes on order, and we're
assured by Volition Systems that it will have a
Modula-2 for the Mac (Mac Modula?) before
the end of summer. We may write a book about
the Macintosh.

We've had many letters about the Epson
QX-10. A lot of readers feel I've been too hard
on the machine. Others hate it

For the record: I don't hate the QX-10. It has
some of the best hardware I know of. especially
the capability for really good graphics. Alas, it
seems that Epson just didn't have its act

together when it released the machine.

If a company sends me a test model, hard-
ware or software. I feel no compulsion to
publish my opinions; but when the company
is selling the product. 1 think I have more obliga-
tion to my readers than to any manufacturer
or publisher. 1 do not believe customers should
unwittingly be made into either venture capi-
talists or a quality-assurance department.

The first Epsons were shipped with totally un-
satisfactory software. As time went by, suc-
cessive improvements were made to Valdocs.
and what Epson is shipping now is enormous-
ly better than what I originally reviewed.
However. Epson America officials tell me there
will be an even bigger improvement (version
2.0) Very Soon Now. and other improvements,
including 16-bit capabilities, Real Soon Now. I'm
waiting for those before I do another evaluation.

Those in the market for a new machine in the
Epson price range would be well advised to
look at the QX-10. It has a lot of neat features.
Valdocs 1.18 is usable. However, it's slower than
I care for. especially if you want to use it as a
substitute for a typewriter. It still hasn't a con-
venient way of dealing with business letters on
letterhead. I advise people to see a demonstra-
tion before they buy— Jerry

50-Hz Help

Dear Jerry,

Howdy. I've been reading your columns for
about three years, and your December 1983
column really hit home. I'm a noncommissioned
officer in the Air Force and don't have a lot of
money to spend on my computer: a Ferguson
Big Board and a pair of Siemens 8-inch drives.
I am stationed in Great Britain and am looking
for motor-shaft pulleys to convert to 50-Hz
operation. The drives are advertised to operate
at 50/60 Hz, so the pulleys must be available
somewhere. Could you please tell me where?
I am thinking of purchasing the following low-
cost software: Borland Pascal and Ellis Com-
puting BASIC. I would appreciate any reviews
of these products. Do they handle strings and
overlays (chaining in BASIC)? I would appreciate
any help. Please send addresses and not tele-
phone numbers. Overseas calls cost quite a bit.
Thanks.

SSGT Chris Beachy

POB 4645

APO NY 09755

Alas. I haven't any clues about the pulleys;
but I expect one or another reader can help
you. We don't ordinarily print addresses, but
I'll have yours listed.

Borland's Turbo Pascal may be the best soft-

ware deal going; while Ellis's Nevada products
are certainly good value for the money.

The current version of Turbo Pascal doesn't
allow overlays, but I'm told Borland will have
a version that will by the time this is in
print— Jerry

Disk Doubler

Dear Jerry,

In the February "User's Column," you address
the use of the Disk Doubler to enable the use
of the back side of disks on single-sided drives.
I was happy to see that you recommended
against using this tactic, but I feel that you left
out the most important reason for not using it.

What was not addressed is that the inside of
the disk jacket is lined with a porous material
that is designed to both lubricate and clean the
disk as it rotates in the jacket. Many small par-
ticles are trapped by this material and held out
of danger's way so that the disk will not be
harmed. However, when the Disk Doubler is
used and the disk is inserted in the drive up-
side down to use the back side, the disk rotates
in the reverse direction. Thus, any and all par-
ticles that were trapped during the original rota-
tion direction can now be released back onto
the disk. Premature failure of the disk, or at least
loss of data on the disk, is virtually guaranteed.

I have long recommended to my clients that
this is not a worthwhile savings tactic, and the
potential of lost data far outweighs the small
dollar savings in disks.

Larry C Hansford
New Carlisle, OH

It's not a "guaranteed" way to lunch the disk,
but spinning them in the wrong direction is a
risk I'm not ready to take. The savings just can't
be worth it— Jerry

An Understandable
Disclaimer

Dear Jerry.

My friend Bill Voglesong has begun to write
computer programs and has asked me to edit
them. I know nothing about computers, but as
an unemployed English teacher, I do know
something about grammar and punctuation.

After reading your thoughts in the "User's
Column" in the June 1983 BYTE, specifically,
"Again, the Piracy Problem," my friend con-
sulted me again. He did not want his disclaimer
to read as poorly as did those noted in your
article. He wanted a disclaimer written in plain
English, not in legalese. I tried. His attorney said
[text continued on page 402)

400 BYTE • IUNE 1984

HIGH PERFORMANCE

LONG DISTANCE RACER

You can't win a race when you're not on the road.
That's why you need a printer that does more than run fast.
You need one that runs long. You need a Datasouth.

MORE CHARACTER

The printhead on a Datasouth printer
is rated to live through 500 million char-
acters. Even in the most demanding
applications, this means years of
service without an overhaul.

HEAVY DUTY CYCLE

fittA

^^H^^ ^^^ For a Datasouth printer,

"100% duty cycle" is something
of an understatement. So far, over 35,000 Datasouth
printers have hit the hard copy road, and so few have
pulled into the garage for repairs, it's hard to say how
close to forever any of them will last.

MORE THAN THE HUM OF ITS PARTS [

There's less to go wrong with a Datasouth printer.
With sophisticated microprocessor control and unusually

efficient design, Datasouth printers have few moving parts.
They also don't need add-on "personality boards" to accom-
modate different computers.

TAKE YOUR CHOICE

Datasouth reliability comes in two high performance
models. The DS180 is a legendary workhorse that delivers
crisp data quality printing at 180 CPS. The new multimode
DS220 cruises at 220 CPS for high speed data printing and
at 40 CPS for letter-quality word processing. Both models
print precision dot-addressable graphics.

If you have a high performance printing need,

Datasouth has a high per-
formance printer to fill it.

DRIVE ONE TO WORK

Test drive a Datasouth
printer at your nearest show-
room today. Then put it to
work. With a Datasouth
racing beside you, there's no
way to lose.

Data Speed Type
Letter Quality Type

actual DS220 output

data

LTD

PERFORMANCE

A T R

N T E R S

Find Datasouth Printers At

Participating C omputoAond Stores

And Other Fine Dealers.

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

AVAILABLE NATIONWIDE

THROUGH OUR NETWORK OF

SALES AND SERVICE DISTRIBUTORS

CALL TOLL FREE:

1-800-222-4528

Datasouth Computer Corporation
Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224
704/523-8500 • Telex 6843018 DASOU UW

JUNE 1984 'BYTE 401

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

[text continued from page 400)
what I wrote would even protect him legally
(and commented that it must have been written
by someone not of the legal profession).

I have enclosed a copy of this disclaimer (see
table 1) for your consideration. If you could find
the time to read it, Mr. Voglesong and I would
be very interested in your opinion of it. If not,
at least you know that you are being read and
studied!

Penny Hetzer
Rochester, NY

This program falls under the Federal
Copyright Law and may be used only by
the purchaser for his own personal use.
PSI designed this software for use in the
Apple II and the Epson MX series
printers using the Graftrax or Graftrax +
character set. With proper application,
this program will perform as promised
in the manual; PSI, however, is respon-
sible for neither the particular applica-
tion nor any problems resulting from
that input.

Updates and corrections will automat-
ically be received by filling out the
registration card packed in the manual.
We at PSI invite you to contact us with
any questions, problems, or suggestions
you might have so that later versions
may be even more useful in printing with
your system.
Table I : The PSI software disclaimer.

I think your disclaimer is great. 1 wish all the
software outfits would pay attention to this sort
of detail— Jerry

Medical Diagnosis

Dear lerry,

I find your monthly columns of great interest.
Unfortunately. I don't file them, and therefore
I am writing to request information on how to
obtain the software Dr. Lawrence Weed has
been developing.

As you probably know, his book on the
medical record was a seminal contribution to
the organization of medical information. Fifteen
years ago he set the stage for the possibilities
that microcomputer technology now makes
available to us.

Thanks for any help you can give me.

Robert L. Cohen. M.D.
East Elmhurst, NY

Dr. Lawrence Weed's address is Problem-
Knowledge Coupler. PKC Corporation, RR 1.
Box 630, Cambridge, VT 05444.

We got more than a hundred letters asking
about Dr. Weed's diagnostics programs; the ad-
dress was listed under Problem-Knowledge
Coupler, but I guess I wasn't clear enough in
the article that that's what Dr. Weed calls
it.-— lerry

Typewriter Replacements

Dear lerry,

If you were starting out today as a fiction
writer, what would be your ideal micro? And,
considering a writer's need for large memory
storage and quick access to a variety of
documents for editing, how would micros of-
fering multiple windows fit into your ideal?
Steven A. Hardesty
Arlington, VA

Given that I have my choice of almost any
system available, obviously I prefer the S-100
system I now use. What I have is a CompuPro
"boat-anchor " box that houses a Z80 micropro-
cessor, lots of memory drives, and 8-inch
floppy-disk drives. It talks to me through a
memory-mapped video board that drives a 15-
inch monitor: I talk to it on an Archive keyboard.
As soon as CompuPro releases its upcoming
S-100 video board that emulates the IBM PC
display (but will put it up on my 15-inch
monitor), I'll change over to that.

I solve the problem of large storage and quick
_access to a variety of documents by having a
separate S-100 8085/8088 System 8/16 with a
40-megabyte hard disk. That system also drives
the printer.

You did say "ideal"

You also could build a "dream system" for
writers around the Sage IV: we're even looking
into the possibility of using a Macintosh as the
terminal for the Sage!

Obviously, not everyone has access to so
much equipment.

Writing with computers is so much faster, bet-
ter, and easier than working with typewriters
that it hardly matters what you get, so long as
you get a reliable full-service computer, not a
games-playing toy. I know writers who love:
Zenith Z-100: Apple lie: Sage: IBM PC: Eagle:
Otrona: Osborne: Kaypro: Corvus: Wang: Altos:
North Star: Vector Graphic: Epson QX-10: and
one who's devoted to his Exidy Sorcerer— Jerry

Making Eagles
Remember More

Dear Jerry,

As an Eagle 1600 user, I read with great in-
terest your section in the lanuary "User's
Column" concerning beefing up the Eagle 1600
by the insertion of several 8K-bit memory chips
on the motherboard.

I am interested in increasing my 1600s mem-
ory in a similar fashion and would be grateful
if you could advise me of the chip's specifica-
tions and the cost of acquiring such chips. I note
that the existing 128K bytes of my computer
are made up of Mitsubishi 8K-bit chips, serial
no. FMB 8264-20.

Second, should any special handling precau-
tions be taken while inserting the chip, aside
from careful use of an IC tool and correct orien-
tation of the chip? Also, are they simply inserted
in the IC sockets immediately adjacent to the
existing chips? I note that there are 48 sockets.
David W. Fullerton
St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada

My apologies: I should have given those
details then.

You want 8K-bit dynamic-memory chips (4164
types): California Digital lists them at $5.95 in
quantities of one. For the Eagle, you need them
in sets of eight: for the Zenith Z-l 00 or IBM PC,
you'll want them in sets of nine (the extra chip
is for storage of the parity bits).

You must be careful of static electricity: do
not work in a carpeted area, and be certain to
ground yourself before removing the chips from
the antistatic foam California Digital sends them
in.

Eagle sells memory-upgrade kits with full in-
structions. That might be a good buy, since
you'll also need a second memory-refresh chip
(an exact duplicate of the 48-pin refresh chip
that's already there: it goes in the empty
socket.)— Jerry

Ada Subsets

Dear lerry.

I think it was a great mistake when it was
decided not to "permit" Ada subsets. The deci-
sion did not prevent subsetting; it just ensured
there would be no control over subsets. No one
has been able to do any Ada programming
without spending a lot of time picking out the
nonstandard features of one's particular im-
plementation and finding out which parts of the
standard were left out.

The proper approach would have been a
phased development using compiler subsets,
somewhat as the Stoneman document defined
subsets for the Ada programming support en-
vironment. Phase 1 would be the kernel "Pascal
subset," with strong typing the most important
feature. It would include all data types except
private and task types. The kernel would also
include subprograms and high-level I/O.

Phase 2 would introduce packages— the mini-
mal requirement for a language to call itself
Ada— and the other aspects of separate com-
pilation, such as private types and the separa-
tion of specifications and bodies. The minimum
would also need type-checking across module
boundaries— otherwise, the purpose of type-
checking is subverted. The final element of the
minimum would be representation specifica-
tions and low-level I/O to allow the machine-
dependent data definitions required in any pro-
gramming for embedded systems.

Phase 3 would be full Ada except for task-
ing, the most important features being generics
and overloading— two aspects of the same
topic.

Phase 4 (tasking) would be the final layer, add-
ing all aspects of this difficult and controver-
sial feature. (A lot of disagreement has arisen
about the desirability of the rendezvous
method of tasking specified in the standard. Its
primary use is for networks of computers. How-
ever, nothing forces a programmer to use Ada's
tasking; individual variations can be created, if
necessary.)

The kernel and minimal Ada could be imple-
mented on an 8-bit machine. RR Software has
demonstrated that with its lanus compiler. Task-

402 BYTE' IUNE 1984

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

ing may be possible only on a 16-bit micro with
a multitasking operating system, but inter-
preter/compiler/OS hybrids like FORTH might be
able to manage it.

Larry Carroll
Pasadena, CA

Agreed: the much vaunted Department of
Defense "control" over subsets of Ada may
bring about the opposite of what it intended.
Your approach would have been better. Alas,
it's too late now.

This is probably the right place to mention
an excellent new book. Software Engineering
with Modula-2 and Ada, by Richard Wiener and
Richard Sincovec (Wiley. 1984). They give a
good overview of what Ada is supposed to ac-
complish, as well as compare its approach with
that taken by Modula-2— Jerry

Real Soon Now Blues

Dear lerry,

I want to contribute my recent experience
with mail order as a warning to other readers.

In the August 1983 BYTE. 1 found a very
tempting ad on page 75. A company called
XperSystems promised a database system
called Base 1 for $19.95. I called the toll-free
number, ordered a copy for my 8-inch CP/M
system, and charged it to my MasterCard. On
August 10, XperSystems debited the $19.95 to
my MasterCard account. At the end of October,
1 still had not received the product. 1 called the
800 number again, which turned out to be a
secretarial service that just accepted phone
orders. I was given the address of XperSystems:
POB 22, Drescher, PA 1902 5. 1 sent a letter
asking for the software or my money back
before the end of November. Nothing hap-
pened. In early December. I called the 800
number once more. This time I was given the
number of XperSystems: (415) 526-7110. 1
should ask for Karen Hall and request a refund.

Curious: the phone number is in Albany,
California. After many unsuccessful tries, a
woman finally answered on December 7. I ex-
plained my case, and she promised that Karen
Hall would call me the next day. She called me
two days later with a thousand excuses. The
best one: "The boss of XperSystems is a very
fast and effective programmer. He thought all
other programmers would be that fast. But they
were much slower. This is why we miscalculated
the needed time to develop the software." Karen
promised a letter within the next couple of
weeks to all customers of XperSystems explain-
ing the delay and a planned delivery schedule.

Another two months later and nothing has
happened. If XperSystems does still exist and
should ever advertise any products, remember
my experience.

I do not mind waiting some time for software.
I do mind, however, if someone takes my money
months before sending the merchandise— if it
even exists.

Hanns J. Proenen

Culver City. CA

(text continued on page 404)

IBM PC & XT Computers -Call

EJEBi ia"

dBASE II $369

Lotus 1-2-3 SCALL

Horn* Accountant Plus $99

Peach Pak Series 4 (A/R, A/P. G/U.S239

Peach Taxt 5000 £237

PFS: File $89

PFS: Report $79

PFS: Graph S95

PFS: Write $89

SuparCalc II £166

SuparCalc III £269

TKI Solver 5219

Versaform £249

Wordstar Prof en ional $366

Word with Moum $299

Hayes Smartcom II $88

Crosstalk $115

Muttimata $276

Multiplan $165

jpMRAQ

Compaq 128K, 1 drive SCALL

Compaq 256K, 2 drives $CALL

CompaqPlus. 128K. 1 drive, 10MB hard

disk $CALL

CompaqPlus, 256K, 1 drive, 1 MB hard
disk SCALL

COLUMBIA COMPUTERS

Modal 1600-1, Two drive system Call
Model 1600-4, One drive & one 12MB

©SANYO

DESK TOP BUSINESS COMPUTERS

MBC-550, 128K.1 drive CALL

MBC-555, 128K, 2 drives. . CALL
Sanyo green monitor $179

= =-=* = = ==? PRICE I

MONITOR SALE

FREE interface cable included!

ELKA Green Moi

1 .000-dol
20 MHz . . . £11$
Dyna* GM-120, 12' 1 green, high resolu-
tion 600-dot, 20 MHi $129

Roland DG MB-122G, 12" green, 18
MH*., hi -resolution 720x350 dots,
fully compatible with IBM mono-
chrome display card SCall

USI PI-2, 12" green, 1000-dot high

resolution, 20 MHz $129

Taxan KG12N, 12" green, 800-dot hi
£149

Dynax AM-121, 12" umber, 600-dot hi
resolution, 20MHz $139

Taxan KA12N, 12" amber. SOO-dot hi
resolution $ 12 5

USI PI-3, 12" amber, 1000-dot hi reso-
lution, 20MHz $146

Amdek 310A. 12" amber, 900-dot hi
resolution, designed to run on IBM
monochrome display card . . $165

Princeton MAX-12, 12" amber, 720 x
350 dot, runs off IBM monochrome
display adapter £199

QUADRAM

QUADMASTER II - 9-Functiorv
memory expansion card for IBM PC

• Up to 384K • Qswap directs out-

• Game port put to LPT-1,2orl

• Chronograph • QuadR AM drive

• Parallel port • Matter spool

• Serial port • I/O bracket
Amount of memory installed — OK 64K 128K 192K 2S6K 320K 384K
w/parallel, serial, game ports.clock $235 $275 $325 $375 $425 $475 $635

^^^h^^^k RIO PLUS Multi-function memory expansion caro for
^^g^^S 'BM-PC.XT. 64K-384K parity checked memory. Com-
S ^^^S plete With parallel port, RS-?32C serial port, game port,
■W *■*»****■' clock/calendar, print buffer/disk emulator software.

memory installed - 64K 128K 192K 256K 320K 384K

$289 $339 $389 $439 $489 $539

JRAM BOARD by Tall Tree Systems

The JRAM board provides usable memory above the 640K boundary with its
unique software controlled hardware pager. Add 4 JRAM boards and increase the
memory capacity to 2 MB. 512K JRAM board w/software $649

Multi-Function

Cards for
IBM PC and XT

(Each card now

SuperDrive & SuperSpool)

Memory installed on card none 64 K 128K 192K 256K

with paralle, serial ports ft clock $227 $267 $317 $367 $417
above plus game port — — $262 $302 $352 $402 $452

EBE33H2E3

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320K 384 K
$467 $517
$502 $552

Amount of memory installed on board — • None 64K 128K

w/serial port No. 1 & clock $226 $266 $316

vv/either parallel or serial port No. 2 $274 $314 $364

w/both parallel & serial port No. 2 $309 $349 $399

MegaPak - expands a fully populated MegaPlus card(256K) ti
Optional Game Port

192K 2S6K
$366 $416
$414 $464
$449 $499
51 2K $299
. . add $50

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• TASCMASTER software converts PC-DOS t
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• RamSpool works with both parallel & serial printers and can oper
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• RamDisk creates up to two electronic disk drives in RAM. utilizing
AddRam Elita (parallel & serial ports) AddRam Plus (Two
Memory installed 64K 128K 192K 256K 320K 384K

He both types
jp to 320K ea.
serial ports)
448K 51 2K
$399 $459 $519 $679 $639 $699 $759 $819

Special Purpose
Cards

PLANTRONIC ColorPlus -Offers more coli
TECMAR GRAPHIC MASTER - Mufti-fun
or monochrome displays and can do graphi
STB Color Graphics Board - The newest i
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QUAOLINK

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARDS - Creates hi-resolu-

tion graphics on the IBM monochrome. . . . $349

Amdek MAI Board - lor-both monochrome & color

monitor plus 96K user memory expansion . J459

Paradise Multi-F unction Card - - for both color and

monochrome displays, w/parallel port. . . . £399

Disk Matter — Disk controller card for both 5V<"

$169

plus parallel port $379

BM-PC/XT

graphics board for both RGB _ _

both CALL

from STB, Operates RGB color or

the monochrome display . SCALL

Apple emulator card enables the IBM PC to run Apple II software

reformatting necessary $479

MULTIGRAPH Monochrome & Color Display Adapter - 720x350 line mono
chrome graphics, Lotus 1-2-3 compatible. Capable of running software designed foi
color graphics on monochrome display. 32-bit internal architecture, 32K on boarc
memory $499 Parallel Port option .... $7*

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SmBrt Modem

300 $199

1200- — $486
1200B --$429
Smartcom 1 1 software- — $79

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Hard Disks: 10, 15, 21,32 MB . $CALL

Tape Backup Systems SCALL

Networking Systems SCALL

Tandon TM-100-1 Single-sided, double

density, 160K formatted. . . $159
Tandon TM-100-2 double-sided. double

density. 320K formatted. . $205
Tandon TM-100-4 double-sided, quad

density $336

Control Data, double-sided, double

density, 320K formatted. . . $229

Teac 55B half height, double-sided,
double density, 3 20K formatted,
direct drive design . , , .Safe/ SI 79

Quma half height drive, double-sided,
double density, 320K $229

Panasonic half height drive, double-
sided, double density, 320K. $185

4116 (16K) 200 ns
4164 (64KI 200 ns
4164 (64K) 150 ns

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P1351 -132 column (parallel). $1,499

P1340 - Similar to 1351 but smaller Call

SP-830 - Super fast daisywhee! printer
with top speed of 80 CPS. It uses
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SP-320 - Above but 48 CPS . . . SCall
Dual interfaces $Cail

I. parallel. , $1375

2050 Spinwriter, similar to above but

200 words per minute . . $995

Cutsheat Feeder for 3550 . . $495

FX-80, 160 CPS, 80 Col., friction &
tractor feed, parallel ..... Call
FX-100, 160 CPS, 132 Col., friction

& tractor feed, parallel Call

MX-80F/T, 80 cps, 80 col., tractor and

.friction feed, parallel CALL

MX-100F/T, 100 cps. 136 col., tractor/

friction feed, parallel CALL

RX-80, 120 cps, 80 cot., tractor feed

only, parallel CALL

RX-80F/T, same as RX-80 but includes
friction fe ed CALL

8510AP Prowriter, 120 cps, 80 col.,

graphics, parallel | $335

8510-SP, above but 180 cps . . SCALL

8510-SCP, above but w/3 color ribbon

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doing orange, green, purple, blk Call

1550 Prowriter -I I, 120 cps, 136 col.,

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G.mini-i5X, above w/1 5" platen.Call
Delta 10, 160 cps, B0 col., parallel . Call
Delta 15, above but 15" carriage . . Call
PowarType. 18 cps daisywheel . .CALL
Rsdex-10, 200 cps, 80 col, para llel CALL

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120 CPS, 9x9 matrix, tractor/fric-
tion feed, compact size: only 2-7/8"
briefcase, (parallel) $289

IDS Prism 60, 200 cps, 80 col. graphic,
tractor /friction feed.parallel $1,159

IDS Prism BOC, above + 4-color $1,299

IDS Prism 132, similar to Prism 60 but
1 32 eolumes, parallel. . . . $1,395

IDS Prism 132C,above * 4-color $1,495

Ml -82 A, 120 CPS, 80 col, pin &
friction feed, serial ft parallel .$319
ML-83A, 1 20 CPS, 1 36 col ., tractor
ft friction feed, parallel/serial $595
ML-84P, 200 CPS, 136 col., friction
ft tractor feed, (parallel) . . . $955
ML-84S. above but serial. . $1,059
ML-92P, 160 CPS, 80 col., friction
ft tractor feed, (parallel) . . SCALL
ML-92S, above but serial. . . $599
ML-93P, 160 CPS, 136 col -tractor
& friction feed, (parallel). . . $739
ML-93S. above but serial. . . $799
2410P, 350 CPS, 1 36 col., friction ft
tractor, 2-color, (parallel) . $2,295

160L - 160 CPS, 80 column, 8 fonts,
friction & tractor feed, parallel and
serial interface $585

180L -Like 160L but 136 col. . £799

40 CPS daisywheel (parallel ) $995
55 CPS daisywheel (parallel)$1,349
Tractor for F-10 $225

New! 23 CPS daisywhee

2 color printing, 3K buffer, oropor-

tional spacing, etc. Parallel . CALL

Tractor for HR-25 £119

Cut Sheet Feeder for HR-25. . . £199

6CPSdaisywhi

ses standard typewriter ribbons, 16V

iax. paper width . . Super special $549

Letter quality daisywheel printer with
2-color printing. Bidirectional, pro-
portional spacing & bold printing,
super/sub script, 13 CPS, 3K buffer,

Parallel interface SCALL

Serial interface SCALL

Cut sheet feeder $199

Tractor $119

Keyboard . $179

18 CPS daisywheel, 13" platen, 2K
buffer, 3-pitch, (parallel). . . .$435
for6100 £120

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i no intelligent letter-quality printer
w/48K built-in buffer memory, 17
CPS, bi-directional, auto margin jus-
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Circle 122 on inquiry card.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 403

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

[text continued from page 403)

The other problem i find with Eaglewriter is
that it doesn't label all the function keys and
makes the user pnjjss two keys to use the power-
ful "indent'' feature. And why Eagle allows the
program to read and write files without mak-
ing keys for the virtual-memory-architecture
(g - get and gd - get done) commands, 1 have
yet to figure out. Now that you have your Eagle
PC, I suggest you get the SpellBinder manual.

Alas, it's a real problem: it will take months
to get an advertisement in the pipeline. Sure-
ly, we'll have the software developed long
before we get any orders, and we'll need the
money as soon as we can get it.

Thus it's advertised; orders come; the product
still isn't ready, but the programmers say it will
be Real Soon Now . . .

1 know. It has happened to me.

The only thing to do under those circum-
stances is tell the potential customer that the
product isn't yet available— Jerry

Software Genealogy

Dear lerry,

In a recent column you mentioned the "un-
documented'' features of Eaglewriter. Actually,
there are quite a few if you depend on Eagle's

rewrite of the SpellBinder manual. Frankly, I sug-
gest that anyone who gains Eaglewriter with
their purchase should write to Lexisoft, the
creator of SpellBinder, and buy the SpellBinder
manual. It is far clearer, consisting of two
volumes: an easy-to-leam manual for the casual
user and a more detailed notebook of all the
features. It is worth the investment.

The version to get is 5.12, since that is the one
used by Eagle. The new version, which I have
not seen yet, is said to be far improved and for
the first time is generic; instead of having to tell
Lexisoft which of the 50 versions you want
(because of specific key assignments with each),
it allows the user to define all the keys to
preference. I haven't heard if Eagle plans to
move up to the new version or not, but I am
sure Eagle or Lexisoft would be willing to con-
fide in you if you ask.

But this letter is prompted by the comment
by Paul Chisholm in your February column. Ye
gods, where did he find Word/12 5. 1 saw it on
the HP 12 5 a couple of years ago. It was a lousy
implementation of the old SpellBinder 5.04,
which must be a minimum of three years old.

As you probably know now from your use of
Eaglewriter, Mr. Chisholm can delete in either
command or edit mode. In edit mode he can
select character, word, sentence, paragraph, or
mark (a great feature) for mode forward, mode

back, and mode delete. What could be easier?
In command mode, if he wants to take out a
line he only has to type Id (or how many lines
he wants out) and it is done, lust like lp will print
one line, etc. 1 suspect that he hasn't seen the
manual or he is using Word/12 5 on something
other than an HP 12 5.

In sum, perhaps it is about time to tell your
readers that many manufacturers use older ver-
sions of word-processing software and then tell
you it is "really" XYZ-brand. They just don't say
why they were able to license it so inexpensive-
ly. Or, as in Eagle's case, it has tacked on a front
end and done its own key assignments.

Edward F. Sayle
Arlington, VA

Sigh.

Paul Chisholm was using a multiuser system
at a major university; perhaps they need to be
told to update?

Agreed: the latest SpellBinder is better than
the older version of Eaglewriter. Eagle, for-
tunately is doing an update, although I don't
have it yet.

Some people love SpellBinder Some just hate
it. In my own case, if I had to use just one editor
for everything (text creation, letters, documents,
programming). SpellBinder would certainly be
a major contender— jerry ■

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404 B YTE • IUNE 1 984

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

BYTE WEST COAST

SoftOffice, the

integrated

software

package that

almost wasn't

by Ezra Shapiro

Lessons
Learned

SoftOffice is an amiable and powerful
integrated software package for word
processing, spreadsheets, and data-
base management on the IBM PC or XT, IBM-
compatible computers, and the PCjr. It uses
character graphics to create icons of familiar
desktop items that can be manipulated with
a mouse (or "pseudomouse," simulated with
cursor-control keys). Windows for raw text or
referenced data can be opened and closed
easily. Designed to be learned quickly by a
novice. SoftOffice also offers options for han-
dling data that allow for a wide range of ap-
plications within the shell of the program.

The program first presents you with a familiar
screen of a stylized desktop. The display con-
tains a selection of icons— a piece of paper for
data entry, a filing cabinet for storage, a
wastebasket, a supply closet for duplicate icons
or ones that you don't need on a regular basis,
a clock and a calculator, a printer (when you
want to print something, you place its icon
"into" the printer icon), and Max, the Office
Assistant.

The program uses a limited number of com-
mands, including GRAB, DROP, POINT, MOVE,
COPY, and CLOSE. To exercise a command,
you can either click the mouse buttons or press
one of the remaining keys on the IBM's
numeric keypad that do not control the cursor.

Let's run through a simple text-entry process.
You would use the command POINT to specify
one of the icons (the sheet of paper, say) by
placing the cursor on it. To produce a fresh
sheet for yourself you'd use the COPY com-
mand on the icon. Then you would execute the
GRAB command and MOVE the copy to a con-
venient position on the screen, where you
would DROP it. Next, you would OPEN it
(create a window) and enter your text by typ-
ing it on the keyboard. To finish, you would
CLOSE the window. If you decided that you did
not like what you had done, you could DELETE
your sheet of paper. You can have as many win-
dows open at one time as you want. Simple,
isn't it?

The commands are available for several
levels of the program. POINT can be used to
mark the beginning and end of a section of
text that you can then MOVE or COPY within

a document or between documents (of course,
you could also DELETE the section). Using the
OPEN command on a paragraph instructs the
program to display a "dashboard," a short
menu of formatting choices that can be used
to modify the appearance of the paragraph.
(SoftOffice assumes that you will want a basic
format that will be changed infrequently. Once
you have finished a paragraph with an unusual
dashboard, the next paragraph reverts to the
original styling guidelines.) Text re-forms with
no intervention, and work is saved to disk auto-
matically. (The program uses an algorithm that
borrows small fractions of time from periods
of keyboard inactivity to take care of
maintenance.)

The program can handle two types of data,
raw text and "data cells." You toggle between
types by pressing the Insert key. Data cells can
be indexed to one another and used to con-
struct spreadsheets, databases, and form let-
ters. What is more, data cells linked to other
information can be dropped into text; it is pos-
sible, for example, to have a data cell in the
middle of a paragraph related to spreadsheet
data cells located well apart from the text (even
in another document). Depending on how the
formulas for the data cells are worded, chang-
ing the cell in text could cause automatic re-
calculation of the spreadsheet, or vice versa.
The dashboard for data cells lets you enter for-
mulas and references in straightforward,
English-like syntax.

Items can be placed "inside" any container
that makes sense; that is. you can open the fil-
ing cabinet and store a document in it, but you
can't store the wastebasket in a document.
Likewise, you can enter data in any logical
spot— the front of the filing cabinet, a piece of
paper, and so on. Max, the Office Assistant,
is available for complex tasks; you can call on
him to close all documents open on the screen
and store them neatly in the filing cabinet. He
also appears at appropriate moments to warn
you of an impending calamity.

[text continued on page 406)

Ezra Shapiro is a technical editor at BYTE's West Coast
bureau. He can be reached at McGraw-Hill, 425 Bat-
tery St.. San Francisco. CA 94111.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 405

BYTE WEST COAST

'Venture capitalists turn
you down by remaining
enthusiastic forever, and
that's essentially what
happened to us.

{text continued from page 405)

The History

SoftOffice wasn't always the integrated
software package that it is now. In fact,
the evolution of SoftOffice makes for an
interesting case study of how things can
change over the course of a software-
development project. Late in 1982, Bruce
Van Natta was introduced to a program-
mer from Orange County, California, who
had an idea for an electronic-mail pro-
gram that incorporated a fancy text
editor with windows. Van Natta, a
founder of 1MSAI Corporation and later
of MicroPro, had planned to retire but
found that he couldn't stand not work-
ing. In addition, his complex tax picture
required that he invest $100,000 in
something— anything. So in early 1983
he assembled a six-person team for the
project in his living room. A few days
later, the group rented office space (with
Van Natta's money) and became the
SoftOffice Company.

One of Van Natta's first acts as presi-
dent of the new firm was to recruit a
former associate from MicroPro, Phoebe
Williams, who had been instrumental in
the design and documentation of Star-
burst, MicroPro's umbrella program for
word and data processing. She was
asked to participate in the development
of the final specifications for the pro-
gram and to help draft a business plan.
Williams flew in from Oklahoma for what
she thought would be a long weekend
as a consultant; instead, she stayed on
as part of SoftOffice.

Williams recalls, "When I saw what
they were doing and talked to them, 1
was convinced that it was a real hit. Plus
1 really wanted to work with Bruce again.

"We set out to follow the classic path
of writing a business plan, trying to get
around to venture-capital guys and get
$1.2 million and have a full-fledged
company— develop the product, put a
marketing team together, and have the
thing introduced at COMDEX '83 in

November. The programmer said that he
and perhaps 8 or 10 other guys could
make the product in 11 months.

"So we wrote a business plan and had
it ready the third week of February, but
by this time we had already discovered
that part of our team was neither com-
petent nor willing to be part of a ven-
ture like this." Two members of the group
were fired at the end of February, and
a third at the end of March. The team
dwindled to Van Natta, Williams, the
programmer, and one other staffer
handling legal and administrative affairs.

"By now," Williams continues, "Bruce
and 1 are trudging out full-time to talk to
venture capitalists. Did we talk to them!
I'll bet we talked to between 35 and 50
firms. We weren't smart enough to realize
that the fact that we talked to that many
meant we were already doomed. I mean,
within the first half-dozen, somebody
had said to somebody else in the
finance community. These guys don't
have the right stuff.' But it took us six
months to figure that out. Somebody
early on said that venture capitalists turn
you down by remaining enthusiastic
forever, and that's essentially what hap-
pened to us."

Both Williams and Van Natta attribute
their failure to a lack of the "correct" ex-
ecutive background. Van Natta feels that
his bid to be president of the firm was
the major stumbling block. Though he
had played a major role in both the
launch of the IMSAI 8080, one of the
first business microcomputers, and the
WordStar word-processing program, and
though he had held high-level positions
at MicroPro in operations and corporate
planning, he had not had direct profit-
and-loss responsibility. The venture-
capital firms wanted a president with
"the right marketing credentials," says
Van Natta, "somebody who had mar-
keted this stuff before, successfully."

By June of '83, neither Van Natta nor
Williams had been paid for six months,
but the firm had spent the initial
$100,000 and an additional $20,000
besides. Williams goes on, "So here we
are— our furniture is being repossessed,
we're sitting in our office at the end of
June, there's not a shred of money in the
bank, we have no hope of getting money
to fund the company, none of us has any
personal resources left, and this is the
end of it, right? So everyone departs the
scene."

That was very nearly the end of Soft-
Office, but both Van Natta and Williams
had become fascinated with the idea of
the editor that was to have been the
icing on the cake of a slick electronic-mail
system. A week after closing down the
office, the two of them decided to move
operations to an unused porch at Van
Natta's house, borrow money to live on,
and try to complete the project.

Very little had been finished— a prod-
uct description, a few nonfunctional
demonstration disks, and a small amount
of actual program code. The first real
task was defining the philosophy of the
new product. Van Natta and Williams
had already established several points.
SoftOffice was to be a visual editor that
used icons, windows, and a mouse, not
an electronic-mail system. In Williams's
words, "Granted, electronic mail was.real
sexy, but first of all, there wasn't a lot of
application (there weren't that many net-
works installed and so forth), and we
didn't think that it was a particularly hard
thing to do." The editor would use the
desktop metaphor, and commands
would be derived from what users did
in real-life situations rather than from
programming convenience. And every
command would have an immediate, on-
screen effect. If nothing happens that
you can't see. Van Natta reasoned, there
would be no complex problems for you
to untangle.

The basic guideline the two used was
that if they experienced difficulty de-
scribing what was supposed to happen,
the action itself was overly complicated
and should be rethought. There were to
be no error messages. "Every time you
run into something where you have to
give the user an error message," says Van
Natta, "you have some sort of unnatural
limitation. So the solution is not to have
pretty, easy-to-understand error mes-
sages but to not have limitations that
people are going to run into so that you
have error messages." Finally, all com-
mands would work the same way on all
levels of the program.

"We had some experience with the
windowing part of it," Van Natta explains.
"In other words, opening and closing
windows, making them bigger and
smaller— and we knew we could do that
with very few commands, in a very
natural way. The real open question was
whether the same philosophy and the
(text continued on page 408)

406 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 242 on inquiry card. — ►

Sensible Solution" software from O'Hanlon
separates the business tools from the toy si

Finally, a computer language you can understand, and
accounting software applications you can really use in
your business. The SENSIBLE SOLUTION™ is not just
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computer language. WM it, you can modify any of the
ready-to-run accounting applications from O'Hanlon to
better fit the personality ^»*^w of you and your

You see,
everyone
runs their

business just a little bit different. That's why there is a
SENSIBLE SOLUTION'" in the first place.
My wife Jova, is president of the TOVA 9 Corporation.
Hundreds of people call TOVA 9 everyday to order her
secret beauty formulas. The SENSIBLE SOLUTION™
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Even if you've never used a computer before, you can be
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BYTE WEST COAST

(text continued from page 406)
same commands and the same simpli-
city—and it had to be the same com-
mands and the same simplicity and the
same metaphors— could go all the way
into the editor. So there wouldn't be this
shock as you passed from the desk into
the editor. . ."

". . . into the windows and doing your
actual work," Williams interrupts. "That
was the part we were scared about. Then
one weekend we talked about it for
several hours each day, and we ac-
complished the design. In two days we
realized how to do it, and we saw that
we could do it consistently." She adds,
"We looked at the kinds of things peo-
ple put on paper, and we came up with
two categories. First, paragraphs, stuff
that you were going to type in; it was
pretty much just going to sit there— it
should re-form, you should be able to
format in different ways, set the line
spacing on it and stuff like that— but it
wasn't going to do anything special.

"Then there was something other than
plain old text— something that could be
told to behave in special ways, told to
recalculate itself, told to go and sit
somewhere else in the system. I don't
know how to describe it— one thing's sort
of vanilla and the other's sort of a travel-
ing medicine show on a real small scale.
We decided that the second thing would
be called a 'data cell,' for want of a bet-
ter term, and it would be almost a little
island that could hold a text reference,
information from somewhere else, a for-
mula, a number, a date, a percentage. It
could display itself in about seven or
eight different ways. We can fit
everything you could possibly write in-
to those two categories."

As Williams worked on refining the
design specs for the program, Van Natta
began to write the code for it in Pascal.
He hadn't done much coding for several
years, but after about a month the com-
ponents of the program began to take
shape. Initially, he borrowed routines that

the original programmer had con-
tributed to the first stage of the project.
As he went along, however, he found
himself rewriting everything in simpler,
tighter code. Work progressed, and
Williams and Van Natta found two im-
portant things happening. First, their
rules did work in all areas, and they could
resolve any roadblocks by applying the
rules carefully. Second, as the function-
ality of SoftOffice grew more complex,
the actual program shrank in size.

"Instead of taking the easy way out
and saying, 'Oh well, I guess we'll just
have to have this edge be a little rough
over here,' we just stayed at it until the
problem solved itself inside the design
criteria and the philosophies. We were
pretty clear on what the philosophies
were, which made it relatively easy to do
things," says Van Natta.

The issue of error messages was a

good case in point. In keeping with their

general philosophy, there were to be no

(text continued on page 410)

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408 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

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BYTE WEST COAST

(tot continued from page 408)
error messages because there were to
be no obvious limitations on what the
user could do. "An example of that is
how long the name of a piece of paper
can be," Van Natta says. "Well. I think
there is some upper limit, something like
32 million characters. Nobody could
type in that many. Why do you need
that? Sixteen would have been plenty;
Visi On gives you 12. The point is that
if we don't have to have a limit, you never
run into it, 1 don't have to have the code
to check it, I don't have to have an error
message, and I don't have to document
it. The same philosophy is used through-
out the entire system. We just don't have
error conditions.

"A paragraph can be no longer than
32.000 characters. If somebody actual-
ly gets a paragraph longer than 32.000
characters, we're going to be in trouble.
1 don't think a single document can be
longer than about 1500 pages. Of
course, that would probably take up
something like 7 megabytes— it would
take a long time to get from one end to
the other— but if someone put one in we
might run into a bad error condition. It
has limits way, way out there like that."

As Williams explains it, "We have what
you probably consider 'warning condi-
tions.' For instance, if you're running Soft-
Office on a 128K-byte PCjr with a 360K-
byte floppy, you're going to have more
than one disk. You may run your office
for a month on one disk, and then
comes next month— you're full and it's
time to move your office to another disk.

"The way the warning will occur is not
that the machine will stop working and
some error message will come up on the
screen; what will happen is that Max will
start waving his arms or pop up from
beneath something on the screen. He'll
have a piece of paper in his hand, and
you'll open the paper and it will say, 'Disk
is 92 percent full— you'd better do
something about it now. Here's what to
do— I'll help you.' And he will carry things
from your current office disk to the next
one."

Van Natta adds, "We wanted the sys-
tem to be modeless, and we also wanted
it never to trap you anyplace. If you're
right in the middle of a paragraph do-
ing something, you can move off and do
something else and come back and
you're right there. One of the problems
[text continued on page 412)

410 BYTE • |UNE 1984

Circle 1 10 on inquiry card.

ENGINEERS

Some Of The Most Provocative
Telecommunications Engineering

Of The 80's Will Be Done
Right Here With Hayes In Atlanta.

There's an energy level here at Hayes that
fuels our confidence. An enthusiasm few engi-
neering environments encourage or support. A
unique blend of engineering and technological
talents drawn together to move telecommunica-
tions technology further along. The projects . . .
The programs and the confidence to roll our
sleeves up — ask the questions that must be
asked — and search out the answers.

If you're taking a closer look at your career,

S:rhaps it's time to take an in-depth look at
ayes. There's a future in it.

• PROJECT MANAGER • SENIOR SOFTWARE

• RESEARCH ENGINEER
ENGINEER • PRODUCT ENGINEER

• RELIABILITY/ • SOFTWARE DEVEL-
TESTABILITY OPMENT PROGRAM-
ENGINEER MERS/ANALYSTS

Interested, qualified candidates should forward
a confidential resume to: Hayes Microcomputer
Products, Inc., Dept. TJC-584, 5923 Peachtree
Industrial Blvd., Norcross, GA 30092.

An Equal Opportunity Employer M/E

Opportunity for
tne here and now

©Hayes

Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

1UNE 1984 'BYTE 411

BYTE WEST COAST

"The delay helped us
make a better product
because we were forced
to think about it'.

[text continued from page 410)
with error messages is that, the way that
they're normally done, you're trapped at
the error message; you must do
something to respond to that message
before you're allowed to do anything
else. When the office assistant jumps up,
waves his piece of paper at you, and
says, 'Disk is getting full,' you don't have
to fix that problem right then. You can
finish up what you're doing, and then—
at a convenient time for you— solve the
problem."

Williams adds, "There's no such thing
as getting into the middle of something
and not being able to leave it and do
something else, which is true in no other
program that I can think of. In SoftOffice,
you're not required to finish something
that you start. And if you leave it in the
middle and come back, it'll be in the
same state as when you left it."

"Internally, the way the system works
is that keystrokes and commands sort of
rain down on the objects," Van Natta ex-
plains. "The 'manager,' the code inside
that manages this thing that you're typ-
ing into, every once in a while sees a
character come at him and does some-
thing. Since he intrinsically doesn't have
any sense of time, the fact that you went
over and rained characters on another
object— or went on vacation for a week-
has no meaning for him.

"Because we've had everything work
the same, I started off with 1 5 managers,
and now there are just two— a manager
that takes care of paragraphs and data
cells, and a manager that takes care of
papers, containers, everything else-
objects. When the paper manager is over
managing a piece of paper, he's not
remembering he was over there and the
next thing that needs to be done over
there. He's a completely free-form
manager, and he comes over here and
picks up all the information here so that
when this character rains down on this
piece of paper, the system says, 'Okay,
we're over a piece of paper. Let's call the
paper manager and give him the char-
acter and tell him we're raining it on this
particular object.' And if you move your
cursor to another spot and rain over it,
the system again just tells the paper
manager, 'Here's your character, here's
your object, now do it.' "

What started out as a program that re-
quired a hard disk and a large amount
of RAM (random-access read/write mem-
ory) wound up as less than 128K bytes
of compiled code that could conceivably
(in cartridge form) run on a 64K-byte PCjr
with no disk drives at all. Williams and
Van Natta are excited about the possibil-
ities of SoftOffice as a program for an
environment with a larger computer, say
a PC XT, as the mother to a cluster of
satellite PCjrs. Because the program
works the same way on any computer,
they believe operators would experience
little or no difficulty moving from one
workstation to another. Electronic mail
and networking, once the original pur-
pose of the program, will be held back
until the second or third version of Soft-

Office hits the market— and at that time,
they figure, networking with small ma-
chines will make SoftOffice a very attrac-
tive package.

The Finished Product

The story appears to have a happy end-
ing. In March of this year. Van Natta and
Williams were negotiating with a pub-
lisher interested in marketing the pro-
gram and were confident that SoftOffice
would appear as a finished product in
midsummer, a bit less than two years
after the first steps toward it were taken.

Looking back, Williams reflects, "We
pretty much took the basic ideas that
we'd developed during the first six
months of '83 and started to build the
design around those. It's now quite dif-
ferent from what the former program-
mer had originally conceived. But in a
way, the delay— or what we think of as
a crucial loss of six months' time-
helped us to make a better product
because we were forced to think about
it. I'm sure that the design we had in the
fall of '83 was far different from the one
we had at the beginning of the year, and
a far better one. We were forced into re-
treating to the basement, and now we're
both glad of it and would do it that way
again."

Van Natta comments, "If I had to do
it over again, I would start off in the
basement, with far fewer people. I might
have gone to the venture-capital com-
munity, but only at the stage where the
program was done developing." The
lesson, and his advice to anyone with
an idea for a program, is simple: "Learn
a programming language, code it up,
and find someone to publish it." ■

IW1 A Public Service of This Magazine
(ou*:' & The Advertising Council

Give Blood. Give Life.

Giving blood is everyone's business. After all, company
blood drives provide a vital part of our nation's blood supply.

They benefit everyone. Your community gets much
needed blood. Your employees get a lift when they give
blood. And your company gets the good will.

So please have your firm start planning for a blood drive,
today. And you can help save many lives tomorrow.

American
Red Cross

We'll Help.Will^bu?

412 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Before you pick a printer, make sure it's fully
compatible with your computer. Make sure it's right
for your software programs. Make sure it's flexible
enough for the functions it must perform.
And if the return on investment that you ei

expect is durable construction,
trouble-free performance and
letter-quality printing, make
sure it's Olympia.

Consider the Olympia
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Compact RO. If you need an entry
level printer, this is the one to consider. Com-
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price, it provides all the features needed for effi-
cient day-to-day performance. Electronic Compact 2.

Combines excellent print quality with the versatil-
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business and personal use. ESW102. Excellent value
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^ broad flexibility for forms and

letter formats. ESW3000. Your
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Electronic Compact NP. Our
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With Olympia, you can invest in the printer
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Before you invest in printers,
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~<>: :

Send for our booklet:
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request product information on any
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□

| I Electronic Compact 2

j J ESW102

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Company

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Address

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State

Zip

It OLYMPIA®

Setting the standard for 80 years.

Olympia USA Inc., Dept. 1-Y, Box 22,
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O 1984 Olympia USA Inc.

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

THE HP 110

(tot continued from page 1 1 31

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zzzs~~::'!-z

Photo 3: The HP HO's Personal Applications Manager, an operating-system shell for most
configuration and file-manipulation functions. The blocks along the bottom of the screen are
a map of the eight programmable soft function kegs.

•yir^nauETi. t trrmmai

Pletter Irrfcrfacti H

Pr filters HP Gr apt. its /

Printer Interface: K

Prir.t Pitch; fur mi!

Print life spacing: 6 tines/inch

Printer siir perf: V«.s

Photo 4: T/if systew configuration menu. Using the function kegs, it's possible to toggle
among a full range of choices for each topic.

b^m ' j ct s u mm n. i

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Usira tfie'Fil* Warajei
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trittir.1 Files and iJtrectcrieS
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C^rf iaijr iriij Cata CcM«jr m at icf

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^%h icj Bia witt '*

»« HF

Photo 5: EacA o/ the HP 1 10 Help categories is supported with a full screen of

information.

(even the Lotus Help screens) exists in
electronic memory, movement, recalcu-
lation, and graphics are all blindingly
fast; in fact, the slowest part of the
system is the LCD. Unless you're deal-
ing with an extremely large spreadsheet
and very complex formulas, chances are
you'll wait longer for a screen update
than for number crunching.

The Terminal program can be used for
data transfer for all three of the HP 1 10's
output interfaces, RS-232C, auto-dial/
auto-answer modem, and HP1L.

The DOS Commands option lets you
dispense with PAM entirely and operate
the 1 10 as you would any standard MS-
DOS machine.

You can, of course, load other soft-

ware into the electronic disk— within
reason (a large program that needs full
system RAM would be impossible). The
HP 110 is essentially a "generic" MS-
DOS computer; any programs that use
only operating-system calls, rather than
direct calls to the system ROM BIOS
(basic input/output system), and can be
configured to use the 110's smaller
screen size should run acceptably. Also,
any programs that are written for other
Hewlett-Packard MS-DOS computers
(significantly, the HP 1 50), that can be
configured for the screen, and that use
only HP escape sequences should be
okay. Thus, the 110 isn't fully compati-
ble with any other machine; it bears a
family resemblance to the 150, but it's
not an identical twin. Many programs
that run on the 1 50 should run on the
110, but there are no guarantees.

Hewlett-Packard claims to have done
more market research on this product
than on any other HP device before it;
much of that study went into determin-
ing the software bundle. The company
apparently believes that the current
package will best suit the needs of to-
day's portable computer user.

Although the ROM chips that will be
distributed in the product will be per-
manent (unerasable), the ROMs used
during prototype production and testing
were EPROM (erasable programmable
ROM) chips, and the company candid-
ly admits that it is working with poten-
tial high-volume customers to help
those firms develop customized soft-
ware packages for their employees.
There is no talk at present of optional
software configurations for single users,
but Hewlett-Packard representatives will
not rule out the possibility. It stands to
reason that a skilled hardware/software
hacker or entrepreneur could imple-
ment alternative firmware for the HP
110.

System Peripherals

The 1 10's HPIL interface enables you to
connect the computer to two battery-
powered peripherals specifically de-
signed to be part of a component sys-
tem: the Thinkjet printer (see the April
BYTE West Coast, page 82) and the new
HP 91 14 portable disk drive. Both units
weigh about 6 pounds, have the same
exterior dimensions, and operate for
about eight hours of continuous use
[text continued on page 416)

414

1 YT E • IUNE 1984

The Toughest Statistical

Problems Now Have A

Simple Solution.

ABstat.

Introduce yourself to ABstat.

It's the simplest solution to your statistical problems. And for
several very good reasons, it may very well be the best statistical data
analysis system on the market.

First, ABstat is comprehensive.

Whether your task is simple or complex, ABstat completes it
quickly and efficiently. With powerful routines analyzing and
manipulating your data. For starters, descriptive statistics for selected
variables. Chi-square, analysis of variance, correlations, cross-
tabulations, multiple regressions, and tests of hypothesis. Just to name
a few.

ABstat is also very simple to use. And it's fast.
With ABstat, you don't need to enter a lot of commands to perform
a function. And that means easier data manipulation, and more control.
Plus, you've got a built-in editor that will simplify your data input. Or
you can read data directly from your ASCII or dBase II files.

What's more, you don't need previous computer experience.
ABstat is command driven. And even if you get stuck on a procedure,
all you have to do is enter a "?" for immediate help.

ABstat is very much at home on the IBM PC. As well as many
other makes of microcomputers. All you need is a CP/M, CP/M-86,
MS-DOS, or PC-DOS operating system. And a reasonable $395.
Right now, ABstat is solving problems in manufacturing,
marketing, medical research, mining, petroleum, pharma-
ceuticals, and transportation. In major corporations
from Xerox to Quaker Oats and British Petroleum.
And in hundreds of small businesses, too.
One last bit of information. If you call
1-800-255-5550, ext 310, you'll get a free
ABstat brochure and the name of your nearest
ABstat dealer. Or write us at P. 0. Box 191,
Canon City, CO 81212, (303) 275-1661.

AndersonBell

TURNING INFORMATION INTO INSIGHT

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

dBASE II is a trademark of Ashton-Tate. IBM PC and
PC-DOS are trademarks of International Business
Machines Corp. CP/M and CP/M-86 are trademarks
of Digital Research Corp. MS-DOS is a trademark of
Microsoft Corp.

IBM rL & COMPATIBLES

INTERNAL 10 MB HARD DISK

W/ WESTERN DIGITAL Controller

No change in BIOS, Boot from hard

disk, Simple to install like a floppy,

DOS 2.0. 1 Year factory warranty,

tested & formatted, several

installed. Complete kit $895

Additional 10 MB hard disk $600;

Fixed + Removable HD (10MB) -SCALL

Hard disk + Tape backup -SCALL

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
PC EXPANSIONS:

AST, Maynard. 64K chips &
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U.S. Hobotici Ftuwork 300' 1 200 Autodial /Auto Answei $449

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SS10

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SI 395

Universal data Splems 9600 A B (9600 Dial-up 1 ) $2650

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Ubarti Electronics Freedom 100 (20 Function Keys Futl Editing) $495

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Itletn 3000(7X10 Matm Status Line) $599

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Visual SO (Green Phosphur screen) $695

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PRINTERS

Panasonic 1091 (120 CPS Dot Malm. 3 Print Modes) $599

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THE HP 110

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Photo 6: lotus 1-2-3 on the HP 110 (6a). All Lotus features are fully implemented,
Including 1-2-3's Help system, 6b shows the bit-mapped graphics chart produced from the
table in 6a.

(text continued from page 414)
without recharging. The Thinkjet is a
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that handles 8'/2- by 11-inch single
sheets or the equivalent tractor-feed
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Conclusions

The HP 1 10 is a fast little computer, as
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Circle 36 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 417

FASTER FORTH

The kernel of a
typical TIL system
is relatively small
(8K is not unusual).

[text continued from page 129)

2DUP cycles = NEXT + RUN + COLON

+ NEXT + RUN + DUP

+ RETURN + NEXT +

RUN + DUP + RETURN

+ NEXT + RUN + SEMI

= 358 + DUP + DUP

(pointer-threaded)

Although 2 DUP could obviously be
more efficiently defined as a primitive,
the point Jiere is that each secondary
call requires a minimum of 3 58 clock
cycles beyond that required by the ac-
tual machine code for the operation.
The DUP instruction takes 32 cycles in

8088 code, so that the 2DUP secondary
word takes about five times as long to
execute as the equivalent assembly
code. This ratio is probably typical for
secondary words.

By contrast, subroutine-threaded
code is conceptually simple and effi-
cient. The only overhead required for
a primitive consists of a CALL instruc-
tion and a RET instruction. The CALL
instruction replaces the NEXT and RUN
routines of the pointer-threaded inner
interpreter. The number of processor
cycles required to execute a subroutine-
threaded primitive is:

primitive cycles = CALL + body + RET
= 43 + body
(subroutine-threaded)

This overhead is only slightly more than
half of that required using the pointer-
threaded technique. Moreover, a simple
primitive that ordinarily would be ex-
tremely inefficient may be invoked as a

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macro Doing so would eliminate the ex-
ecution overhead entirely.

For secondary words there are similar
savings. For example, the 2 DUP word
considered above would require three
CALL/RET pairs for execution:

2 DUP cycles

■■ 129 + DUP + DUP
(subroutine-threaded)

The overhead here is only about twice
the machine code, rather than five
times, as before. Furthermore, for time-
critical applications, or if sufficient
memory is available, the DUP opera-
tions could be selected to be macros as
mentioned earlier, reducing the over-
head to a quite respectable 43 cycles.
Note that doing this effectively changes
2 DUP to a primitive, even though it was
defined by the user. Thus, in macro/sub-
routine-threaded code, true primitives
can be created within the high-level lan-
guage: this is not possible with pointer-
threaded or pure subroutine-threaded
code. These user-created primitives
could themselves be treated as macros,
although in most cases it would not be
practical to do so.

Another advantage of subroutine
threading is that it uses fewer dedicated
processor registers. As you can see in
listing 1 , the pointer-threaded language
discussed by Loeliger requires four reg-
isters beyond the program counter (PC)
and stack pointer (SP) for efficient
operation. Subroutine-threaded code,
on the other hand, needs only one
other dedicated register (e.g.. SI) to
serve as the data stack pointer.

Macro/subroutine-threaded code is
clearly more efficient than pointer-
threaded code from the point of view
of execution speed and use of proces-
sor resources. However, it does use
more memory. The primitives in each
form of threading use about the same
amount of memory, but the secondary
words of subroutine-threaded code
without macros are about 50 percent
larger than the equivalent secondary
words of pointer-threaded code
because one byte is required for each
CALL instruction. The additional mem-
ory requirement for subroutine-
threaded code may not be a significant
problem for three reasons:

I) The kernel of a typical TIL system
(text continued on page 420)

418 B YTE • IUNE 1984

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FASTER FORTH

(text continued from page 418)

is relatively small (8K is not unusual

for compiler/interpreter, editor, and

assembler).

2) Many newer microcomputers can
address much more memory than
previously possible.

3) Memory is significantly less ex-
pensive now than it was when
FORTH was first introduced.

However, if macro capability is in-
cluded in the subroutine-threaded lan-
guage, things can quickly get out of
hand. Unless you are careful to define
as macros only relatively short or infre-
quently used words, the repetition of
machine code as new words are defined
can expand the program memory con-
siderably. For this reason a good rule
of thumb might be to avoid treating
user-defined words as macros.

{text continued on page 422)

Listing 1: A translation of loeliger's
generic inner interpreter into 8088
assembly-language code.

;Assignment of Loeliger's generic registers
to 8088 registers

I -> DI
WA -> BP
CA -> CX
RS -> SI
SP -> SP
PC -> PC

Instruction register
Word address register
Code address register
Return stack pointer
Data stack pointer
Processor program
counter

: Loeliger's inner interpreter translated to
8088 code

COLON: ; 39 processor cycles
DEC SI
DEC SI
MOV ISII.DI
MOV Dl.BP
(MP NEXT

SEMI: : 21 processor cycles
DW OFFSET SEMI + 2
MOV DI.ISII
INC SI
INC SI

NEXT: : 2 1 processor cycles
MOV BP.|DI|
INC DI
INC DI

RUN: : 46 processor cycles
MOV CX.DS:|BP|
INC BP
INC BP
CALL CX

RETURN: ; 1 5 processor cycles
IMP NEXT

420 BYTE' IUNE 1984

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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 421

FASTER FORTH

[text continued from page 420)

Nevertheless, being able to selectively
use macros is such a great advantage
that it is probably worth choosing sub-
routine threading over pointer thread-
ing. Add to this the speed advantage
and conceptual simplicity of hardware
CALL/RET over the software inner inter-
preter, and a fairly strong case can be
made for the choice of subroutine
threading.

Comments on the Data Stack

Aside from the overhead of threading,
the major limitation to program efficien-
cy is the use of an in-memory stack.
Consider, for example, the simple task
of taking two numbers from memory,
adding them together, and storing the
result in memory. For simplicity, I
assume that the two numbers and their
sum are each 2 bytes long and previous-
ly have been given names in a data seg-
ment. The 8086/8088 assembly code
might be:

MOV AX, NUM1
ADD AX, NUM2

MOV SUM.AX

.LOAD THE 1ST

NUMBER
;ADD THE 2ND

NUMBER TO

THE 1ST
;PUT RESULT

INTO

MEMORY

This requires 53 cycles to execute on an
8088 processor.

Now consider doing the same thing
with the intermediate use of the data
stack. In FORTH the operation would
be:

NUM1 @ NUM2 @ + SUM !

To illustrate the process in assembly lan-
guage I'll use the mnemonics PUSHD
and POPD to indicate pushing to or
popping from the data stack. For
pointer-threaded code these will be the
same as the 8086/8088 PUSH and POP
instructions. Listing 2 gives the transla-
tion of PUSHD and POPD for subrou-
tine-threaded code. Using the stack for
intermediate storage, an assembly-code
translation of the above FORTH phrase
might resemble listing 3.

This may be an extreme case, but it
does illustrate the inefficiency of using
the data stack in FORTH when data is
frequently pushed to the stack and im-

mediately pulled from it to perform an
operation. Excluding overhead, 224 ma-
chine cycles are necessary for the 8088
processor, primarily because of the
many memory references. If the efficien-
cy of a stack-oriented TIL such as

FORTH is to be further improved, it is
imperative to speed up the stack opera-
tions or eliminate some of them entire-
ly through the use of an optimizing in-
cremental compiler. The latter alter-
(text continued on page 424)

Listing 2: PUSHD and POPD instructions in 8088 assembly-language subrou-
tine-threaded code. The SI register acts as the data stack pointer.

;PUSHD register to data stack

DEC SI
DEC SI
MOV |SI|, register

:POPD top of data stack to register

MOV register. |SI|
INC SI
INC SI

Listing 3:

Assembly language program using PUSHD and POPD mnemonics, il-

lustrating use of the stack.

Forth word NUMI

MOV BX, OFFSET NUMI

; GET ADDRESS OF 1ST NUMBER

PUSHD BX

; PUSH ADDRESS TO STACK
Forth word @

POPD BX

: GET ADDRESS FROM STACK

PUSHD |BX]

; PUSH 1ST NUMBER TO STACK
Forth word NUM2

MOV BX.OFFSET NUM2

; GET ADDRESS OF 2ND NUMBER

PUSHD BX

; PUSH ADDRESS TO STACK
Forth word @

POPD BX

: GET ADDRESS FROM STACK

PUSHD |BX|

: PUSH 2ND NUMBER TO STACK
Forth word +

POPD AX

: GET NUM2 FROM STACK

POPD BX

; GET NUMI FROM STACK

ADD AX,BX

; ADD NUMI AND NUM2

PUSHD AX

; PUSH RESULT TO STACK
Forth word SUM

MOV BX, OFFSET SUM

; GET ADDRESS TO STORE RESULT

PUSHD BX

; PUSH ADDRESS TO STACK
Forth word !

POPD BX

; GET ADDRESS OF SUM FROM STACK

POPD AX

; GET NUMI +NUM2 FROM STACK

MOV |BX|,A>

; STORE RESULT

Listing 4: Modified PUSHD and POPD instructions. The data stack is now made
up of the SI, BP, CX, and ES registers.

; PUSHD register to data stack

MOV ES.CX
MOV CXBP
MOV BP.S1
MOV SI, register

POPD top of data stack to register

MOV register.SI
MOV SI.BP
MOV BP.CX
MOV CX.ES

422 BYTE • |UNE 1984

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Subroutine threading can reduce execution
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code. \t can also be adapted to any
microprocessor.

(tot continued from page 422)

native is beyond the scope of this

article.

One way to increase the speed of
stack operations is to use some of the
8086/8088 registers for the data stack.
For example, the registers I have used
in my own TIL are SI, BP, CX. and ES.
Excluding the program counter and
stack pointer, this leaves four general-
purpose registers and three segment
registers for coding the primitives of the
language. These are sufficient for all but
a very few primitive operations. If one
or more of the dedicated registers is re-
quired for a particular operation, their
contents can be temporarily saved on
the return stack and recovered before
the return to the calling routine. The
code for the four-register PUSHD and
POPD mnemonics mentioned above is
given in listing 4. Using the dedicated
registers, pushing data from one of the
general-purpose registers to the data
stack requires only 8 machine cycles,
compared to 22 cycles for the subrou-
tine-threaded PUSHD instruction of list-
ing 2. The comparison for a POPD in-
struction is very similar.

A four-element data stack is sufficient-
ly large to handle all standard FORTH
single-precision primitives as well as the
binary double-precision operations.
With careful planning it is also large
enough for virtually any high-level TIL
program. If necessary, the four-register
stack can be supplemented by defining
two new primitives, < < and > > . The
< < word pushes the two lowest
elements of the data stack to the return
stack for temporary storage. The > >
word reverses this by pulling two 16-bit
numbers from the return stack and stor-
ing them in the two lowest registers of
the data stack. The only caution for
using them is that < < must be fol-
lowed by > > before the end of a loop

or end of the definition. This prevents
other uses for the return stack, such as
holding do-loop indexes, from being
adversely affected. If a still faster stack
is desired, and double-precision opera-
tions are not required, a three-register
stack could be used, along with the
< < and > > words.

There are two additional advantages
of using a register-based, three- or four-
element data stack. First, it discourages
the poor programming practice of
stringing a lot of words together that
push numbers to the stack, followed by
a string of operators that act on those
numbers. It is much easier to follow the
flow of FORTH code in which only a few
numbers are on the stack at any given
time. The other benefit is that program-
ming errors that overflow the stack do
not halt processing, which sometimes
occurs with stacks that are not limited
in extent.

Evaluation and Conclusions

In order to evaluate the utility of the
ideas discussed above, I modified the
FORTH version of the Sieve of Eratos-
thenes program (see reference 2). In the
modified program, the data stack con-
tains no more than three numbers at
any one time. This program was then
run on a version of FORTH that uses
macro/subroutine threading and a three-
element data stack. Most of the primi-
tives of the language used in the pro-
gram were defined as macros. The pro-
gram requires 21 seconds to execute 10
loops, compared to about 5 5 seconds
for PC/FORTH and FORTH Level II (see
text box). So far as I am aware, these
two execute the FORTH Sieve program
on the IBM PC faster than any other
commercial versions. The improvement
in execution speed by a factor of 2.5
results in a language that compares
favorably with most of the C compilers

presently available for the IBM PC (see
reference 4). Other benchmark pro-
grams produce similar relative compar-
isons.

It is obvious that the two techniques
that I have suggested for improving the
execution speed of a TIL are successful.
Subroutine threading is probably the
more important of the two. It can
reduce execution overhead and at the
same time use fewer processor registers
than pointer threading of code. It can
also be adapted to any microprocessor.
Programmers interested in designing
their own TIL will likely find these tech-
niques easy to work with since the pro-
gram flow is controlled by hardware
subroutine calls rather than an addi-
tional layer of software. Moreover, since
the implementation is transparent to the
user, FORTH can be written to use it
without any required change to the lan-
guage. Finally, a simple extension lets
the user choose macro substitution for
more rapid execution.

The other suggestion, using three or
four registers for the stack, should also
be seriously considered. Since it re-
quires some modification of the stan-
dard, it may not be suitable for FORTH.
It may, however, prove useful to pro-
grammers who want to construct their
own TIL for a 16-bit, multiregister micro-
computer. ■

REFERENCES

1. Brodie, Leo. Starting FORTH. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

2. Giibreath. lira and Gary Gilbreath.
"Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through
the Sieve." BYTE, January 1983, page 283.

3. Loeliger. R. G. Threaded Interpretive languages.
Peterborough. NH: BYTE Books, 1981.

4. Phraner, Ralph A. "Nine C Compilers for
the IBM PC." BYTE, August 1983, page 134.

5. Ritter, Terry, and Gregory Walker. "Varie-
ties of Threaded Code for Language Imple-
mentation." BYTE, September 1980. page
206.

6. Scanlon, Leo I. IBM PC Assembly language
Programming. Bowie, MD: Robert I. Brady Co.,
1983.

FORTH Uvel 11 is available from The Software
Worfe. 1032 Elwell Court. Suite 210. Palo Alto.
CA 94303.

PC/FORTH is available from laboratory Micro-
systems Inc., POB 10430, Marina del Rey. CA
90295.

424 BYTE • |UNE 1984

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ADA PRIMER

[text continued from page 134)

new_line;
end hello;

This version of the hello program should display the same
result as before: Hello, world!

Variables, Assignment, and Output

Variables in Ada may have long names (as long as a line) but
must fit on a single line. All variables must be declared ex-
plicitly in the declaration part of a program or in a package.
Look at the following example.

- vartada

-- Introduce variables

with text io; use texLio;

procedure variable is

- for integer io
package integer io is

new text io. integer io(i nteger) ;

use integer io;

- declaration for integer variable

- named age

age : integer; - declaration for integer variable named age

begin

age := 40;

put ("This year Sam is ");

put (age,2);

put(" years old. ");

new_line;
end variable;

This program demonstrates several of Ada's features. First
we tell the program we want to input and output integers.

We do this by creating a new package, integer io. based on

the original integer io package, a collection of subprograms

in the package text_io. This original package can input and
output data of all the integer data types— yes, there can be
more than one integer data type. A statement that creates
a package for a specific data type from a general package
definition is called a generic package instantiation. The use state-
ment use integer io states that we want to use the new

package.

The third statement in the declaration part of the program
(before the begin) declares an integer variable named age. You
must use the full name of the data type, not its abbreviation.
The name of the variable comes first, then a colon (:), and
then its data type. Integer is one of the predefined data types
available in Ada as defined in the package standard. Other
predefined data types are Boolean, float, character, and
string. Package standard is always available to a user even
though it is not called for in a with or use statement.

In the executable part of the program, the first statement
assigns the integer value 40 to the variable named age. The
assignment statement in Ada uses the combination of a :
(colon) and an = (equal sign) to represent an assignment
operator (e.g., age := 40).

Two forms of the put statement follow the assignment state-
ment. The first form outputs a character string. The other

(text continued on page 430)

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430 BYTE • JUNE I984

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

[text continued from page 428)

form, which has two parameters, outputs the value in age in

two columns. The result of executing this program is:

This year Sam is 40 years old.

An Ada program rarely uses the plain integer data type
for variables. In most cases, an integer subtype should be used
instead to protect the program from erroneous data. When
an integer data type is used, the variable can take on a wide
range of values (e.g., -20,000,000 to +20,000,000). Such a
large range is inappropriate for representing someone's age.
A more typical range for this program might be to 99. The
following program shows how this is done.

- var2.ada

- Introduce variables and subtypes
with text_io; use text_io;
procedure variable is

- for integer io

package integer io is

new text_io.integer_io(integer);
use integer io;

subtype age_Jype is integer range 0..99;

- declaration for age_type variable
age : age_type;

begin

age := 40;

put ("This year Sam is ");

put (age,2);

put(" years old. ");

new_line;
end variable;

The statement that begins with the declaration subtype
defines an integer data type that has a restricted range (or
constraint) between and 99. The two periods in a row (..) are
used to represent a range, as in Pascal. Because the basic

data type is still integer, integer io can still be used to display

the value of age, which could not be assigned to a negative
value or to a value beyond 99.

Looping with while and Incrementing

Here's a small looping program.

- whileLada

- The while construct

with text_io; use text io;

procedure while loop is

- for integer io
package integer io is

new text io.integer io(integer);

use integer io;

subtype count_type is integer range 1.5;
count : count_type;

begin
count := 1;

while count < = 4 loop - A

put (count * 10, 2); - B

[text continued on page 432)

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{text continued from page 430)

new_Line;

count := count + 1; - C

end loop; - D

end while loop;

The loop consists of the statement between loop and end loop
(beginning with the end of line A and ending with line D).
Line A tests the expression count<4. The loop continues to
execute as long as count is less than or equal to 4.

The three statements in the loop display a two-column
number, move to the next line, and increment the variable
count with an assignment statement. Note that the put sub-
program can display an arithmetic expression, in this instance,
count * 10 . The asterisk signifies multiplication.

The alignment of end loop with while and indentation of the
statements within the loop is a matter of style. For an ex-
periment, remove the statement that sets count to 1 to see
how Ada treats an undefined value. You should not end up
with a runaway program because the subrange count_type
limits count to values between 1 and 5.

The next version of the looping program while2.ada uses the
succ operation in line C to increment count. The succ stands
for the "successor operation," which takes the next available
value for the type named before the prime '. Thus,
integer'succ(25) has the value 26. This operation is particular-
ly useful for enumerated types that are not integers.

- while2.ada

- The while construct

with text io; use text_io;

procedure while loop is

- for integer io

package integer io is

new text io. i nteger io(integer);

use integer io;

subtype count_type is integer range 1..5;

count : count_type;

begin
count := 1;

while count < = 4 loop
put (count * 10, 2);
new_line;
count :=
count_type'succ(count);
end loop;
end while loop;

■A
B

Looping with for

Ada's for statement has two parts between the for and the loop
keywords.

-- fori .ada

- The for construct
with text_io; use text_io;
procedure for loop is

- for integer io

package integer io is

new text io.integer io(integer);

[text continued on page 434)

432 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

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Do
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AO^L mtroductto

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Compare with other languages — what are the
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1. Comparing and Assessing Programming Languages
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IUNE 1984 -BYTE 433

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

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[text continued from page 432)

use integer io;

begin

for count in 1..4 loop

-A

put (count * 10, 2);

-B

new_line;

end loop;

end for loop;

The first statement (line A) names the loop control variable
count. Note that count does not appear in the declaration part
of the program. It is declared by its appearance in the for
statement and cannot be accessed outside the loop. The loop
control variable cannot be changed inside the loop. It is
automatically incremented by 1 every time through the loop.
The range of the loop control variable makes up the second
part of the for statement following the keyword in. In this ex-
ample, the range of count is 1 to 4 as denoted by 1.4. The
value of the loop control variable can be used in expressions,
as done in this example with the expression count * 10.

The for loop statement is a better looping statement than
the while statement: it is not possible to cause a for statement
to loop indefinitely since the range is specified, the control
variable is protected against inadvertent modification, and
the incrementing of the control variable is always done
monotonically. You should try to use for statements in
preference to while statements wherever possible.

get and put

get and put are two library subprograms that have many uses
in Ada. They can be used to input and output a variety of

data types, depending on how the packages in text io are

instantiated. (For variables of the character data type, you
need not instantiate get and put because these procedures
are already defined in the package text io.)

The procedure get receives a single item, which can be a
character from standard input (usually a terminal keyboard);
the procedure put sends a single item, which can be a
character to standard output (usually a terminal's display).

The following program uses get and put to copy one char-
acter at a time from input to output until it finds an end-of-
file indicator.

- copyLada

- Copy input to output
with text_io; use text_io;
procedure copy is

c : character; - A

begin

loop - B

get(c); - C

put(c);

if end of line then - D

new_line;
end if;
end loop;

exception - E

when end_error

{text continued on page 436)

434 B YTE • JUNE 1984

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{text continued from page 434}
= > null;
end copy;

The end-of-file indicator from a terminal under DEC's VMS
operating system is a Control-Z. Thus, to get out of this pro-
gram, you need only type a Control-Z.

Line A declares c as a character. In line B, a loop starts and
will continue forever until an end-of-file marker causes an ex-
ception. An exception is something out of the ordinary. A pre-
defined exception named end_error means an end-of-file has
been reached. When this happens, the program transfers con-
trol to the statements following the exception, executes the
statements in the when clause for the exception, and then
exits the program. In the loop, line C reads a single character
into variable C and line D displays the value of variable c.
Because Ada's get does not read the end-of-line character,
there is a test for the end-of-line character that uses a built-
in function. Also, because Ada does not read end-of-line or
end-of-file characters but skips over them until the next
character, we need to output the character that causes a new
line to start with the built-in function new_line.

A number of useful Boolean functions such as end of file

are already defined in text io. Other useful functions are

end of line and end_of_page. Such functions make a pro-
gram more readable and have the advantage of being defined
for every Ada compiler. Input and output have always made
portability of programs difficult. Ada tries to improve this
situation by specifying the same syntax for every computer.

It is quite likely that the same semantics will not occur, but
at least we are getting one step closer to portability. One
problem I have noticed with the NYU Ada/Ed compiler is the
difficulty of keeping straight what it is trying to input and
output.

In the example that follows, one Control-Z was not enough
to cause the program to exit; it took two Control-Zs, and the
order of input and output was confused. The program was
an attempt to replace the exception with the use of the test
for an end-of-file in a while loop. It still copied what was typed
to the terminal. In part 2 of the Ada primer, I will discuss
other ways to copy input to output to avoid this problem.

-- copy2.ada

- Copy input to output

with text io; use text_io;

procedure copy is

c : character;
begin

while not end_of_file loop

if end of line then

new_line;

end if;

get(c);
put(c);

if end of line then

new_line;
end if;
end loop;

(tot continued on page 438)

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(text continued from page 436)

end copy;

if AND else AND elsif

Ada's if statement looks much like if statements in other pro-
gramming languages.

- ifLada

- Illustrate the if

- and else statements

with text io; use text_io;

procedure if statement is

answer : character;
begin

put (" Do you like Ada so far? "); - A

new_line;

put (" Type y for yes, or n for no: "); ~ B

new_line;

get (answer);

if answer = 'y' or answer = T then
put (" Glad to hear it!");

else
put (" Hope it changes.");

end if;
end iLstatement;

This example asks a leading question and prints a response
depending upon the answer. Note the semicolon that's re-
quired after the put statement (just before the else) as a state-
ment terminator. In this example, the equality test operator
( = ) and the logical operator or are used to check if the
response is equal to y or Y.

It is possible in Ada to keep the logic of if statements quite
clean by avoiding nesting. Although Ada allows nesting of
if statements, most nesting constructs can be rewritten to use
the elsif construct. The elsif keyword is used to perform an ad-
ditional test if the test above it is false. An if statement can
have several elsif tests, but only one else.

-- elsifl .ada - Illustrate use of if and elsif and else -

with texLio; use text io;

package greeting is

procedure greet;
end greeting;
package body greeting is

procedure greet is

begin
put (" Do you like Ada so far?"); new_line;
put (" Type y for yes, or n for no: "); new_line;

end greet;
end greeting;

with text io, greeting;

use text io, greeting;

procedure elsif_statement is

answer : character;
begin

greet; - greet the user

[text continued on page 440)

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(text continued from page 438)

get (answer);

if answer = y or answer = T then

put(" Glad to hear it! "); new_line;
elsif answer = 'n' or answer = 'N' then - A

put(" Sorry to hear that. Hope it changes. "); new_line;
else

put(" I don't understand "); put(answer); put(" . "); new_line;
end if;
end elsiLstatement;

Line A shows that if the reply character is not y or Y, the pro-
gram should check whether the answer was n or N. If this test
also fails, it prints an error message that echoes the input
character.

In Ada, any number of statements can be placed after an
if, elsif, or else keyword. Its keywords are lined up and if state-
ments are not nested.

Listing 1 shows what this example looked like as it was com-
piled and run under VMS with the NYU Ada/Ed system. The
program printed the question by calling the procedure greet
and then waited for a reply. In this example, the user re-
sponded y so that the first if was satisfied, the appropriate
message was printed, and the program ended.

If the response had been n, the first if would have failed,
the elsif test would have been satisfied, and the program
would have printed a sympathetic message. If the response
had been anything other than y. Y, n, or N, the else statement
would have taken effect.

The program that follows plays a simple guessing game that
tests for the correct response by using an if statement. If the
user types the letter e, the program "points" to the reply and
prints You guessed it! Congratulations!

- exifl.ada

- Illustrate the if and exit statements

with text io; use text_io;

package greeting is

procedure greet;
end greeting;
package body greeting is
procedure greet is
begin
put(" If you type a certain letter ");
new_line;

put(" I'll congratulate you for guessing it. ");
new_line;

put(" If you get bored, type control-z twice. ");
new_line;
end greet;
end greeting;

with greeting, text io;

use greeting, text_io;
procedure exit_statement is

c: character;
begin

greet; - display a greeting to the user

while not end_of_file loop
get(c);

440 BYTE • IUNE 1984

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ADA PRIMER

if c = 'e' then - A

put("~- You guessed it! Congratulations! "); - B
new_line;

exit; - C

end if;
end loop;
end exit_statement;

The statement on line. A tests if the input character is an
e. If the user has typed an e. the program executes the
statements following the then keyword; line B prints the con-
gratulatory message and points to the correct letter, e; and
then line C causes an early exit from the loop. Some program-
mers do not think that the use of an exit statement is good
programming practice; however, others believe that exit
saves time in a loop and is a good statement to use. Ada
provides both the exit statement and the exit when statement
for loop exits and lets you make your own judgment.

Another version of the main part of this program that does
not use the exit statement follows.

- exit2.ada

~ Show how to eliminate an exit statement

with text io; use text io;

package greeting is
procedure greet;
end greeting;
package body greeting is
procedure greet is
begin
put(" If you type a certain letter ");
new_line;

put(" I'll congratulate you for guessing it. ");
new_line;

put(" If you get bored, type control-z twice. ");
new_line;
end greet;
end greeting;

with greeting, text io;

use greeting, text io;

procedure no_exit_statement is

c: character := "; - initialize to blank
begin
greet; - display a greeting to the user

while c /= 'e' and not end of file loop

get(c);

if c = 'e' then - A

put(""~ You guessed it! Congratulations! "); - B
new_line;
end if;
end loop;
end no_exit_statement;

The argument in favor of this version is that the conditions
for exiting the loop appear in one place: at the start of the
loop in the while statement. A programmer testing or modi-
fying this program does not have to search for exit statements.
The major argument against this version is that there is an
extra test on c every time the loop executes. This test oc-
cupies space and takes extra time. Another opposing argu-
ment is that the test in the while statement appears backward.

Listing

1: An Ada program run under the VMS operating

system with the NYU AdalEd compiler.

— elsifl.ada Illustrate use of if and elsif and else

3
4

with text io: use text io;

package greeting is

procedure greet;

7
8
9

end greeting;

package body greeting is

procedure greet is

begin

put ("Do you like Ada so far?"); new line:

put ("Type y for yes, or n for no: "1: new line:

end greet;

end greeting;

with text io, greeting; use text io, greeting;

procedure elsif statement is

answer : character:

begin

greet; — greet the user

get. (answer);

if answer = 'y' or answer = 'V then

put ("Clad to hear it!"); new line:

elsif answer = 'n' or answer = 'N' then

— A

put ("Sorry to hear that. Hope it changes."!;

new line;

else

put ("1 don't understand"): putlanswer):

put(" . "

; new line;

end if;

end elsif statement;

No trar

slation errors detected

Translation time: 90 seconds

Binding

time: 2.7 seconds

Begin Ada execution

Do you

like Ada so far?

Type y

for yes, or n for no:

Glad to

lear it!

Execution complete

Execution time: 6 seconds

l-code

statements executed: 41

These Ada programs should give you a flavor of Ada pro-
gram structure. Ada packages, basic input/output, variables
and assignment, and control constructs such as while, for, if,
elsif, and else. With a command of this much Ada, you can
write small, useful programs.

Next month, in part 2 of this Ada primer. I will cover the
more advanced topics of types, arrays, and communication
between Ada programs, as well as show how a microcom-
puter subset of Ada performs. ■

1UNE 1984 -BYTE 443

THE SLOPPY FLOPPY

Most companies seal their discs with a spot here,
a spot there. Leaving most of each seam not sealed
at all.

Sooner or later, the seams might do what comes
naturally: they bulge. Warp. Pucker. Open up.

You can prove it to yourself. Just take a floppy
and twist it.

See those wide open spaces?

That's sloppy. And dangerous. Because if you put
a sloppy floppy into your disc drive, it can jam the
drive. Lose your data. Or ruin the drive head.

And there goes S400.

Memorex is a registered trademark
of Memorex Corporation.
*1984 Memorex Corporation
A Burroughs Company

ruin your $400 disc drive.

THE MEMOREX SOLID-SEAM BONDED FLOPPY

Memorex seals its floppy discs with a process
it developed, called Solid-Seam Bonding.

Solid-Seam Bonding seals shut every inch of every
seam of every Memorex floppy disc. Tight as a drum.
That makes the Memorex floppy stiffer. Stronger.
And your data safer.

You can prove it yourself. Just take a Memorex
floppy and twist it. You'll see no wide open
spaces.

No wide open spaces that can jam
your drive. Lose your data. Or
ruin your drive head.

Which could cost
you $400.

So why risk it?

Protect your drive. And your data. Ask for Memorex
floppy discs, with Solid -Seam Bonding.

It's always better to be safe than sloppy.

For more information on the full line
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call toll-free: 800-222-1150. In
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408-987-2961.

Data. When it matters, make it Memorex™

MEMOREX

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

PRINTER BUFFER

(text continued from page 143)

In addition to normal memory ac-
cesses, the RAM must be refreshed. Re-
freshing consists of sequentially access-
ing RAM locations to keep the memory
cells active. To do this, only the row ad-
dress and row-address strobe need be
provided and only 128 locations need
be accessed. The Z80 provides a RE-
FRESH signal that occurs during an in-
struction decode and therefore is trans-
parent to the software. This signal is
combined with a MEMORY REQUEST
signal to provide the RAS. The CAS
signal that normally goes to the RAM

is inhibited by the NAND gates of IC12
so CAS never goes active. The Z80 has
an internal register that is put out on the
low-address bus during refresh and is
automatically incremented after each
refresh cycle; therefore, no refresh
counter is needed to provide the se-
quential addresses to the RAM.

The interfaces to the host computer
and printer are designed to be compati-
ble with the Centronics protocol, which
consists of the host computer sending
the data byte and then the active low-
data strobe. The printer sends back ACK
(acknowledge) and BUSY signals.

Photo 1 : The inside of the completed printer buffer.

Quantity

Part Number

Description Reference

MC4024

Clock Generator 1C1

Z80

Microprocessor IC2

2716

EPROM IC3

74LS151

Multiplexer IC4

74LS373

Latch IC5

74LS367a

3-State Buffer 1C6, ICI4

74LS157

Multiplexer IC7, IC8

74LS374

8-bit Flip-Flop IC9. IC15

74LS74

Dual D Flip-Flop IC10. IC24

74LS138

Decoder IC11. IC13

74LS00

Quad NAND Gate 1C12

4164 .

64K-bit RAM IC16-IC23

io.ooo n

Potentiometer

10,000 12, % W

Resistor

10/iF. 15 V

Capacitor

68 pF. 15V

Capacitor

0.001 y.?

Capacitor

0.1 iiF

Bypass Capacitor

57-20360

Connector

57-10360

Connector

)E200 (Jameco)

+ 5-V. 1-amp Power Supply

liable 1:

This table contains the components for this printer buffer.

IC13 is the decoder that provides the
chip selects for the I/O (input/output) cir-
cuits. It is enabled whenever the Z80
does an I/O cycle. READ and WRITE
signals are not used because separate
addresses are used for the different I/O
ports. IC9 is the 8-bit input-data latch.
The host computer delivers data to the
IC9 and then activates the strobe line
causing the data to be latched. The
strobe input going low also causes the
74LS74 flip-flop to be reset. The NOT
Q signal goes back to the host com-
puter as a BUSY signal from the printer
buffer. The host computer then knows
not to send another character. The
BUSY signal can be read by the Z80
through three-state buffer IC14 to deter-
mine if a character has been received.
When the BUSY signal is high, the Z80
knows that a character has been sent.
The Z80 then reads the character by
enabling 1C9 to output data onto the
data bus. When the character has been
read, the IClOb flip-flop is reset. This
produ ces th e beginning, or falling, edge
of the ACK signal to the host computer.
The Z80 delays about 10 microseconds
(/ts) and then clock s ICl Ob, causing the
rising edge of the ACK signal. The ris-
ing edge clocks IClOa, causing the BUSY
signal to go inactive (low). The host
computer can send another character
at this time.

The output to the printer works in the
same manner except that the printer
buffer acts as the host instead of the
printer. Data is clocked into IC1 5, which
feeds it out to the printer. The Z80 then
activates the decoder IC13 to output a
data strobe to the pri nter t hrough its G4
output. The printer's ACK signal clocks
the IC24 flip-flop and can be read by the
Z80 through the three-state buffer 1C14.

Software Control

The printer buffer, like any micropro-
cessor-based system, could not do any-
thing without a control program. The
control software stored in the 2716
EPROM is quite simple. All it has to do
is load characters to RAM and send
characters to the printer. Pointers to
RAM determine where the next charac-l
ter will be stored and from where the
next character will be fetched. Three
conditions must be accounted for: an
empty buffer, a full buffer, and reaching
the top of RAM. For the last condition,
the software must check to see if the
{text continued on page 448)

446 B YTE • IUNE 1984

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PRINTER BUFFER

(text continued from page 446)
pointer has reached the highest ad-
dress; if it has, the software must set it
to the first RAM location. This is called
wraparound.

The methods for checking the first two
conditions are shown in figure 4 (page
455). If the pointer to the next character-
load position equals the pointer to the
next character-print position, then the
buffer is considered empty (see figure
4a). There are two cases for a full buf-
fer. The normal case is for the whole buf-
fer to fill, including wraparound, until the
next load position (i.e., a full buffer, see
figure 4b). The second case occurs when
the next print location is at the bottom
of RAM and the next load position is at
the top of RAM. You can see in figure
4c that by loading one more character,
the two pointers would be made equal
and thus erroneously signal an empty
buffer. This condition is a special case
of the buffer-full condition.

When the RAM is full, the input hand-
shake will not take place until a charac-
ter is printed and another RAM location
is made a vailab le. The printer buffer will
send the ACK. signal when the byte is
stored in RAM. The host computer will
then put out characters at the same rate
as the printer printing them.

Listing 1 (page 453) shows the as-
sembled code. It probably looks dif-
ferent from the way you are used to see-
ing comments done in assembly
language. I used a form of PDL (Program
Design Language) to design the program
and filled in the code between the com-
mands. This method of program design
greatly simplifies code generation and
debugging, and I heartily recommend it.

The comments give a sense of pro-

gram flow because of the use of the
structured construct:

IF (condition is true)

execute this code
ENDIF

The code between the IF and ENDIF is
not executed if the condition is false.
Therefore, to follow program flow when
a condition is not met, simply jump to
the corresponding ENDIF statement.

The program initialization starts by
loading the I register with OFFH so that
during refresh the Z80 outputs the con-

tents of the I register on the high-
address bus so the EPROM is not
selected. Register BC is used to point
to the next character to be printed.
Register DE points to the position of the
next character to be loaded. After the
pointers are loaded with their initial
values, the program enters an endless
loop. The loop consists of only two
tasks: get a character and print a char-
acter. The get character and the print char-
acter sections are totally independent.
For inputting characters, the first thing
[text continued on page 456)

| PRINTER
BUFFER

RANDOM-
ACCESS
MEMORY

1 '

HOST
COMPUTER

INPUT
INTERFACE

MICROPROCESSOR

OUTPUT
INTERFACE

PRINTER

Figure 1: A Mock diagram of the data flow from the computer through the buffer to the
printer.

CLOCK

RAM
CONTROL

HOST

COMPUTER

CONNECTOR

LATCH

MICROPROCESSOR

ADDRESS
MULTIPLEXER

RANDOM-
ACCESS
MEMORY

PRINTER
CONNECTOR

LATCH

EPROM

Figure 2: This is a block diagram of the printer buffer itself. The microprocessor is a Zilog Z80.

448 BYTE • JUNE 1984

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CAS

+ 5V
A

0.001^>F

10K

+ 5V

v cxi xl v cc

VCM

IC1

MC4024

OUT

GND GND

v C C

IC4
74LS151

IC6
74LS367A

V 74LSOO

! "" ' +5V ~|

22 1 19

RiS

£>

III

IC12
74LS00

fiT \/h

RFSH RD WR M P E0 A i 5

IC2
280

IORQ

A14
A13
A12
All
A10
A9
A8

A7
AS
A5
A4
A3
A2
Al
AO

D7D6D5 D4 03 D2 Dl DO

40
39
38

D5.

04 '

' 74LS373

07<O

D6<D-

DJ<b-

I
D4<D-

D3<0

02<O
01<D-

D0<3-
I

+5V

i > —

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 Dl DO

VCC

A10
A9
A8
GND

IC3
2716

AO
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7

OE
CS

+ 5V

IC 11
74LS138

V C C

"3?

+ 5V

+5V

tie

tl6

DO IC7

CO 74LS157

+ 5V

ii£_J

IC8

CO 74LS157

BO 2D

*° ZC

CI ZB

Bl ZA

-O R/w

-C>A7'

-C>A6'
I

-C>A4'

I
I

-0>A3'

-d>A2'

I
-0>A1'

-Oac

-O>A0
-0>A1
-C>A2

Figure 3a: Tfiis section of the printer buffer schematic shows these components of the printer buffer: the clock, the central processing unit,
the EPROM, and the multiplexers. This is the control circuitry for the buffer.

450 BYTE • |UNE 1984

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Circle 39 on inquiry card.

RAS O-
CAS O-
R/W C>-
A7' C>-
A6' O-
A5' O-
A4' H>~
A3' O-
A2' O-
Al' C>-

AO" O

+5V

RAS

CAS

R/W

IC23
4164

r 7

07 C>-
D6 C>-
D5 O-
D4 C>-
03 O-
D2 O-
Dl O-
00 O-

IC22
4164

MALE

CONNECTOR

57-20360

IC21
4164

IC20
4164

"FT

IC19
4164

icie

4164

IC17
4164

IC16
4164

IC15
74LS3

+ 5V

00
CLOCK

Q7
06
05
Q4
03
02
01
00

FEMALE

CONNECTOR

57-10360

■Q>D7

is — d> D6

-Q> D5

-Q> D4

I
-LT> D3

I
-Q> 02

-Q>D1

-Q> 00

BUSY <3D-

+ 6V
11 [12

+ 5V

CLOCK
R b S
Q

ACK <3D— ^

I" I' jio

IC14
74LS367

-|T> STB

+ 5V IC24

74LS74

Q CLOCK
R

-<W| ACK
I
!

-<jl] gno
I

-<H) GNO

E
IC13

74LS138
GO C

Gl
G2
G3
G4

-OA2

<]A1

-Oao

-<I]|0RQ

Figure 3b: This section details: the decoder, the RAM, the data latches, and the connectors for the buffer's I/O.

452 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

PRINTER BUFFER

Listing I

: This source

-code listing in Z80 assembly language is the control software

for the printer buf

er. You will need to store the object code

in a 2716 EPROM. (For

more information on programming EPROMs, see "Build ar

intelligent EPROM

Programmer'.'

by Steve Garcia, October 1981 BYTE, page

36.)

LINE ADDR

2
3
4
5 0000

FIFO.SRC

LAST REVISED: 6/23/83

BYTE1N EQU

INPUT PORT LOCATION

6 0001

ACKLO EQU 1

BUSY FLIP-FLOP CLEAR

7 0002

STATUS EQU 2

EXTERNAL STATUS SIGNALS

8 0003

BYTOUT EQU 3

OUTPUT PORT LOCATION

9 0004

STB EQU 4

OUTPUT PORT STROBE

10 0005

ACKH1 EQU 5

ACKNOWLEDGE F/F CLOCK

11 0006

PRACK EQU 6

PRINTER S ACKNOWLEDGE
F/F

12 0800

M1NRAM EQU 800H

FIRST RAM LOCATION

13 FFFF

MAXRAM EQU OFFFFH

LAST RAM LOCATION

14 0000

15 0000

16 0000

17 0000

LD A.OFFH

1 REG IS ON A8 -Al 5 DURING

18 0002

LD I.A

REFRESH, SO AVOID CHIP
SELECT

19 0004

20 0004

;CLEAR BUSY FLIP-FLOP

22 0004

OUT (ACKLO). A

23 0006

OUT (ACKHI).A

24 0008

;RESET PRINTER S ACKNOWLEDGE FLIP-FLOP

26 0008

OUT (PRACK).A

27 000 A

INITIALIZE POINTERS

29 OOOA

LD BC.MINRAM

:BC HOLDS NEXT PR

;NEXT CHAR TO BE
PRINTED POS

31 OOOD

LD DE.MINRAM

DE HOLDS NEXT LD

:NEXT CHAR TO BE
LOADED POS

33 0010

34 0010

;DO

LOOP

37 0010

; IF NEXTLD+1 <> NEXTPR

(IF BUFFER NOT FULL)

39 0010

LD H,D

40 00 1 1

LD L.E

41 0012

INC HL

42 0013

SCF

43 0014

CCF

44 0015

SBC HLBC

45 0017

|P Z.FULL

46 001A

: IF (NEXTLD < > MAXRAM) or NEXTPR < > MINRAMI

48 001A

SCF

49 001 B

CCF

50 001C

LD HL, MAXRAM

51 001F

SBC HL.DE

52 0021

IP NZOKAY

53 0024

SCF

54 0025

CCF

55 006

LD HL.MINRAM

56 0029

SBC HLBC

57 002B

|P ZFULL

58 002E

[listing continued on page 454)

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1YTE 453

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COMMODORE PET 8023P 7.00 81.00

EPSON MX-FX 70/80 5.25 60.00

EPSON MX-FX 100 9.95 108.00

GEMINI - 10 2.50 27.00

IBM HARMONICA W" 6.75 78.00

IBM HARMONICA %" 7.95 92.40

IDS MICROPRISM • 480 6.00 69.00

IDS PAPER TIGER 460/560 6.75 78.00

IDS PRISM 7.95 92.40

NEC - 3500 M/S S/S/C 6.95 80.40

NEC - 3500 NYLON 9.75 114.00

NEC - PC 8023A 5.95 68.40

OKI DATA 80/82/83/92 2.50 27.00

0KIDATA - 84 5.00 57.00

RADIO SHACK D.W. II NYLON .. 6.75 78.00

RADIO SHACK DMP - 2100 7.50 87.00

RADIO SHACK LP VI & VIII .... 6.00 69.00

SILVER REED EX55 S/S 5.00 57.00

SILVER REED EX55 - NYLON .. . 9.00 105.00

TOSHIBA - 1350 7.50 87.00

XEROX 610/620 M/S 7.75 84.00

Add $2.00 Shipping — To Order Call
(313) 569-3218 or Write for our Catalog

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15565 Northland Drive - West Tower
Southfield, Michigan 48075-6496

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

GILTRONIX SWITCHES ARE
THE BEST CHOICE.

. and here are 10 good reasons why:

IBM PC

APPLE

(Cem

2. Prompt Deltverie

3. Nationally Adver
Used Producls

4 Broad Product

Line
5. Over 30.000 Unit:

Sold to Date
6 Sales and

Technical

Support

7. F.C.C. Approved

Units
6 Manual and

Automatic Units
9 Highest Quality

PC Board Swiicfi

Technology
10. Buy Direct From

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Manual Units— 2 to 6 Ports
Automatic Units— 3 to 15 Ports

Centronix

LAJ

ORDER HOT LINE: 1-800 531-1300 (Outside of Ci

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

PRINTER BUFFER

{listing continued from

page

453)

; IF CHARACTER RECEIVED

002 E

OKAY IN A. (STATUS)

0030

AND 0IH

0032

JP ZNOCHAR

0035

; GET CHARACTER

0035

IN A.(BYTEIN)

0037

; SEND ACKNOWLEDGE

0037

OUT (ACKLO).A

0039

NOP TIMING OF ABOUT 10 /»S

003A

NOP

003 B

OUT (ACKHl).A

003 D

; SAVE CHARACTER IN RAM

003 D

LD (DE).A

003 E

INCREMENT NEXTLD POINTER

003 E

INCDE

003 F

IF NEXTLD POINTER OVERFLOWED

003 F

LD A,D

0040

OR E

0041

IP NZ.ENDIFI

0044

; NEXTLD = MINRAM

0044

LD DE.MINRAM

0047

ENDIF

0047

ENDIF1

0047

ENDIF

; ENDIF

0047

FULL

0047

NOCHAR

0047

; IF BUFFER NOT EMPTY (NEXTLD < > NEXTPR)

0047

LD H.D

0048

LD L.E

0049

SCF

100

004A

COF

101

004 B

SBC HL.BC

102

004 D

|P Z.EMPTY

103

0050

104

IF PRINTER READY

105

0050

IN A.ISTATUS)

106

0052

AND 04H

107

0054

IP NZ.BUSY

108

0057

109

SEND CHARACTER

110

0057

LD A(BC)

111

0058

OUT (BYTOUT).A

112

005A

113

SEND STROBE

114

005A

OUT (STBI.A

115

005C

116

INCREMENT NEXTPR POINTER

1 17

005C

INC BC

118

005D

119

IF NEXTPR POINTER OVERFLOWED

120

005D

LD A.B

121

005E

ORC

122

005F

IP NZ, ENDIF2

123

0062

124

NEXTPR = MINRAM

125

0062

LD BCMINRAM

126

0065

127

; ENDIF (listing continued on page 455)

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

PRINTER BUFFER

(listing continued f

*om

page

454)

128

0065

ENDIF2

129

0065

130

; END1F

131

0065

BUSY

132

0065

133

; ENDIF

134

0065

EMPTY

135

0065

136

; ENDDO

137

0065

IP LOOP

138

0068

END

(4a)

| U MINRAM

TO LpAD

r n

NEXT CHARACTER
TO PRIfilT

MAXRAM

(4b)

NEXT CHARACTER
TO LOAD

NEXT CHARACTER
TO PRINT

f—f

(4C)

NEXT CHARApTER
TO LOAD

NEXT CHARACTER
TO PRINT

Figure 4: These diagrams show how the control software determines where to load the next
character into RAM. In 4a. bath pointers are equal, which indicates that the buffer is
empty. \n 4b. the next load position is one address less than the next print position, which
means that the buffer is full. Figure 4c is a special case of the buffer-full condition in which
one must compensate for the "wraparound" effect [see text).

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V-GRAPH provides an equivalent
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V-GRAPH supports the highest
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Your link into the world

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CompuView

PRODUCTS, INC.

1955 Pauline, Ann Arbor, Mi48103
Telephone (313) 996-1299

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 455

PRINTER BUFFER

(text continued from page 448)
to check is to see if there is room in
RAM to store the character. If the buf-
fer is full, then this section of code is
skipped. The section will eventually be
executed and. from the host computer's
point of view, it will look like the buffer
is taking a lot of time to respond (the
way a printer handshakes). Assuming

the buffer is not full, a check is made
to see if a character has been sent. If
no character has been loaded, then
there is nothing to do but jump to the
output section. When a cha racte r is in
the input latch, it is input, the ACK signal
is sent to the host computer, the char-
acter is stored in RAM, and the load-
position pointer is incremented. The

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pointer is checked for overflow. Upon
overflow the load position is set to the
start of RAM at location MINRAM.

When the input section is complete,
the output section begins. The output
portion only cares about the buffer-
empty condition. Checks are made for
buffer-empty and printer-not-ready con-
ditions. If either condition exists, execu-
tion returns to the input routine. If the
printer is ready, a character is sent to
the output latch. The data strobe is sent
to the printer. The next print location
pointer is incremented and the overflow
check is made as it was on the other
pointer. The loop then starts over.

Printer Buffer Performance

This printer buffer has been successfully
used on an Apple computer using an
Apple interface card connected to an
Epson MX-80 printer. It has also been
used with my home-built parallel-port
card tied to my Okidata Microline 82A
printer. Other printers might require
some minor handshaking changes but
any Centronics-compatible interface
should work well.

As for speed, I can't believe I ever
lived without it. It is comparable to
changing from cassette tape to disk
storage. I wrote a BASIC program to fill
the buffer, and it took about 2 minutes
to execute. When program execution
ended, the printer was still on the first
page. It is also a joy to use during pro-
gram debugging when most lines are
short and the printer executes carriage
returns slowly.

This article is over 15,000 characters
long. My computer put it out to the
printer buffer in only 17 seconds. My
printer, at the relatively fast speed of
120 characters per second, took over 3
minutes to print it out.

Operational Enhancements

Because it is software programmable,
this printer buffer can be grealy en-
hanced. For example, you could add a
stop-on-form-feed switch for single-
sheet printers. I would like to add a line-
counting routine to automatically form-
feed the paper so program listings don't
come out on page edges. Another op-
tion would be to change the interface
from parallel to serial for printers requir-
ing that format. This would be fairly
easy if the rest of the system remained
the same. ■

456 B YTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 388 on inquiry card.

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

SPREADSHEET

(listing continued from page 1 56)

1850
1851
1852
1860
1861
1862
1870
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1920
1950
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000

2020

2040
2095
2096
2097
2098
2100

2120
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500

2520
4995
4996
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5020
5040
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
6000
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6040
6060
6080
6100

6200
6218

PRINT FNC$(HP%,VP%)W$(2)">"FNC$(HP% + L%(HZ%)+l,VP%r<"W$(3):RETURN

delete left bracket
PRINT FNC$(HP%,VP%)'"

:RETURN

delete right bracket
PRINT FNC$(HP% + L%(HZ%I+1.VP%)"' ";:RETURN

##########

print values in bottom lines

##########
HZ% = horizontal field number, i.e. # of field where the brackets are positioned (1 to 7)
VP%=verticaI position of brackets on CRT screen 12 to 161

IF TP%|HZ%l = THEN PRINT FNC$(22,20) "text " ELSE PRINT FNC$(22. 20) "numeric"
GOSUB 300:PRINT FNCSI22.2 1)W$(1)FNCS(22.2I)ARRS(P%.HZ%)
PRINT FNCS(57,20IHZ% FNC$(71 ,20)VP%-(OFS%- 1):RETURN

##########
Calculate percentage

##########

IF TOT# = THEN GOSUB 950:PRINT"Operation not allowed "W$(3);:GOSUB 57000:

RETURN

GOSUB 750:GOSUB 2500:FOR \%= I TO MAX%:IF ARR$(I%.2I = "" " THEN I% = MAX%

ELSE PERC(1%) = VAL(ARR$(I%,NN%))*100/TOT#

NEXT l%:GOSUB 900:RETURN

##########

Display percentage values

##########
GOSUB 350:FOR P% = VMIN% TO VMAX%:IF ARRS(P%,2)= " THEN P% = VMAX%
ELSE GOSUB 320:PRINT FNCS(PO%(NN%)+ 1 5,PS%IUSING "##.# ";PERC|P%)
NEXT P%:RETURN

##########
Calculate total

##########

THEN l% = MAX%

TOT# = 0:FOR 196-1 TO MAX%:IF ARR$(I%,2) = "
ELSE TOT# = TOT#+VAL(ARR$(l%.NN%|)
NEXT l%:RETURN

##########

Zero array & fill 1st column

##########

GOSUB 750:FOR l%=l TO MAX%:ARRS(I%. 1I = RIGHT$(STR$(I%),LEN(STR$|I%))- I)
IF ARRS(I%.J%)< >•" " THEN FOR |% = 2 TO NN%:ARR$(I%.|%) = " :NEXT |%
NEXT l%:GOSUB 900:RETURN

##########
build/edit estimate

##########

PRINT W$(0):GOSUB 5000: " < zero array

Initialize screen variables :SCR% = screen number D$=scratch string

VMIN% = # of first array line to be printed

HP% = abscissa, i.e. distance from leftmost CRT column

HZ% = field # VP% = current vertical position of secondary cursor
VMIN%= 1:HP% = 0:HZ%= l:VP% = OFS%:D$ = " ":SCR% =

GOSUB 1400:GOSUB 1800:' < display top & bottom titles

GOSUB l000:GOSUB 1500:' < display array, if existing

GOSUB I850.GOSUB 1900: < print secondary cursor information

PRINT FNC$(22,22)WS(2)STRING$(L%(HZ%),95|W$(3)W$(1)FNC$(22.22)" ";:'

< print dashes for input

GOSUB 730:' < Wait for cursor control code or command

{listing continued on page 458)

C P M / 8

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• Conditional assembly

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• Expanded list of directives

• / year free update

Assemblers now available

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Software distributor inquiries invited.

IUNE 1984

iYTE 457

I—

BASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at compe-
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information. Visa and Master
Card accepted.

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Circle 248 on inquiry card.

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• Generates COM, HEX. or REL files

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Moat formats available lor ZS0 CP'M. CDOS. and TURBODOS

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For more information or lo order, call:

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Circle 297 on inquiry card.

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Terrapin, Inc. , 380 Green Street,
Cambridge, MA 02139, (617) 492-8816

■■■

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

SPREADSHEET

{listing

6219
6220
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6258
6259
6260
6278
6279
6280
6297
6298
6299
6300
6318
6319
6320
6898
6899
6900

6991

6992
7000

7040
7091
7092
7100

7191
7192
7200

7241
7242
7250

7260

7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7300
7320

7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7400
7420
7440
7481
7482
7490
7491
7492
7500

continued from page 457)

' a new value has been entered — display It and recalculate If necessary
IF (T%=13 AND LEN(D5)>0) THEN GOSUB 1300:D$ = " ":GOTO 6080

##########

2nd cursor routines

##########

a single carriage return has been entered

move brackets right br down depending on status of variable RD%
IF (T%= 13 AND D$ = " "I THEN IF RD% THEN 7000 ELSE 6900

move brackets down ("XI or left ("S| or up ("E)
IF T% = 24 THEN 7000 ELSE IF T%= 19 THEN 7100 ELSE IF T% = 5 THEN 7200

wait for next command after entering a semicolon or go down to next row ( " Zl
IF T% = 59 THEN 7400 ELSE IF T% = 4 THEN 6900 ELSE IF T% = 26 THEN 7250

backspace one character if rubout or left arrow has been hit or
interpret character as new value and print it
IF T%=127 OR T% = 8 THEN GOSUB 400:GOTO 6200 ELSE IF T%>31 THEN 7300

wrong key
PRINT BLS::GOTO 6200

move brackets right
IF HZ% = NN% THEN 7250 ELSE GOSUB 1860:HZ% = HZ% + 1:HP% = HP% + L%(HZ%- II
+ 1 :GOTO 6080

' move brackets down, displaying next screen if necessary

GOSLtB 300:IF P% = MAX% THEN 7990 ELSE IF P% = VMAX% AND P%<MAX% THEN

VP% = OFS%:GOTO 7500

GOSUB I860:GOSUB I870:VP% = VP%+ I :GOTO 6080

move brackets left
IFHZ%=1 THEN 7990 ELSE GOSUB 1870:HZ% = HZ%- 1 :HP% = HP%-(L%(HZ%|+ 1):
GOTO 6080

' move brackets up, displaying previous screen if necessary

GOSUB 300:IF VP% = OFS% and VMIN%=1 THEN 7990 ELSE IF VP% = OFS% AND

SCR%>0THEN VP% = GAP% + OFS%-l:GOTO 7600

' move brackets to next row, displaying next screen if already at bottom

GOSUB 300:1F P% = MAX% THEN 7990 ELSE GOSUB I860:GOSUB 1870:HZ%= 1:

HP% =

IF P% = VMAX% AND P%<MAX% THEN VP% = OFS%:GOTO 7500 ELSE VP% = VP%+1:

GOTO 6080

##########

Build up new value for single cell of array

##########

IF TP%(HZ%IAND(CS<"- 'OR C$>"9"OR CS = 'V "ITHEN 7990

D$ = DS + C$:PRINT CS::IF LEN(D$|>L%(HZ%) THEN GOSUB 400:GOTO 7990 ELSE

6200

##########
process command

##########

GOSUB 950:PRINT V0S::GOSUB 730:GOSUB 900:IF C$=" " THEN 6i00

T% = INSTR("HNP%YOIDMQ",CS):lFT% = 0THEN 7490 ELSE IFT%=10THEN RETURN

ON T% GOTO 7900.7500,7600,9000,8200,8400,9300,9400,9500

' wrong command
PRINT BL$;:GOTO 6100

' N= display next page

IF VMAX%> = MAX% THEN 7490 ELSE GOSUB 250:VMIN% = VMlN% + GAP%:SCR% =

SCR%+ LGOSUB 1000:GOSUB 300:GOTO 6080

SPREADSHEET

7591
7592
7600

7891
7892
7900
7920
7930
7940
7950

7960
7970

7981
7982
7990
8195
8196
8200
8220
8240

8260
8280
8300
8320
8397
8399
8400
8747
8748
8750

8798
8799
8800

8847
8848
8850
8898
8899
8900

8998
8999
9000
9198
9199
9200

9219
9220

9239
9240

9260
9297
9298
9300

9320

9340

9360

P = display previous page
IF VMIN%= I THEN 7490 ELSE GOSUB 250:VM1N% =
GOSUB !000:GOTO 6080

VMIN%-GAP%:SCR% = SCR%-1:

H = display command menu

PRINT FNCSI0.I8)" cursor movements 1 commands I: followed byl— 'WS(I)

PRINT FNCS|0.I9|W$(2I" "E=up j N = next page P = previous page "W$(l I

PRINT FNC$(0,20|" "S = left ~D=right | %=calc percent Y = print"WS(l|

PRINT FNCS(0,2I|" "X = down | 0= order Q = quit"WS(l)

PRINT FNCSI0.22I" ~Z= next row CR = right/down

I D=delete row l = insert row 'WS(I)
PRINT FNCS(0,23)" | M = modify paging parameters "WS13I:

GOSUB 590O0.PRINT FNC$(0,23)W$(I);:GOSUB 1800:GOSUB 1 500:GOSUB 1600:
GOSUB I900:GOTO 6100

' the screen limits have been reached
PRINT BLS;:GOTO 6200

' Y = print estimate on hardcopy device

GOSUB 2000:NOL% = 0:PG%=1:GOSUB 8750:GOSUB 8850

FOR l%=l TO MAX%:IF ARR$(I%.2) = " THEN l% = MAX%:GOTO 8300 ELSE T% =

FOR |%=I TO NN%:T% = T% + L%(|%-1)+I:IFTP%()%|THEN LPRINT TAB(T%+ I (USING

MSK$(|%);VALIARRS(I%,J%)|: ELSE LPRINT TAB(T%+ IIUSING MSK$(I%);ARR$(I%.J%);

NEXT |%:LPRINT TAB(PO%(7|+ I 5}USING"##.# ";PERCII%|

GOSUB 9200:1F QT% THEN l% = MAX%

NEXT l%:IF QT% = THEN GOSUB 8900:GOSUB 9240

GOTO 6080

= toggle order (left/right or top/bottom)
RD% = NOT RD%:GOSUB 1820:GOTO 6080

check if printer is turned on
GOSUB 950:PRINT "Turn printer on 6 hit <space> to continue ::GOSUB 710:IF
T%< >32 THEN 8750

& print centered title(s)
GOSUB 950:PRINT'Title > "
TAB(I80- LEN(C$))/2)C$:NOL9

:GOSUB 700:IF CS = " " THEN RETURN ELSE LPRINT
= NOL% + 1 :GOTO 8800

' Print top title

LPRINT T1$:LPRINT T2$:NOL% =

NOL% + 2:RETURN

' Print total

LPRINT TAB(PO%(7||STRlNG$(l 3, 45):LPRINT "Total-

-> > >TAB(PO%(7))USING

MSKS|7);TOT#:LPRINTTABIPO%(7))STRINGSI13.45):RETURN

% = calculate percentage
GOSUB 2000:GOSUB 2100:GOTO 6080

Count # of lines printed on hardcopy device
NOL% = NOL%+ 1:IF MXL% = OR NOL%<MXL% THEN RETURN ELSE GOSUB 9220:
IF QT% THEN RETURN ELSE GOSUB 8850:RETURN

Print page #
LPRINT:LPR!NT:LPRINT TAB(35) 'Page # ":PG%:LPRINT:LPRINT:GOSUB 59000:NOL% = 0:
PG% = PG% = PG%+1:RETURN
' Print page # on last sheet

IF MXL%>0 OR NOL%<MXL% THEN FOR I%=l TO MXL%-NOL%:LPRlNT:NEXT:
GOSUB 9220
RETURN

I = insert new row
GOSUB 58000:GOSUB 900:IF QT% = THEN 6080 ELSE GOSUB 300:GOSUB 61900:1F
P%>CNT% THEN 7490 ELSE i% = CNT%

{listing continued on page 460)

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-
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are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low
abrasivity saves your read/write heads.
They're compatible with most diskette drives.

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Dealer Inquiries
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Circle 248 on inquiry card.

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Rental is for 7 days after receipt, 3 days grace to

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Shipping, handling & insurance — $7.50 per library.

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Public Domain Software Center

P.J.S. Co.

1062 Taylor St.
Vista, CA 92083

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Circle 255 on inquiry card.

HOFACKER

Books • Software • Hardware ArjrJ-Ons • for your ATARI 600XL/
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EXCHANGES

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San Luis Obispo. CA
93401 (InCal call
(805) 543-1037 )

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

The Statistician

CPM IBM-PC
TRS-DOS XENIX

* Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward Elimination

* Time Series Analysis

* Descriptive Statistics
" Transformations

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■ ANOVA

' Random Samples
' Data Base
' Search & sort
' Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE
1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

tor more information

or write:

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Box 628

Charleston. SC 29402

VISA-M/C Accepted

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

SPREADSHEET

[listing continued from page 459)

9397 '

9398 ' D = delete row

9400 GOSUB 58000:GOSUB 900MF QT% = THEN 6080 ELSE GOSUB 300:GOSUB 6l900:IF

P%>CTN% THEN 7490
9420 I% = P%:TOT# = TOT#-VAL(ARR$(P%,7|)
9440 WHILE l%<=CNT%:FOR |%=l TO NN%:ARRS(l%,)%) = ARRS(l%+ l ,I%|:NEXT |%:l% = l%

+ I :WEND
9460 GOSUB 250:GOSUB 1000:GOSUB I600:GOTO 6080

9497 '

9498 ' M = modify paging parameters

9500 GOSUB 950:PRINT"# of lines per page (0 = no paging):"MXL%,WS|3)FNCS(35,0)" ";:

GOSUB 700.TF C$< >" " THEN MXL% = VALICS)
9520 GOSUB 900:GOTO 6080

14995 '

1 4996 ' ##########

1 4997 ' Display main menu

1 4998 ' **********

1 4999 '

1 5000 PRINT FNCSI20,6]"Estimate - (c) 83 - R. Cerati, Arch."

I5020 PRINT FNCS(2.l2)"Main functions"FNC$(30,12)"Disk operations"FNCS(58,!2|"Other"

WS(2)FNCS(2.I3)STRINGS(75.45)
I5040 PRINT FNC$(2.l4)"<B>=build new estimate"FNC$(30,l4)"<R> =read file from

disk"FNC$(58.l4)"<L>=load program"
I 5060 PRINT FNCS(2.l5)"<E>=edit existing estimate"FNCS{30,l5|"<W>=write file to

disk"FNCS(56.l5)"<eso=exit WS(3):RETURN
56995

56996 ■ **********

56997 Delay routine

56998 ' **********
56999

57000 FOR l%=l TO DELAY%:NEXT:RETURN
57995
57996
57997
57998
57999

58000 QT% = 0:GOSUB 950:PRINT V$;:GOSUB 7l0:IF CS
58020 RETURN
58995 '

**********

Pause

**********

**********
Verify routine

**********

Y" ORC$ = "y" THEN QT% =

58996
58997
58998
58999
59000 GOSUB 950:PRINT"Hit <space> to continue "WS(3);:GOSUB 7l0:lF T% = 27 OR T%

= 21 THEN QT%=-I ELSE IF T%<>32 THEN PRINT BL$.:GOTO 59000
59020 GOSUB 900:RETURN
59991

**********
Initialization of terminal dependent attributes :
FNCS( ) = direct cursor addressing via x-y corrdinates
W$(0) = clear screen WS(l)=erase to end of line

WS(2) = reduced intensity display W$(3l = normal intensity display
**********

59992
59993
59994
59995
59996
59997
59998

60000 WIDTH 255:DEF FNC$(X%.Y%) = CHRS(27) + CHRS(61) + CRH$|Y% + 32) + CHR$(X% + 32)
60020 DIM W$(3):WS(0) = CHRS(27) + CHR$(42|:WS(1) = CHR$|27) + CHR$(84|:WS(2) = CHRS(27) +
CHRS(41):W$(3) = CHR$I27) + CHR$(40)

60030 WIDTH LPRINT 132:ON ERROR GOTO 65000:' < setup hardcopy width & error

trap for disk operations
60033

**********

Initialize variables

**********

60034
60035
60036
60037
60038
60039
60040 DELAY% = 2000:BLS = CHRSI7): VOS = "Command:

VIS = W$(2) + "- (~K = menu) +W$(3)
60056 ■

Define commonly used values & prompts

+ WS(3):V$ = "Verify (Y/N): " + WSI3I:

SPREADSHEET

60057
60058
60059
60060

60080
60091
60092
60093
60094
60095
60096
60097
60099
60100
60117
60118
60119
60120
60140
60197
60198
60199
60200
60219
60220
60230
60240
60250
60260
60270
60280
60995
60996
60997
60998
60999
61000
61020
61040
61060
61080
61100
61120
61140
61197
61 198
61 199
61200
61220
61297
61298
61299
61300

61397
61398
61399
61400

' Define max.* of array rows (MAX%), columns (NN%), col. length (L%)
' screen abscissas (PO%l, formatting masks (MSKSI & type of data (TP%)

MAX%=100:NN% = 7:DIM ARRS{MAX%.NN%).PERC(MAX%):' PERC = percentage

values array

DIM L%(NN%|,PO%(NN%).MSK$(NN%),TP%(NN%)

Define initial parameter values :

OFS% = offset to make room for prompts and titles

SCR% = # of screen the cursor is currently at

GAP% = # of displayable lines for each screen

PG% = page # NOL% = # of lines already printed on hardcopy device

MXL% = Max. of printable lines per page

OFSS = 3:SCR% = 0:GAP%=I7-OFS%:NOL% = 0:PG%=1:MXL% = 50

Define title strings

T1S = '
T2$ = '

# Code |ob type u.m. Unit cost Quantity Amount %'
1 1 1 1 1 1 1—

Read screen parameters
FOR I%=1 TO NN%:READTP%(l%),L%(l%),PO%(l%l,MSKSII%):NEXT 1%

DATA 1, 4. 1, "###-":'

DATA 0.5,6. "\~ \":'

DATA 0.16, 12. "\

DATA 0.3.29," \\":'

DATA 1.1 3. 33, "#########, .##":'

DATA 1,1 2. 47. "########, .##":'

DATA I, I 3, 60. "#########. .##':'

< Row number parameters

< Code

< Job type

< Unit of measure

< Unit cost

< Quantity

< Amount

##########

Process main menu command

##########

PRINT WS10I

QT% = 0:GOSUB 15000:' < clear screen & print menu

GOSUB 950:PRINT V0S;:GOSUB 710

IF T% = 27 THEN GOSUB 58000:IF QT% THEN PRINT WS(0|:END ELSE 61020

IF C$ = "L" THEN 63000

T% = INSTRC'BERW,C$):IF T% = THEN PRINT BL$;:GOTO 61040

ON T% GOSUB 6 1 200.6 1 300.6 1 400.6 1500

GOTO 61000

B = build new array

GOSUB 58000:IF QT% THEN GOSUB 6000
RETURN

' E = edit existing array

PRINT W$|0):IF ARR$(1,2| = " " THEN GOSUB 950:PRINT'Empty array "BLS;:GOSUB
57000:GOTO 61000 ELSE GOSUB 6020:RETURN

R = read values from disk

GOSUB 61800:IF QT% THEN RETURN ELSE GOSUB 5000:OPEN'T\#I ,FIL$:INPUT#1 .

CNT%,TOT#
61420 FOR l%=l TO CNT%:FOR |%=1 TO NN%:INPUT#1 ,ARR$|I%,|%|:NEXT ]%.I%:CLOSE

#I:GOSUB6020:RETURN
61497 ■
61498
61499
61500

W = write values on disk

GOSUB 61800:IF QT% THEN RETURN ELSE GOSUB 750:GOSUB 6l900:OPEN"O".#l ,
FILS: WRITE* 1 ,CNT% ,TOT#
61520 FOR 1%=I TO CNT%:FOR |%=l TO NN%:WRITE#I ,ARR$(I%,]%):NEXT |%.I%:CLOSE
#I:RETURN

{listing continued on page 462)

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213/285-1121. '

Circle 14 on inquiry card

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San Luis Obispo. CA
93401 (In Cal call
(805) 543-1037)

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

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SPREADSHEET

(listing continued from page 461)

61797
61798
61799
61800

61820
61840

61860
61899
61900

61920
61987
62995
62996
62997
62998
62999
63000

63020
63040
63060
63100
64995
64996
64997
64998
64999
65000
65020

select file for read/write operations — it will have .VAL extension

PRINT WS(0|:GOSUB 950:PRINT"File name > "W$(2|" "W$(3|FNC$(I2,0|" ";:

GOSUB 700

IF C$ = " " THEN QT% = -1:RETURN

< >"B "IIITHEN PRINT BL$::GOTO 61800

' Calculate # of valid terms

CNT% = 0:FOR l%= 1 TO MAX%:IF ARR$(I%,2} = " 'AND ARR$(I%,3) =
MAX% ELSE CNT% = CNT%+ I
NEXT I%:RETURN

THEN l% =

##########

Load external program

##########

PRINT W$|0|:GOSUB 950:PRINT "Filename ? "W$(3|::GOSUB 700:IF C$ = " " THEN

61000

IF(LEN(C$)>l0)OR(MID$(C$.2.1)<> ":"AND LEN(C$1>8)THEN 63100

IFM1DSIC$,2.1|= ": "AND(LEFT$|C$.1|<> "A" OR LEFTSICS.llo "B"| THEN 63100

GOSUB 750:CHAIN CS

GOSUB 950:PR1NT BLS "Invalid file name ;:GOSUB 57000:GOTO 63000

##########

Error checking routine

##########

IF ERR<>53 THEN 65100

IF ERL = 63060 THEN GOSUB 950:PRINT 'Program not on disk BL$;:GOSUB 57000:

RESUME 63000
65040 IF ERL = 61400 THEN CLOSE#l :GOSUB 950:PRINT "File not on disk ' BL$::GOSUB

57000:RESUME 61400
65100 ON ERROR GOTO

BYTE'S BITS

Display Flicker

Flicker on monitor screens is preventing me
from buying a computer! If you aren't bothered
by it yourself, you may be able to see the flicker
by looking off to one side so that the screen
is in your peripheral vision: the corner of the
eye seems more sensitive to flicker than the
center. I've found, though, that while some peo-
ple see the flicker peripherally, some still do
not. Obviously there's a wide range of sensi-
tivities.

The IBM PC monochrome screen and the PC
Portable's amber monitor have enough flicker
to make them uncomfortable for me. The Com-
paq appears to have very little: the Macintosh
has a huge amount. This is extremely frustrat-
ing to me because I'm ready to buy a Macin-
tosh for use in writing a book: but using Mac-
Write for 45 minutes left me a little queasy.

How much is due to the flicker of the ubi-
quitous fluorescent lighting is questionable. I've
tried to view the various screens in the daylight
from huge storefront windows, but the store
lighting still contributes something, of course.
Would the problem be less with the incandes-

cent lighting at home? In case it's relevant. I am
not subject to seizures of any sort.

On another subject, I want a machine that is
powerful, user-oriented, and humane, one that
doesn't get on my nerves or interfere with my
thinking. In this context, 1 welcome the Macin-
tosh. But even Mac has many of the common
problems. Those that bother me most are noise,
flicker, and keyboard feel. The noise of the Mac
itself is commendably low, but like all printers,
the Imagewriter is very annoying, not just in the
sound level but in the character of the sound,
that high-pitched metallic ripping noise. It's im-
possible to imagine having it near a worksta-
tion, unless an enclosure were constructed for
it. The keyboard feel is something I'm probably
extra-sensitive to, as a professional pianist. My
Selectric II typewriter, when properly adjusted— and
you almost never find one that is— feels very
good. The Macintosh keyboard is much better
than some. What they all seem to be missing,
though, is a feeling of cushioned motion after
the point of electrical contact.

James Boyk

2135 Holmby Ave.

Los Angeles. CA 90025

BOOKS RECEIVED

The Apple He Users Guide. Mark
Andrews. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Co., 1983; 128 pages,
13.5 by 20.8 cm, softcover. ISBN
0-02-008680-6, $5.95.

Applying Software Engineering
Principles, David Marca.
Boston, MA: Little, Brown and
Company, 1984; 288 pages, 18.5
by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-
316-54574-0, $14.50.

BASIC For IBM Personal
Computers, Harriet Morrill.
Boston, MA: Little, Brown and
Company, 1984; 270 pages, 17.8
by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-
316-58402-9, $14.50.

BASIC Tricks for the Apple.
Allen Wyatt. Indianapolis, IN:
Howard Sams & Co., 1983; 144
pages, 13.8 by 21.3 cm. Soft-
cover, ISBN 0-672-22208-6,
$8.95.

The Best Apple Software, the
editors of Consumer Guide and
Roe R. Adams III. New York:
Beekman House, 1984; 160
pages. 13.5 by 21 cm. softcover,
ISBN 0-517-42475-4, $4.98.

The Best Atari Software, the
editors of Consumer Guide. New
York: Beekman House. 1984;
192 pages, 13.5 by 21 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-517-41474-6,
$4.98.

The Best Texas Instruments
Software, the editors of
Consumer Guide. New York: Beek-
man House, 1984; 160 pages,
13.5 by 21 cm, softcover. ISBN
0-517-42476-2. $4.98.

The Best VIC/Commodore
Software, the editors of
Consumer Guide. New York:
Beekman House, 1984; 192
pages, 13.5 by 21. cm. softcover,
ISBN 0-517- 42473-8, $4.98.

Buying the Right Computer the
First Time. Pablo E. Silverio.
Miami, FL: Silma Data Research
Inc.. 1983; 152 pages. 14 by
21.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-
)1 3223-01-8, $9.95.

Color Computer Applications,
'ohn P. Grillo and |. D
Robertson. New York: lohn
Wiley & Sons, 1983; 160 pages.

17 by 2 5.3 cm. softcover, ISBN
0-471-86922-8, $10.95.

The Commodore 64 Users
Guide, Jonathan Sacks with
Mark Andrews. New York: Mac-
millan Publishing Co., 1983: 128
pages, 13.5 by 20.8 cm. soft-
cover, ISBN 0-02-008690-3,
$5.95.

Compass Programming,
Freeman L. Moore. Dubuque,
1A: Gorsuch Scarisbrick Pub-
lishers, 1983: 240 pages, 21.5 by
27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-
89787-400-5, $16.95.

Computer Algebra. Symbolic
and algebraic Computation.
2nd ed. B. Buchberger. G. E.
Collins, and R. Loos, eds. New
York: Springer-Verlag/Wein, 1983;
294 pages, 17 by 24.3 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-387-81 776-X,
$24.50.

Computer Buyers Protection
Guide, L. I. Kutten. Englewood
Cliffs, Nl: Prentice-Hall, 1983;
160 pages, 15.3 by 22.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-13-164187-5.
$12.95.

Computer Game-Playing. M. a.
Bramer, ed. New York: John
Wiley & Sons. 1983: 306 pages,
15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover,
ISBN 0-470-27466-2, $59.95.

Computer Power for Your Law
Office, Daniel Remer. Berkeley,
CA: Sybex, 1983; 160 pages,
17.8 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-89588-109-8, $19.95.

Computer-Security Technology.
lames Arlin Cooper. Lexington,
MA: D C Heath and Co., 1984;
192 pages, 17 by 23.5 cm.
hardcover. ISBN 0-669-064 36-X.
$25.

Computers for Business. 2nd ed.
Hugh 1. Watson and Archie B.
Carroll, eds. Piano. TX: Business
Publications Inc.. 1984; 440
pages, 16.5 by 23.8 cm, softcover,
ISBN 0-25603135-5, $15.95.

Controlling Financial
Performance for Higher
Profits. Dennis P. Curtin and
leffrey R. Alves. Somerville, MA:
Curtin & London, 1983: 200
pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-930764-73-0.
$17.50.

Datapro/McGraw-Hill Guide to
Apple Software. New York:
Datapro/McGraw-Hill. 1983; 288
pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-07-015403-1,
$19.95.

Datapro/McGraw-Hill Guide to
CP/M Software. New York:
Datapro/McGraw-Hill, 1983; 264
pages. 21.5 by 27.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-07-01 5404-X,
$19.95.

Datapro/McGraw-Hill Guide to
IBM Personal Computer
Software. New York: Datapro/
McGraw-Hill, 1983; 216 pages,
21.5 by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-07-015424-4, $19.95.

Datatran, Harvey 1. Gonzalez
and Lois Fein. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984; 400
pages, 22 by 28.5 cm,
hardcover, ISBN 0-13-196493-3,
$32.50.

Decision Support Systems,
William C House, ed. Princeton,
NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1983; 480
pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm.
softcover. ISBN 0-89433-208-2,
$20.

Designing with the 8088
Microprocessor, lohn Zarrella.
Fairfield, CA: Microcomputer
Applications, 1984; 304 pages,
15.3 by 22.8 cm, softcover. ISBN
0-935230-07-6, $19.95.

Dictionary of Computers. Data
Processing & Telecommunica-
tions, Jerry M. Rosenberg. New
York: lohn Wiley & Sons, 1984;
630 pages. 18 by 26 cm, hard-
cover, ISBN 0-471-87638-0,
$29.95.

THIS IS A LIST of books recently received at BYTE Publications. The list is not meant
to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with current titles in com-
puter science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all
the books we receive: instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of
these books and the publishers who sent them.

A Dictionary of Minicomputing
and Microcomputing, Philip E.
Burton. New York: Garland
STPM Press, 1983; 368 pages,
15.3 by 22.8 cm. softcover. ISBN
0-8240-7286-3. $17.95.

Digital Image Processing.
Gregory A. Baxes. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984;
192 pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-13-214056-X.
$14.95.

Dr. C. Wackos Miracle Guide to
Designing and Programming
Your Own Atari Computer
Arcade Games, David L. Heller,
lohn F. Johnson, and Robert
Kurcina. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley, 1983; 244 pages, 18.8
by 23.5 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN
0-201-11490-9, $24.95. Includes
floppy disk.

Electronic Prototype
Construction, Stephen D.
Kasten. Indianapolis, IN: Howard
W Sams & Co., 1983; 400 pages,
13.5 by 21.3 cm, softcover. ISBN
0-672-21895-X, $17.95.

Elementary Programming for
Kids in BASIC. Eugene Galanter.
New York: A GD/Perigee Book,
1983; 208 pages, 18 by 23.5
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-399-
50867-8, $7.95.

Family Computers Under $200.
Doug Mosher. Berkeley, CA:
Sybex, 1984; 164 pages, 11 by
18 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-
149-7, $3.95.

Fuzzy Sets. Natural Language
Computations, and Risk
Analysis. Kurt I. Schmucker.
Rockville, MD: Computer
Science Press. 1984; 194 pages,
15.5 by 23.7 cm, hardcover.
ISBN 0-914894-83-8. $32.95.

Gosubs, Ewin Gaby and Shirley
Gaby. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1984: 176 pages, spiral-bound,
ISBN 0-07-022677-6, $9.95.

Graphics for the IBMpc, B. J.
Korites. Duxbury, MA: Kern Pub-
lications, 1983; 288 pages, 17.8
by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-940-2 54-3 1-X. $28.50. Floppy
disk available. $21.50.

{text continued on page 464)

)UNE 1984 -BYTE 46*

BOOKS RECEIVED

(tot continued from page 463)
Home Applications and Games
for the Atari Home Computers.
Timothy P. Banse. Boston, MA:
Little, Brown and Company,
1983; 144 pages. 21.5 by 27.8
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-316-
08044-6, SI 4. 50.

IBM BASIC. Donald T. Payne
and William R. Beck. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983:
240 pages, 15.3 by 22.8 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-13-448688-9,
$15.95.

IBM PC BASIC Programming.
Richard Haskell and Glenn A.
lackson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1984: 190 pages.
21.5 by 27.8 cm. softcover, ISBN
0-13-448424-X, $13.95.

The IBM PC-DOS Handbook,
Richard Allen King. Berkeley,
CA: Sybex, 1983: 320 pages,
17.8 by 22.8 cm. softcover. ISBN
0-89588-103-9. $16.95.

Interfacing to the TRS-80
Computer Models I. III. and 4,
Jerry R. Lambert. Reston. VA:
Reston Publishing Co.. 1984:
222 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-83 59-3115-3.
$16.95.

Introduction to the Computer,
2nd ed. leffrey Frates and
William Moldrup. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984:
576 pages. 18.3 by 24.3 cm,
hardcover, ISBN 0-13-480319-1,
$23.95.

Kahn on Codes, David Kahn.
New York: Macmillan Publishing
Co., 1983: 352 pages, 16.4 by
24 cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-02-
560640-9, $19.95.

The KISS Principle. Ronald B.
Smith. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli
Books Inc., 1983: 221 pages,
14.5 by 21.5 cm, hardcover,
ISBN 0-89433-198-1, $19.95.

Learning Logo on the Apple II,
Anne McDougall, Tony Adams,
and Pauline Adams. Englewood
Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982;
264 pages, 17 by 23.5 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-7248-0732-2.
$19.95.

Local Area Networks. V. E.
Cheong and R. A. Hirschheim.
New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1983: 208 pages, 15.5 by 23.5
cm. hardcover, ISBN 0-471-
90134-2, $29.95.

Making Information Systems
Work for You, Trevor I. Bentley.
Technical revision by Irvine H.

Forkner. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall. 1983: 192 pages,
15 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-13-547216-4, $8.95.

Mathematics Applied to
Electronics, 2nd ed., lames H.
Harter and Wallace D. Beitzel.
Reston, VA: Reston Publishing
Co., 1984: 688 pages, 18.3 by
24.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-
83 59-4283-X, $24.95.

Mechanics and Materials for
Design, Nathan H. Cook. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1984: 496
pages, 16.8 by 24 cm.
hardcover, ISBN 0-07-012486-8.
$31.95.

Mechanism Design: Analysis
and Synthesis, vol. 1, Arthur G.
Erdman and George N. Sandor.
Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1984: 544 pages, 18.3 by
24.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-
572396-5, $39.95.

Micro Cookbook. Machine
Language Programming, vol. 2.
Don Lancaster. Indianapolis, IN:
Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.,
1983: 458 pages, 13.5 by 21.5
cm. softcover, ISBN
0-672-21829-1. $15 95.

The Microsoft BASIC Idea
Book. David H. Ahl. Morris
Plains. NJ: Creative Computing
Press, 1983: 152 pages, 13.8 by
21.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-
916688-67-4, $8.95.

Moonlighting with Your
Personal Computer, Robert I.
Waxman. New York: World
Almanac Publications, 1984; 160
pages. 15.3 by 23.5 cm.
softcover. ISBN 0-345-31652-5,
$7.95.

Mostly BASIC: Applications for
Your Atari. Book 2, Howard
Berenbon. Indianapolis, IN:
Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.,
1983; 264 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm,
spiral-bound, ISBN 0-672-22092-
X, $15.95.

Multiplan Models for Business,
Douglas Ford Cobb, Gena Berg
Cobb, and Thomas B.
Henderson. Indianapolis, IN:
Que Corp., 1983; 288 pages,
18.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover. ISBN
0-88022-037-6, $14.95.

The New Alchemists. Dirk
Hanson. New York: Avon Books,
1982; 384 pages, 10.5 by 17.5
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-380-
65854-2, $4.50.

The Osborne/McGraw-Hill
Guide to Your Apple 111. Stanley

M. Miastkowski. Berkeley, CA:
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1983; 288
pages. 16.3 by 23.3 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-88134-101-0,
$17.95.

Overcoming Computer Fear,
Jeff Berner. Berkeley. CA: Sybex,
1984; 114 pages, 11 by 18 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-89588-145-4,
$3.95.

A Parents Guide to Personal
Comptuers & Software, the
editors of Consumer Guide with
Danny Goodman. New York:
Simon & Schuster. 1983: 64
pages. 21 by 27.3 cm, spiral-
bound, ISBN 0-671-49173-3.
$6.95.

Pascal as a Second Language,
Vardell Lines. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984: 208
pages. 17.3 by 23.5 cm. soft-
cover, ISBN 0-13-65292 5-9,
$18.95.

PC DOS Users Guide, Chris
DeVoney. Indianapolis, IN: Que
Corp., 1984; 358 pages, 18.3 by
22.8 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-
88022-040-6, $12.95.

Picture Perfect Programming in
Applesoft BASIC. Thomas
Mason. Steve Payne, and
Barbara Black. Reston, VA:
Reston Publishing Co.. 1984;
240 pages, 17.8 by 23.3 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5549-4,
$14.95.

Planning and Budgeting for
Higher Profits. leffrey R. Alves
and Dennis P. Curtin. Somerville,
MA: Curtin & London. 1983;
224 pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-930764-74-9,
$17.50.

Portable Computers, Sheldon
Crop and Doug Mosher.
Berkeley. CA: Sybex, 1984; 128
pages, 15 by 22.8 cm. softcover,
ISBN 0-89588-144-6, $7.95.

The Power Of: Financial
Calculations for Lotus 1-2-3.
Robert E. Williams. Portland,
OR: Management Information
Source Inc., 1983; 176 pages, 21
by 27 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-
943518-10-5, $14.95.

Power Supplies, leffrey D.
Shepard. Reston, VA: Reston
Publishing Co., 1984; 190 pages.
15.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover, ISBN
0-83 59-5568-0. $21.95.

A Practical Guide to the UNIX
System, Mark G Sobell. Menlo
Park. CA: The Benjamin/Cum-
mings Publishing Co., 1984; 448

pages, 15.8 by 23.5 cm. soft-
cover, ISBN 0-8053-8910-5,
$21.95.

Problem Solving Using PL/I and
PL/C, Keith Harrow. Englewood
Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1984:
464 pages. 17.3 by 23.3 cm.
softcover, ISBN 0-13-711796-5.
$19.95.

RS-232 Made Easy, Martin D.
Seyer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1984; 240 pages,
15.3 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-13-783472-1, $15.95.

The Satellite TV Handbook.
Anthony T Easton. Indianapolis,
IN: Howard W. Sams & Co.,
1983; 440 pages, 13.8 by 21.3
cm, softcover, ISBN
0-672-22055-5, $16.95.

Simulation of Waiting-Line
Systems, Susan L. Solomon.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1983; 464 pages, 18 by 24
cm, hardcover. ISBN 0-13-
810044-6, $27.95.

Straight Forward BASIC. R.
Barry Genzlinger, David L.
Baker, |ohn A. Devino. David D.
Ressler, and Douglas I. Ryan.
Burlington. VT Champlain Col-
lege Press. 1984; 168 pages, 18
by 2 5.5 cm. spiral-bound. ISBN
0-9612704-0-3. $12.95.

SuperCalc Home & Office
Companion. Elna Tymes and
Peter Antoniak. Berkeley, CA:
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1984: 304
pages, 21.3 by 27.5 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-88134-113-4,
$15.95.

Systems Reliability
Maintainability Management,
Balbir S. Dhillon. Princeton, NJ:
Petrocelli Books, 1984; 288
pages, 16 by 24 cm. hardcover,
ISBN 0-89433-195-7. $29.95.

Talking Chips: IC Speech
Synthesis. Nelson Morgan. New
York: McGraw-Hill. 1984; 192
pages, 15.8 by 23.5 cm,
hardcover. ISBN 0-07-043107-8.
$24.50.

Television Theory and
Servicing, Charles G. Buscombe.
Reston. VA: Reston Publishing
Co., 1984; 848 pages. 18.5 by
24.3 cm. hardcover. ISBN 8359-
7544-4. $34.95.

Things To Do With Your Apple
Computer. Jerry Willis. Merl
Miller, and Nancy Morrice. New
York: The New American
Library, 1983: 208 pages. 10.5

464 BYTE ■ IUNE 1984

BOOKS RECEIVED

by 17.8 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-
451-12848-6, $3.95.

Things To Do With Your Atari
Computer, Jerry Willis, Merl
Miller, and Nancy Morrice. New
York: The New American
Library, 1983; 240 pages. 10.5
by 1 7.8 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-
451-12850-8, $3.95.

Things To Do With Your
Commodore 64 Computer, lerry
Willis, Merl Miller, and
Deborrah Willis. New York: The
New American Library. 1983.
192 pages, 10.5 by 17.8 cm.
softcover. ISBN 0-451-12843-5.
$3.95.

Things To Do With Your
Commodore VIC 20. lerry Willis.
Merl Miller, and Deborrah
Willis. New York: The New
American Library. 1983: 192
pages, 10.5 by 17.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-451-12844-3,
$3.95.

Things To Do With Your
Osborne Computer, lerry Willis,
Merl Miller, and D. LaMont
lohnson. New York: The New
American Library. 1983; 192
pages, 10.5 by 17.8 cm.
softcover. ISBN 0-451-12852-4,
$3.95.

Things To Do With Your
TI-99/4A Computer. lerry Willis.
Merl Miller, and D. LaMont
lohnson. New York: The New
American Library, 1983; 192
pages, 10.5 by 17.8 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-451-12842-7.
$3.95.

Things To Do With Your TRS-80
Color Computer. lerry Willis,
Merl Miller, and D. LaMont
lohnson. New York: The New
American Library, 1983; 224
pages. 10.5 by 17.8 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-451-12854-0. $3.95.

Things To Do With Your TRS-80
Model 4 Computer, lerry Willis,
Merl Miller, and Cleborne D
Maddux. New York: The New
American Library, 1983; 224
pages, 10.5 by 17.8 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-451-12845-1,
$3.95.

TRS-80 Data File Programming,
Leroy Finkel and lerald R.
Brown. New York: |ohn Wiley &
Sons. 1983; 316 pages, 17 by
2 5.3 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-
471-88486-3, $14.95.

TRS-80 for Kids From 8 to 80,
vol. 2. Michael P. Zabinski.

Indianapolis, IN: Howard W.
Sams & Co.. 1983; 208 pages.
21.3 by 28 cm. softcover, ISBN
0-672-22070-9, $9.95.

The TRS-80 Model 100
Portable Computer. David A.
Lien. El Cajon, CA: Compusoft
Publishing. 1983: 576 pages,
17.8 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-932760-17-1. $19.95.

Turing's Man. I. David Bolter.
Chapel Hill, NC: The University
of North Carolina Press, 1984;
280 pages, 16 by 23.5 cm, hard-
cover, ISBN 0-8078-1564-0.
$19.95.

The UNIX Book, Mike Banahan
and Andy Rutter. New York:
lohn Wiley & Sons, 1983; 224
pages, 17 by 2 5 cm. softcover,
ISBN 0-471-89676-4, $16.95.

The UNIX Programming
Environment, Brian W.
Kemighan and Rob Pike. Engle-
wood Cliffs, N|: Prentice-Hall,
1984; 368 pages. 18.5 by 24.3
cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-13-
937699-2, $26.95.

The UNIX System Guidebook,
Peter P. Silvester. New York:
Springer-Verlag. 1984: 224
pages, 15.5 by 23.3 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-387-90906-0,
$14.50.

The V1C-20 Connection, lames
W. Coffron. Berkeley, CA: Sybex,
1983; 296 pages, 17.8 by 23
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-
128-4, $9.95.

WordStar and CP/M Made
Easy, lohn D. Lee. New York:
lohn Wiley & Sons, 1983: 238
pages. 15 by 23 cm. softcover.
ISBN 0-471-90188-1. $17.95.

Your IBM PC. Lyle I. Graham
and Tim Field. Berkeley. CA:
Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 1984; 608
pages, 16.3 by 23.3 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-88134-120-7.
$17.95.

Your IBM PC Made Easy,
Jonathan Sachs. Berkeley, CA:
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1984; 448
pages, 18.5 by 23.3 cm.
softcover. ISBN 0-88134-112-6,
$12.95.

Your Telephone: Operation,
Selection, and Installation,
Martin Clifford. Indianapolis, IN:
Howard W. Sams & Co., 1983;
336 pages. 13.5 by 21.3 cm,
softcover. ISBN 0-672- 22065-2.
$13.95. ■

64K S100 STATIC RAM

$19929

NEW!

LOW POWER!
RAM OR EPROM!

BLANK PC BOARD
WITH DOCUMENTATION
$55

SUPPORT ICs + CAPS
$17.50

FULL SOCKET SET
$14.50

FULLY SUPPORTS THE

NEW IEEE 696 S100

STANDARD

(AS PROPOSED)

FOR 56K KIT $185

ASSEMBLED AND
TESTED ADD $50

FEATURES:

• Usss new 2K x 8 (TMM 2016 or HM 61 16) RAMI.

• Fully supports IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended
Addressing.

• 64K draws only approximately 500 MA.

• 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes
TMM 2016s as last as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH
SPEED APPLICATIONS.)

• SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K
AND ENTIRE BOARD).

• 2716 EPROMs may be Installed In any oltop48K.

• Any ol the top 8K (E0O0 H AND ABOVE) may
be disabled to provide windows to eliminate
any possible conflicts with your system monitor,
disk controller, etc.

• Perfect for small systems since BOTH RAM and
EPROM may co-exist on the same board.

• BOARD may be partially populated as 56K.

256K S-100 SOLID STATE DISK SIMULATOR!

WECALL THISBOARD THE "LIGHT-SPEED-100" BECAUSE IT OFFERS
AN ASTOUNDING INCREASE IN YOUR COMPUTER'S PERFORMANCE
WHEN COMPARED TO A MECHANICAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE.

FEATURES:

* 2S6K on board, using + 5V 64K
DRAMS.

Uses new Intel 8203-1 LSI Memory
Controller

Requires only 4 Dip Switch
Selectable I/O Ports.
Runs on 8080 or Z80 S100 machines.
Up to 8 LS-100 boards can be run
together for 2 Meg. ol On Line Solid
State Disk Storage.
Provisions lor Battery back-up.
Software to mate the LS-100 to your
CP/M* 2.2 DOS is supplied.
The LS-100 provides an increase in
speed of up to 7 to 10 times on Disk
Intensive Software.
Compare our price! You could pay
up io 3 times as mucn for similar
boards.

BLANK PCB

(WITH CP/M* 2.2

PATCHES AND INSTALL

PROGRAM ON DISKETTE)

$69

KLS-100

$ 399

(FULL 256K KIT)

ui IV. .-V. .= "%»^'f

THE NEW ZRT-80

CRT TERMINAL BOARD!

A LOW COST Z-80 BASED SINGLE BOARD THAT ONLY NEEDS AN
ASCII KEYBOARD, POWER SUPPLY, AND VIDEO MONITOR TO MAKE A
COMPLETE CRT TERMINAL. USE AS A COMPUTER CONSOLE, OR
WITH A MODEM FOR USE WITH ANY OFTHE PHONE-LINE COMPUTER
SERVICES.
FEATURES:

* Uses a Z80A and 6845 CRT
Controller for powerful video
capabilities.

* RS232 at 16 BAUD Rates from 75
to 19.200.

* 24 x 80 standard format (60 Hz).

* Optional formats from 24 x 80
(50 Hz) to 64 lines x 96 characters
(60 Hz).

* Higher density formats require up to
3 additional 2K x 8 6116 RAMS.

* Uses N.S. INS 8250 BAUD Rate
Gen. and USART combo IC.

* 3 Terminal Emulation Modes which
are Dip Switch selectable. These
include the LSI-ADM3A, the Heath
H 19. and the Beehive.

* Composite or Split Video.

* Any polarity of video or sync.

* Inverse Video Capability.

* Small Size: 6.5 x 9 inches.

* Upper & lower case with descenders.

* 7 x 9 Character Matrix.

* Requires Par. ASCII keyboard.

"Tp A

BLANK PCB WITH 2716
CHAR. ROM, 2732 MON. ROM

$5995

SOURCE DISKETTE - ADD $10

SET OF 2 CRYSTALS - ADD $7.50

WITH 8 IN.

SOURCE DISK!

(CP/M COMPATIBLE)

$-10095

Ia.t7 > ZRT-80

(COMPLETE KIT,
2K VIDEO RAM)

Digital Research Computers

P. O. BOX 461565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75046 • (214)271-3538

TERMS: Add $3.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under
$15 add 75<t handling. No C.O.D. We accept Visa and Master-
Card. Texas Res. add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada)
add 20% P & H. Orders over $50 add 850 for insurance.

]UNE 1984

1YTE 465

9&-

ORYX
w- SYSTEMS

QUALITY DISCOUNTS

§3 Check Oryx's

New Ad Listings! §3

r 1

APPLE/

FRANKLIN

■ -■

ASHTONTATE

d-Base II $ Coll

ASPEN/WANG SOFTWARE

Grammatik S 60

BEAGLE BROS.

Apple Mechanic $ 22

DOS Boss 17

Utility City 22

BRODERBUND

Bonk Street Writer ... $ 45

CDEX

All Training Prog $ 45

CENTRAL POINT

Copy II + $ 34

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

Home Accountant .... $ 49

DIGITAL RESEARCH

Excellent selection on

current and the exciting

new products $ Call

DOW JONES

Market Analyzer $ 245

Market Manager 219

Spreadsheet Link $ 199

LIVING VIDEOTEXT

Think Tank $ 99

C LOGO CORNER ]

Krell Logo $ 75

Terrapin S 99

MICROPRO

Wordstar (Special

w/ CP/M Cord,

70 col. & 64K) $ 329

Infostar (Includes
CP/M, 70 col., 64K) . . $ 329

Pro Pak

(WS/MM/SS/lndex) . . 399

MICROSOFT

Cobol-80 $ 499

Fortran-80 145

TASC Compiler 119

A.L.D.S 79

Multiplan (DOS) 139

OMEGA

Locksmith S 79

PEACHTREE $ Call

PROMETHEUS

Applesurance S 99

PENGUIN SOFTWARE

Complete Graphics ... $ 50

Graphics Magician ... 39

Complete Graphics/

Apple Tablet 86

PROMETHEUS

Applesurance S 99

SIERRA ON-LINE

Homeword $ Call

SOFTECH

Basic Compilers
Runtime •. . . $ 169

Softeoch 94

UCSD P-system Set . . . 469
SOFTWARE PUBLISHING

PFS: File, Gr, Rep .ea.$ 79
SYSTEMS PLUS

Landlord $ 375

VISICORP

Visicalc (II or HE) $ 165

Visischedule 195

SS VisiOn Series $ Call

CP/M
SOFTWARE

FORMATS
AVAILABLE

All prices below are for 8"
standard. Other formats are
available. Some formats sub-
ect to "Download" fee and
require minimum 2 weeks for
delivery. Please inquire.

ATI

ffl'AII Training Prog . ea. S 60

COMPUVIEW

•V-Edit 8080 Z80,

IBM/PC $ 130

-V-Edit CP/M 86 $ 160

Systran 99

DIGITAL RESEARCH

•Pascal MT + w/SPP . . . $ 389

DR Assembler & Tools . 149

CP/M 2.2 125

C Basic 2 95

PL/1-80 375

Personal Basic 120

CP/M Plus 3.0 262

CP/M Gold Card $ Call

Access or Display Mgr 299

C Languaqe/compiler 260

Concurrent CP/M 2.0 . Call
All 8" - 86 Version

of Above $ Call

INFOCOM

•Deadline $ 49

"Starcross 39

"Suspended 39

•Zork, I, II, III ea. 39

STAR SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
ACCOUNTING PARTNER

Easy to use menu-driven programs for the beginner that can be
linked with a sophisticated system as needed.

Your "Partner" includes: general ledger, accounts receivable,
accounts payable ond payroll. Also included for a nominal fee is
an "800" number for access to the Sfar Question Center Back-Up
Support Unit.

ORYX PRICE $ 269

466 BYTE- JUNE 1984

EDUCATIONAL AIDS

for the
1984-85 School Year

ADMINISTRATIVE
BPI Systems
Bertamax, Inc.
Charles Mann
Com Press (Div. of

Science Books Iht'l)
Xerox

Personal Software (Visicorp)
IMS - Int'l Micro Systems

CURRICULUM
Beagle Bros.
Bertamax, inc. (includes

Skills for Handicapped)
EdWare Services
Career Publishing
CBS

George Earl
Krell
Muse

Reader's Digest Services
Micro Power & Light Co.
Plato

Scarborough
Xerox

PLUS MANY MORE
FOR INFORMATION $ Call

PEACHTREE
CORNER

PeachPok 4

(GL, AR AR) S

Series 8 (GL, AR AR,
Sales Inv., Inv., Control,
Job Cost, Client Post.
& Acct . . each mod. $

MARK OF THE UNICORN

•Final Word S 199

MICROPRO

•WordStar J Call

•InfoStar $ Call

•Pro-Pack

(WS/MM/SS Index) . . $ Call

All others $ Call

MICROSOFT

Basic 80 $ 239

Basic Compiler 249

Fortran 80 330

Cobol 80 449

Macro 80 130

MuMath/MuSimp 179

•Multiplan 139

MICROSTUF

•Crosstalk $ 109

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

•Statpak $ 365

OASIS

The Word Plus $ 120

Punctuation and Style $ 99

SORCIM

•Supercalc II $ 169

Superwriter

(w/Speller & Mailer) . $ 169

SELECT

Select Word

Processor $ 209

SUPERSOFT

•Diagnostic II I 89

Disk Doctor 74

•Fortran 4 299

Basic 8086 225

C Cross Assembler . . , 400

•Scratchpad 187

T MAKER III $ 195

IBM PC

Please see CP/M listing.
All products with an *
in front are also made
for PC/DOS and are
priced the same unless
otherwise specified.

ALPHA SOFTWARE

Data Base Mgr. II .... $ 179

Executive Pkg 105

Apple-IBM Connection $ 169

AMERICAN

INT'L COMMUNICATIONS

Tlx-A.Syst $ 199

Gram-A-Syst 199

AUTODESK
Autocad $ Call

B&L

Multi-Job (runs nine
programs at once). . . $ 145

BULLISH INVESTMENT
Net Worth J Call

CENTRAL POINT

Copy II PC $ 34

CONTINENTAL

Home Accountant .... $ 89

CTek

PC Calculator $ 29

Prog. PC Calculator . . 49

Prog. PC Calculatoi

w/ Fin. Mod 55

DIGITAL RESEARCH
Concurrent CP/M 86. .$ Coll
Pascal MT + 86

CP/M 86 w/SPP 375

Pascal MT+ (PC/DOS) 385
DR Logo $ Call

DOW JONES

Market Analyzer $ 245

Market Manager 219

Connector 39

ECO-SOFT

Microstat $ Call

ENERTRONICS

Energraphics S Call

FINANCIER

Tax Series 105

Financier II S 119

FOX & GELLER

Grafox I 199

SB Quick Codes 175

$ D Util 58

FYI

Superfile $ 139

FYI 3000 287

GRAPHIC/MOSAIC
SOFTWARE

Super Chortman II .... $ 299

Super Chortman IV . . . 199

SS Combo II 4 IV 350

£3 Integrated 6 369

LIFETREE

Volkswrlter Deluxe ... $ 199
LIGHTHOUSE SOFTWARE
g Key II (Data Mgmt 123) $ Call
LIVING VIDEOTEXT

Think Tank (256K) . . . . $ 139
MICROPRO

Starburst $ Call

MICRORIM

R-bose $ Call

NORELL DATA SYSTEMS

Systems Backup S 42

PEACHTREE

See CP/M listing.

PeachText 5000 $ 225

ROSESOFT

SS ProKey 3.0 $ 99

SATELLITE SOFTWARE

Word Perfect w/ Sp . . $ 299
SORCIM

Supercalc III S 239

SPI

Open Access $ 399

STAR SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

"Legal Time, Billing

Property Mgmt

SUPERSOFT

C Compiler - 8086 . . .

Basic Compiler

8087 Support

SYSTEMS PLUS

Landlord (prop mgmt)

Runtime Basic
(req d for above)
VISICORP

VisiOn Line

. . . and many morel

787
787

$ 350
225

$ 375
45

$ Call

f d-BASE II

CORNER

Anderson-Bell

Abstat $

329

Ashton-Tate

dBase II J

389

FPL

410

Friday

179

Fox & Gelier

Quick Code J

175

D Util

Human Soft

d-Base Plus I

Sensible Desigr

D-Programmer . . . $

249

Software Banc

^Advanced d-Base

Users Guide $

Call

^Report Writer w/

dBase II purchase $

Tylog Systems

dBase Window . . $

179

d-Base Door $

109

'All above available

{ on PC-DOS

APPLE/

FRANKLIN

BOARDS

ALSCP/MCard $ 299

ALS Smorterm II 145

ALSZCardll 120

ABT Keypad 99

Axlon Ramd.sk 128K . . 309

Bit 3 Dual Comm-plus . 209

CCS 7710 Asynch Serial 119
East Side

W,ld Card II $ 117

Microsoft 16K Romcard 69

Microsoft Softcard ... . 219

Microsoft Softcard + 419
Microsoft Premium

Softcard IIIE) $ 335

Microtek Printer l/F ... 75

Microtek Dumpling 16K. 169

Microtek Dumpling-GX 89

Mountain AD/DA ... $ Call
Mountain

fe Music System S 299

PCP 4 MHZ

Appli-Card + 88 Curd $ Call
PCP 88 Card

16 Bit + 64K $ 425

Prometheus Versacard 159
SSM ASIO Serial l/F

w/cable J 129

SSM AIO-2 Serial/

Parallel $ 179

Tymac Parallel l/F

w/cable $ 79

Videx Display

Enhancer $ 99

Videx Display

Enhancer II $ 99

Videx Func. Strip 35

Videx Videoterm

VT-600 J 179

Videx Ultraterm 249

IBM /PC
BOARDS

AST RESEARCH

ffiSix Pak Plus 64K (exp
384K - Ser, Par, Clk) ... $ 279

MegaPlus 64K, (Cl/Col,
Ser Port, 512K capacity
w/ Megapak) $ 269

©Monograph Plus $ Call

PC Net II Bus Sys S Call

Extra ports available

for Megaplus and I/O

Plus II (Game, P/S) $ 40

AST RESEARCH (Cont'd)

Megapak 256K upgrade

for Megaplus $ Call

I/O Plus II Cl/Cal

and Ser Port $ 115

MA SYSTEMS

5) PC Peacock Or Bd ... $ 325

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS

Floppy Drive Cntrlr ... $ 160

w/ Par Port 209

w/ Ser Port 219

Sandstar Floppy
Drive Cntrlr $ 194

Sandstar Mem Card
- 3 modules cap. ... $ 145

Sandstar Multifunction
Card-6 modules cap. $ 71

Sandstar Modules .... $ Call

DISPLAY CARDS
CORNER

Hercules Gr Bd . . .
Plarttronics

Colorplus

Parad.se/USI

Display Card (color

$
.$

359
Call

399

Amdek MAI Card .

420

Tecmor

Graphic Master . .

499

OUADRAM

Quadboard 64K, (exp 384K
Clk/Cal, Ser S. Par

Ports, Software) $ 279

85 Quadboard 384 (OK) . 212
Microfazer Stack Printer

► Par/Par 8K (exp 512K) $ 132

► Ser/Par 8K

(exp64K) $ 156

► Ser/Ser 8K

(exp64K) $ 156

Quadlink 64K Mem
(allows Apple SW to

run on IBM/PC) $ 469

Other Quadram Prods $ Call

TECMAR Products . . . . S Call

XEDEX/MICROLOG

Baby Blue $ 325

Baby Blue II $ 525

MONITORS

Amdek 300A Am $ 149

Amdek Color II + 425

NEC JB1201 - 12" Gr ..$ Call
NEC JB1260- 12" Gr ..$ 119
NECJC1216RGB 435

Below are several of the terminals available at ORYX.

Adds - Qume - Televideo - Liberty - Teletex - Wyse

For technical assistance call (715) 848 1374
To order, use our toll free line.

Panasonic CT160

10" comp $ Call

PGS HX12 RGB Or . .. .$ Call

PGS MAX 12 $ 199

Quadram

Quadchrome $ Call

Sanyo 8112 12 HR Gr S Call

Taxan

KG12N-UY 12" HR Am $ 139
KG12N 12" HR Gr,... 132
RGB Vision-1

12" LR Or $ 323

RGB Vision-3

12" HROr $ 459

USI 1200A 12" HR Am . S 159

MODEMS

Hayes 300 . . $ Call

Hayes 1200 I Call

Hayes 1200B (Inl) $ 449

Hayes Chronograph .. 189

Novation

Apple-Cat II $ 259

PC Cat w/ Crosstalk

/a/so known as

Access 123 1200B) ...$ Call
Orchid Technology
f Orchid Blossom (64K) .$ Call

PC Net Daughterboard

(add on to Blossom) . . $ Call
Prometheus

Promodem $ 449

US Robotics

Auto-Dial 300/1200.. .$ 459

S-100 Modem 339

Password 325

Zoom Telephonies

Networker $ 109

PC NETWORKING
by SANTA CLARA

Starter Kit —

Special Price $1,245

Add I Adapter Cards
& Cabling Available.
For Pricing $ Call

DISK DRIVES

CDC 1800 S 229

Corona
5 MB Hard w/cntrlr . ..$1,395
10 MB Hard w/cntrlr . . 1,795

Corvus $ Call

Davong 10/15/20 MB. . $ Call

Santa Clara $ Call

Tandon TM-1002 $ 219

Vista
83 Dynaframe Systems
w/ 5 to 40 MB Primary
Disk Drive $ Call

HALF HIGHS

Matsushita $ 199

Panasonic 199

Shugart . . 225

SuperS (Apple) $ Call

Teac w/brackets $ 210

PRINTERS

Anadex $ Call

Diablo 630 ECS $ Call

Diablo 630 API S Call

Epson $ Call

IDS/Data Products

Prism 80 w/4 options . . $1,399
Prism 132 w/4 options . $1,547

Micropnsm $ Call

Mannesman Tally

MT180L $ 810

MT160L 595

Spirit $ 330

NEC 3550 $1,745

Okidata82 93 $ Call

Quadram Quadiet ... $ Call
Siemens

Ink Jet Printer PT88 ... $ 749
Silver-Reed

Daisy Wheel $ Call

Star Micronics $ Call

Teletex T1014 $ 499

Transtar

T 130 PSS $ 665

T 315 P-Dot Matrix . . 489

T-120P&S 475

. . . and much more.

DISKETTES

(OBASF w/ library case . . $ 28
3M 5 DS, DD, Box . . $ 40

CDC $ 28

Maxell 5 DS, DD,

MD2, Box $ 40

Verbatim 5

DS, DD, Box $ 35

Ultra Magnetics 5

DS, DD, Bonus Box

(12 Diskettes) $ 35

(3 Boxes Diskettes Minimum)

PLOTTERS

Enter P100 Sweet P

Apple/Franklin,

IBM/PC $ 545

Enter's 6 Shooter $ Call

Strobe M100 Plotter

w/ l/F Apple/Franklin $ 499
Strobe M100 Plotter

(RS 232) $ 499

Panasonic

VP6801P Plotter $1,375

MISC.

Alpho-Delta MACC
Surge Protector $ 69

Chalkboard $ Call

Curtis PC Products .... $ Call

Electronic

Protection Devices
Surge Protectors $ Call

Hauppage

888087 Math Pkg $ 195

s87Chip 169

SsOthers $ Call

Keytronic

Keyboard 5150 $ 175

WP KB5151 $ 219

WP KB5151 Dvorak ... $ Call

Koala Technologies
Graphic Tablet $ Call

Orange Micro

Grappler Plus $ 117

Grappler Plus w/Buffer $ 175

Street Electronics
Echo Speech Synth IBM $ 1 79
Echo II Speech Synth . . 129
Echo Word S Call

Joystick IBM/PC $ 49

Joystick Apple/FRK ... 46

Wico

Analog Joystick $ 39

Apple Adapter 18

IBM/PC l/F Card $ Call

Versa Computing
VersaWnter $ 239

SDI, Inc.

STOPLOCK

Completely STOPS computer
in boot mode - LOCKS IT UP
INTERNALLY. OPENS only to
valid user with I.D. code.
(Check money-back guaran-
tee by SDI, Inc.) $ Call

We offer the following complete systems w/ full
support on our technical line*

Franklin 1000 & 2000 NEC APC & 8800

Corona Columbia

Televideo Hyperion

Please:

Wisconsin residents add 5% for sales tax.
Add $3.50 for shipping per software and light
items. For multiple and other items, call.
Foreign — add 15% handling & shipping for
prepayment. (Int'l money order.)
Prices are subject to change without notice.
All items subject to availability.

ORYX SYSTEMS, INC.

CRAFTSMEN OF THE HEW TECHHOLOGY

425 First Street e PO. Box 1961
Wausau, Wisconsin 54401

*For technical assistance, order
status and in Wisconsin:
715-848-1374

Int'l Telex: 260181

ORYX SYS WAU

o*i.

We Welcome:

► COD (Add $2.00 per shipment. Cash or certified check required.)

► Visa, MasterCharge (Add 3%) & American Express (Add 4%.)

► Checks. (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing

Working Hours: Central Time

Mon.-Fri. 8:30-6:00 / Sat. 10:00-2:00

If at first you don't succeed
In finding products that you need.
Use our phone line... it's toll tree
For great prices aeaiiabitity!

@£k

Mat"

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 467

WHAT'S NEW

NEW SYSTEMS

Z80 and 80186 Built into Poly

A multiuser, dual-processor
S-100 computer, the Poly 8/16
from PolyMorphic Systems is
built with Z80 and 80186 micro-
processors. A two-board set. the
Poly 8/I6's master board carries
the 8-bit Z80 processor. 64K
bytes of RAM, and the PC-DOS-
compatible CP/M-80 operating
system. The slave board uses
the 8-MHz 16-bit Intel 80186
processor, provides 256K bytes
of RAM (expandable to I mega-
byte), and runs under Concur-
rent CP/M-86.
The Poly 8/16 supports up to

four users, each running 80186
slaves. Each additional 80186
slave card has 2 56K bytes of
RAM, two serial ports, and a
parallel port. (The 80186 single-
board computers can be added
to PolyMorphic computers in-
stalled since 1977.1 Options in-
clude floppy-disk drives,
printers, plotters, a CAD/CAM
color terminal, UNIX, and half-
or full-sized fixed-disk or
removable-cartridge Winchester
drives with storage capacities
from 5 to 80 megabytes.
The basic Poly 8/16 comes

with master and slave cards on
a 5-siot motherboard, a half-
height 800K-byte floppy-disk
drive, four RS-232C/RS-422
serial ports, two parallel ports, a
detached keyboard, and a serial
terminal with a 14-inch mono-
chrome display. Supplied soft-
ware includes Digital Research's
GSX graphics extension.
CP/M-80. and CP/M-86. Prices
start at S4495. Contact PolyMor-
phic Systems, 5330 Debbie
Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93111,
(805) 967-0468.
Circle 750 on inquiry card.

Portable Has Hard and Floppy Drives

The C2600 portable computer
from lonos International comes
with a 10-megabyte 3 '/2-inch
hard-disk drive and a 322K-byte

3!^-inch floppy-disk drive. The
C2600, which is designed
around the 8-bit Z80B micropro-
cessor, features 128K bytes of

RAM, a 9-inch high-resolution
display, and CP/M 3.0 Plus. Its
I/O capabilities are made up of
two serial RS-232C ports, a
single parallel printer interface,
and a composite-video jack. The
C2600's detachable IBM
Selectric-type keyboard is
augmented with 10 function
keys and a 10-key numeric pad.
Its dimensions are \TA by 1314
by 7!4 inches. It weighs 27
pounds.

For expansion, the C2600 has
three STD bus slots. Currently
the manufacturer offers con-
trollers, graphics, modem, and
memory cards. The list price is
$5695. Contact lonos Interna-
tional Inc.. 183 5 Dawns Way,
Fullerton, CA 92631. (714)
999-6661.
Circle 751 on inquiry card.

Dual Processors Standard with Eve

Featuring Z80A and 6502 micro-
processors, the $2195 Eve II
Personal Computer comes with
a monitor, a dot-matrix printer,
a floppy-disk drive, and a bun-
dle of software. Eve II, a 64K-
byte system, runs under CP/M
while offering AppleDOS com-
patibility. Its 12-inch orange
monitor can produce 40- or
80-column by 24-line displays
and generate 16 colors. The bi-
directional printer operates at
80 cps and handles both fan-

fold and single-sheet paper
through tractor- and friction-
feed mechanisms.

Eve II has a standard
QWERTY keyboard, eight
programmable function keys, a
self-test key, and separate
numeric pad and cursor con-
trols. Mass storage is provided
by a 163K-byte single-sided,
double-density floppy-disk drive.
Additional hardware features in-
clude a digital clock and eight
Apple-compatible expansion

slots.

Word-processor, file-manager,
financial-planning, and budget-
ing packages from Sam's Soft-
ware are supplied.

Up to 2 56K bytes of RAM and
a variety of peripherals and ap-
plications programs are op-
tional. Contact Computer Tech-
nology International Inc., 200
Murray Hill Parkway, East
Rutherford, N| 07073, (201)
935-9300.
Circle 752 on inquiry card.

6-MHz Z80B at Heart
of Computer

The Servo 8's Z80B runs at 6
MHz. It has 64K bytes of
1 50-nanosecond dynamic RAM
and 2K. bytes of monitor/debug-
ger EPROM on board. A self-
adjusting disk controller can
handle four VA- and four 8-inch
drives simultaneously. A parallel
printer port, SASI bus, two
serial ports with software-
selectable data rates, and a
50-pin Servo expansion bus are
provided. Either CP/M or OASIS
serves as its operating system.
Power requirements are 5 V at
1400 mA.

Options include 10- and
20-megabyte drives, two serial
ports, a real-time clock/calendar,
and a memory board with two
64K-byte banks of RAM. The
single-unit price is $495. Con-
tact Servo Computer Corp..
360B North Ellensburg St., POB
566, Gold Beach, OR 97444,
(503) 247-2021.
Circle 754 on inquiry card.

16032 Multibus
Computer

The GVC-16 Multibus computer
is a 32-bit demand-paged,
virtual-memory system using Na-
tional Semiconductor's 10-MHz
NS16032 microprocessor. This
single-board computer com-
bines the NS16000 chip set with
up to 2 megabytes of RAM and
a Winchester hard-disk interface.
Its key specifications are 512K
bytes of dual-ported RAM with
parity, a 16081 floating-point
unit, twin sockets for up to 32K
bytes of EPROM, time-of-day
clock with battery backup, 4
serial I/O ports, 16 vectored in-
terrupts. 4 user-definable DIP
switches, and an EPROM-based
integer BASIC interpreter. A
system monitor resides in ROM.
The basic configuration, which
comes with 512K bytes of mem-
ory and an interrupt-control
unit, costs $3295. Contact GVC
Inc.. 222 Third St.. Cambridge,
MA 02142, (617) 576-1804.
Circle 753 on inquiry card.

468 BYTE • IUNE 1984

WHAT'S NEW

PERIPHERALS

Video-Capture System for IBM

A video-capture system for the
IBM PC is available from Chorus
Data Systems. The PC-Eye
Series 1000 interface board
seizes images from a video
camera or recorder at speeds
of up to eight frames per
second. Images can be digitized
with 1 or 2 bits of intensity for
use with the IBM high-resolution
graphics adapter, or they can
be digitized with 4 bits (i.e..
640- by 400-pixel resolution) for
use with PC-compatible graphics
adapter boards. The standard
resolution at 2 bits is 320 by
200 pixels, while at I bit it's
640 by 200 pixels. Other resolu-
tions and partial image transfers
can be achieved under program
control.

The Series 1000 transfers
images under DMA control
directly to the PC's main
memory at rates approaching
1 megabyte per second. Suc-
cessive frames can be captured
and stored for off-line com-
parison or postprocessing. Both
noninterlaced and interlaced
scanning are supported. A
crystal-controlled clock and a

digital driver ensure accurate
timing and stable synchroniza-
tion. Software support for hard-
copy outputs, annotation,
storage, comparison, com-
pression, and transmission of
video information is offered.

The PC-Eye Series 1000
requires PC-DOS 2.0, a single
PC or PC XT expansion slot,
and a camera or recorder with
an EIA RS-170 or NTSC inter-

face. Copy stands, graphics
adapters, cameras, lenses, and
applications software are
optional. PC-Eye is $495, which
includes the interface card,
utility software, and documenta-
tion. Address inquiries to
Chorus Data Systems Inc., POB
810. Hollis, NH 03049. (603)
465-2290.

Circle 755 on inquiry card.

New Low-End Terminal Boasts High-End Features

The Freedom 110 video display
terminal from Liberty Elec-
tronics is an ergonomically
styled unit with a 12-inch green
or amber tilt/swivel monitor and
a detached DIN-standard key-
board. The nonglare CRT dis-
plays 96 ASCII characters. 32
control characters, and 15 line-
graphics characters in a 7- by 9-
dot matrix format in a 9 by 12
field. Eight foreign-language
character sets are also available.

Display size is 24 lines by 80
columns, with a twenty-fifth
status line. A screen-saver fea-
ture will shut off power to the
CRT, without loss of data, if
fifteen minutes have elapsed
with no activity. The keyboard
has 94 keys, including a
QWERTY layout, numeric key-
pad, 4 cursor movement keys. 6
editing keys, 8 command keys,
and 10 nonvolatile program-
mable function keys that can be
used in conjunction with the
Shift key to produce 20 user-
defined sequences totaling up
to 2 56 bytes.

The unit has two
independently configured
RS-232C ports and supports
both XON/XOFF and DTR
handshaking at rates up to
19.2K bps. The Freedom 110
can be set up to emulate the

TeleVideo 910, the Lear Siegler
ADM-3A/5, the Hazeltine 1420.
the ADDS Regent 2 5, and
Liberty's higher-priced model,
the Freedom 100. Nonvolatile
setup parameters can be input
from the keyboard using either
a full-screen menu or the status
line, or downloaded from the
host computer. There is room in
the base of the monitor for an
additional printed-circuit board
of about 7 by 1 1 inches that
could be used for a single-
board computer or other
device. The Freedom 110 lists at
$595 for the green-phosphor
model; the amber display costs
an additional $2 5. Further
information is available from
Liberty Electronics, 62 5 Third
St.. San Francisco, CA 94107,
(415) 543-7000.
Circle 756 on inquiry card.

Voice/Data Storage
and Retrieval Line
Unveiled

Dialogic Corporation recently
unveiled a series of real-time
voice and/or data storage and
retrieval I/O boards for the IBM
PC Designed for voice-annota-
tion of text, digital voice trans-
mission, remote messaging and
data entry, and computer/
human interface applications,
the Dialog family comes in
three implementations: basic
voice I/O. a version with auto-
answer/auto-dial firmware, and a
model with a 300-bps modem
and digital-transmission firm-
ware. Each board comes with a
set of software drivers that
digitize, store, and recreate
sounds. Only one PC expansion
slot is used.

Three data-sampling rates— 4,
6. or 8 kHz— are standard. At 4
kHz. the maximum data storage
requirement per second is 2K
bytes, 1.5K bytes is typical, and
3 bytes is minimum. Polled or
interrupt-driven handshake
modes. 32-sample buffer, and
eight selectable I/O addresses
(two used) make up the Dialog-
to-IBM interface.

Dialogic boards will accept,
compress, and store on disk any
sound that can be recorded on
tape. Inputs are entered from a
microphone, a telephone, or a
local-network interface. Outputs
can be directed to your PC's
speaker, an external speaker, or
earphones. Sounds are
recreated in real time.

Demonstration programs and
PC-DOS drivers for BASIC,
Pascal, and C are supplied with
each board. The basic system,
Dialog/1, is $295. With a
telephone interface and auto-
answer/auto-dial capabilities,
Dialog/2 is priced at $495. The
fully configured Dialog/3 is
$595. Further information can
be obtained by contacting
Dialogic Corp.. 164 McKinley
Ave. East Hanover, N) 07936,
(800) 221-0393; in New Jersey,
(201) 386-0202.
Circle 757 on inquiry card.

[text continued on page 470)

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 469

WHAT'S NEW

Internal Modem for Portable PC

A D D - I N S

PC Color Graphics Adapter

The PC Modem Half Card from
Ven-Tel provides the IBM Por-
table PC with a very important
accessory— an internal 300/1200
bps auto-dial/auto-answer
modem that fits into one of the
computer's half-length expan-
sion slots. The product accepts
the widely used Hayes Smart-
modem control codes and is
distributed with Crosstalk-XVI
telecommunications software

from Microstuf Inc. Buyers
should note that this is not the
same product as Ven-Tel's earlier
PC Modem Half Card for the
IBM PC XT (which has a similar
card bus)— the two modems are
not interchangeable. Retail price
is $549. For more information,
contact Ven-Tel Inc.. 2342 Walsh
Ave.. Santa Clara, CA 95051.
(408) 727-5721.
Circle 758 on inquiry card.

Combo S-100 Board

Has Z80 and 286 Processors

Macrotech International has
announced the MI-286, a dual-
processor S-100 CPU board with
both a Zilog Z80B and an Intel
iAPX 80286. The board is de-
signed as a replacement for
earlier multitasking and multi-
user dual-processor CPU boards
running under the MP/M-8/16
operating system, such as the
CompuPro CPU 8085/8088.
Because of the increased
addressing capability of the
MI-286, the new board can sup-

port up to 16 megabytes of ran-
dom-access memory. Single-
unit price of the MI-286 is
SI 395; an optional upgrade
including the 80287 math
coprocessor and related PAL
(programmed array logic) is
available for $650. More
information can be obtained
from Macrotech International
Corp.. 9551 Irondale Ave.,
Chatsworth, CA 91311, (818)
700-1501.
Circle 759 on inquiry card.

Persyst has announced BoB
(Best of Both), a color-display
adapter board for the IBM PC
and PC XT. A single-board
adapter compatible with the
IBM color-display adapter's fea-
tures, BoB supports either a
standard color mode with 16
colors or a black-and-white
mode with 16 levels of gray. It
produces an 8- by 12-dot char-
acter in a 10- by 16-dot grid.
Two graphics screen modes are
standard: 320- by 200-pixel
medium resolution with four
colors and 640- by 200-pixel
high resolution with one color.
For higher resolutions, it sup-
ports a 24.83-kHz horizontal
rate that sustains 400 vertical-
scan lines. DMA operations and

access to display memory in
any mode are permitted.

BoB has direct-drive intensity
RGB and composite-video out-
puts, a light-pen interface, and
provisions for up to 32K bytes
of display memory. It supports
the PC's user-selectable charac-
ter attributes and the 2 56-
character IBM set. Optionally,
320- by 400-pixel medium-
resolution with four colors and
640- by 400-pixel high-resolu-
tion single-color graphics modes
are available.

Prices begin at $42 5. Contact
Personal Systems Technology
Inc.. Persyst Products, Suite A,
15801 Rockfield Blvd., Irvine, CA
92714. (714) 859-8871.
Circle 760 on inquiry card.

Linear Programming for the PC

SOFTWARE-IBM PC

A Little Blues for the PC

LP88 is a general-purpose
system for solving linear pro-
grams with up to 255 con-
straints and 22 5 5 variables (in-
cluding slacks). You can input
linear programs as they are for-
mulated without converting to a
standard form. Both maximiza-
tion and minimization problems
are accepted, and LP88 accepts
any combination of < = . > = ,
or - constraint relations. Ap-
plications include production,
mixing, scheduling, inventories,
cash management, trans-
portation, and network prob-
lems. LP88 uses the Revised
Simplex algorithm. It computes
and stores the inverse of the
matrix of basis columns as the
linear program is solved.

LP88 can be configured at run
time. Operator controls are ex-

ercised by means of function
keys, and four menus provide
options for input, solution, out-
put, and interrupting execution.
A display editor uses spread-
sheet-like inputs and permits
editing and modification of a
problem's features. The Simplex
algorithm can be interrupted
during program execution.

Minimum requirements are a
display, a single disk drive, a
printer, DOS 1,1 or 2,0, and a
128K-byte IBM PC or PC XT.
For large problems, 192K bytes
and a RAM disk or hard disk
are recommended. It costs $88.
A version that supports the In-
tel 8087 costs $ 1 1 more. Con-
tact Eastern Software Products
Inc., 4804 Tarpon Lane, Alexan-
dria. VA 22309. (703) 360-6942.
Circle 761 on inquiry card.

The SongWright Music Pro-
cessor for the IBM PC lets
you compose, save, edit, trans-
pose, play back, and print out
music. It also aligns lyrics and
chord notations with notes.
SongWright features a two-
octave range, seven key
signatures, multiple time

Talking PC Program

signatures, and chordal har-
mony. DOS 1.1 or 2.0 and
an IBM or Epson graphics
printer are required. The sug-
gested price is $24.95. Contact
SongWright, 928 Fillmore St..
Denver. CO 80206, (303)
321-0481.
Circle 762 on inquiry card.

The PC Talking Program is a
machine-language program that
modifies the IBM PC so that it
becomes a fully functional talk-
ing computer. The Talking Pro-
gram lets you choose total or
spelled speech, and it can iden-
tify uppercase and lowercase
characters as well as line and
column numbers. It can read or

spell out an entire page, current
line, or the character under the
cursor. All its major functions
are controlled by 10 function
keys, and no hardware modifica-
tions are required.

To use the Talking Program,
you need a 64K-byte IBM PC.
an asynchronous RS-232C com-
munications adapter, a speaker

470 B YTE • IUNE 1984

WHAT'S NEW

or headphones, a specially con-
figured RS-232C cable, and a
Votrax Type N Talk, Echo PC, or
other voice synthesizer. The
talking program uses only about
2K bytes of memory. Also
available is a version of the
Talking Program that works with
IDEAssociates IDEAComm 3278
board, which permits the talking
IBM PC to emulate an IBM
3278. A Talking Proofreader can
be obtained. The Talking Pro-
gram can be obtained for Radio
Shack computers and the Lobo
MAX-80. Write Computer Con-
versations, 2350 North 4th St..
Columbus, OH 43202, or call
(614) 263-4324 after 6 p.m.
Circle 763 on inquiry card.

Building Blocks for
Numeric Control

Novum Organum's C Building
Blocks are a set of functions
and subsystems suitable for
such applications as numeric
control and telecommunications.
They interface with PC-DOS and
provide access to all the fea-
tures and peripherals on the
IBM PC.

C Building Blocks 1 provides
access to all system services and
DOS features and control over
peripherals. The database ver-
sion handles keyed access to
variable-length records, while the
mathematics version gives you
the most commonly used arith-
metic functions. Communications
Building Blocks allows data
transfers with interrupt-driven
ports control and protocol file
transfer. Advanced Building
Blocks extends Building Blocks I
by allowing filed input, Julian
dates, and data compression.

C Building Blocks are
delivered on MS-DOS-com-
patible 5!4-inch floppy disks
with comprehensive manuals.
The source code is provided or
available. Mathematics and Ad-
vanced Building Blocks cost $99
each. The others are SI 49. Add
$4.50 for shipping ($6.50 for
UPS air delivery). Contact
Novum Organum, 29 Egerton
Rd„ Arlington. MA 02174. (617)
641-1650.
Circle 764 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE'lfeMPC
NAPLPS Software Word Processor Merges Lists, Defines Keyboard

TVOntario's NAPLPS page/frame
creation software, Createx-C,
runs on the. IBM PC This pro-
gram is said to generate
graphics at high speed, make
database storage more econom-
ical, and reduce transmission
costs. Createx-C can scan a
page to produce a shorter byte
length while retaining the essen-
tial content suitable for both
on-line and broadcast transmis-
sion. It can define up to
262,000 colors, limited only by
the terminal. Because it uses
NAPLPS blinks and color-
mapping codes. Createx-C is
suitable for animation. Other
features include single-keystroke
editing, access to NAPLPS text
features, and full user control
over character path, character
rotation, and text size.

Createx-C requires a NAPLPS
decoder and color monitor. It
costs $1450 for the first license.
Contact TVOntario, POB 200,
Station Q, Toronto, Ontario M4T
2T1, Canada, (416) 484-2606.
Circle 765 on inquiry card.

The XyWrite Il-plus word pro-
cessor lets you merge mailing
lists and define the IBM PCs
keyboard. With its mail-merge
feature, you can integrate
names, addresses, and data
fields. The keyboard definition
function proffers single-keystroke
command-and-text combina-
tions. XyWrite Il-plus has hori-
zontal and vertical split-screen
displays, simultaneous multiple-
file access, and horizontal scroll-
ing. Editing functions include
column moves, indexing, super-
scripts, subscripts, footnotes,
endnotes, foreign-language and
mathematics characters; pagina-
tion, and automatic word wrap.
Background printing, directory
call-up, and on-line help are
provided.

For forms generation, XyWrite
Il-plus will protect fields. Pre-
printed forms and documents
can be filled out. On-screen
page and line indicators, page-
break indicator, tab ruler and
column indicator, micro-justifica-
tion, underlining, and what-you-

see-is-what-you-get printing are
other highlights.

XyWrite Il-plus runs under
PC-DOS versions 1.0, 1,1, 2.0,
and 2.1. It's compatible with
text files from assembly lan-
guages, BASIC, Lotus 1-2-3,
Pascal, VisiCalc, and FORTRAN.
It costs $295, plus $5 shipping,
and is available from XyQuest
Inc., POB 372, Bedford, MA
(617) 275-4439.
Circle 766 on inquiry card.

WmtSMtmammM software- ibm p c > r
^^f^.f^^^J^.^i?!^!? Speaking Software

Alpha Software's Electric Desk,
an integrated, multitasking
software package with windows
for the IBM PCjr, combines
word processing, spreadsheet
analysis, database management,
and communications functions
in a single package. Several
functions can be operated
simultaneously, and switching
from one task to another or
dividing the display screen into
a pair of windows can be
accomplished with two or
three keystrokes.

An integral macro language
lets you program frequently
needed functions, such as a
repetitive series of calculations,
into two-keystroke commands.
Data can be transferred to and
from functions; disk-switching is
not necessary.

Electric Desk's word processor

provides the features available
on most stand-alone word pro-
cessing programs, while the
2 5 5-row by 2 55-column spread-
sheet is said to match any
electronic spreadsheet for the
IBM PC. The database manager
gives you extensive indexing
and can accommodate up to
65,000 records. In addition to
electronic mail and commercial
database-access capabilities,
the communications option lets
you automatically dial tele-
phone numbers stored in the
database.

Electric Desk requires 128K
bytes of RAM and a disk drive.
Most of its code is on ROM car-
tridge. The list price is $295.
Contact Alpha Software Corp.,
30 B St.. Burlington. MA 01803,
(617) 229-2924,
Circle 767 on inquiry card.

PC Speak jr. provides an audio
display screen replacement.
When coupled with the IBM
PCjr and a speech synthesizer.
such as the Votrax Type N Talk,
PC Speak jr. will vocalize word
processors, applications pack-
ages, games, and programming
languages. It can say what is on
the screen or be used to review
the display. Individual lines or
words can be selected, and it
can echo data as it is input.

PC Speak jr. requires a disk
drive, the PCjr's serial adapter,
PC-DOS, and a voice synthe-
sizer. An optional parallel
printer adapter can be used. It
costs $149. Contact Solutions By
Example, POB 307, New Town
Branch, Boston, MA 022 58,
(617) 244-5880.
Circle 768 on inquiry card.

(text continued on page 472)

IUNE 1984

IYTE 471

WHAT'S NEW

SOFTWARE-IBM PCjr
Program-Chaining Pascal Compiler for Jr

Monitor for PCjr

Exec implements program
chaining using the PC-DOS
loader. It permits programs in
one language to effectively
chain programs written in
another language or DOS batch
file. A common data area of the
size necessary to transfer data
structures between programs
can be specified, although only
one program is memory resi-
dent at a time.

Exec requires less than 9K
bytes and runs on the IBM PCjr
and other MS-DOS 2.0-based
computers. The list price is $95.
Contact Blaise Computing Inc..
2034 Blake St.. Berkeley, CA
94704, (415) 540-5441.
Circle 769 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE • APPLE
Apple in Print Shop PractiCalc Spreadsheet

A Pascal language compiler for
the IBM PCjr, Turbo Pascal is
available from Borland Interna-
tional. This high-level language
features a single-pass native-
code compiler, bit/byte manipu-
lation, direct access to the cen-
tral processor's memory,
dynamic strings, include files,
and random-access files. It can
compile more than 2000 lines
of code per minute. Turbo
Pascal's combination compiler/
editor occupies 33K bytes of
the PCjrs memory.

The list price for Turbo Pascal
for the PCjr is $49.95. Contact
Borland International, 4113
Scotts Valley Dr., Scotts Valley,
CA 95066, (408) 438-8400.
Circle 770 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE -OTHER COMPUTERS
Word Processor Links Rainbows to PDP

CT*OS/86 is a word processor
that lets you transfer word-
processor files from DEC VAX
and PDP-11 host computers to
the Rainbow. When in its image-
transfer mode. CT*OS/86 main-
tains full document and mes-
sage-format compatibility be-
tween computers running any
member of the CT*OS family.
This menu-driven system pro-
vides global search and replace.

Keyed Files for Rainbow

cut and paste, list processing, a
spelling corrector, ASCII file
handling, 132-column document
width, stored text libraries, right-
justified margins, scientific
character set, and user-defined
function keys.

A single-user license is S950.
Contact Compu-Tome Inc., 234
East Colorado Blvd., Pasadena,
CA 91101, (2131 796-9371.
Circle 775 on inquiry card.

Applications BASIC gives the
DEC Rainbow keyed-file access,
which facilitates the preparation
of business applications pro-
grams. This utility provides file-
and data-handling functions,
programming aids, and debug-
ging tools. Its file-handling
feature has dynamically
allocated files that can be ac-
cessed by a 1- to 58-character
alphanumeric keyword. The file-
handling capabilities support
ISAM; random and serial files
with automatic field separation
to accommodate up to 65,535
records per file; more than

32,760 characters per record;
and over 32,760 fields per
record. Up to 63 files can be
simultaneously open.

Its data-handling abilities in-
clude automatic variable pass-
ing to other program segments,
automatic decimal rounding,
32,767 character-string lengths,
and numeric-to-string
conversion.

Applications BASIC is S395.
Contact Soft Gold Inc.. POB
2718, Newport Beach, CA
92663. (714) 476-3004.

Circle 776 on inquiry card.

The Print Shop from Broder-
bund Software lets you write,
design, and print your own
greeting cards, stationery, letter-
head, signs, and banners with
your Apple 11+ or lie. It offers
eight different type styles in two
sizes and in solid, outline, and
three-dimensjonal formats. The
Print Shop has nine border
designs, 10 abstract patterns,
and more than a dozen pictures
and symbols with which to
work. A built-in graphics editor
lets you create your own sym-
bols and modify the supplied
ones. You can print illustrations
generated with other programs.

The Print Shop will produce a
greeting that has messages both
inside and outside and full-page
signs. Its text-editing features in-
clude automatic centering, left
and right justification, and pro-
portional spacing.

This program comes with an
assortment of pin-feed paper
and matching envelopes. It re-
quires 48K bytes of memory
and a printer. It costs $49.95.
Contact Broderbund Software,
17 Paul Dr., San Rafael, CA
94903, (415) 479-1170.
Circle 771 on inquiry card.

MasterFORTH on Your
Apple

MasterFORTH for the Apple II
series meets all the provisions
of the FORTH-83 International
Standard. It comes with a built-
in macro assembler with local
labels, a screen editor, and a
string-handling package. Its I/O
streams are fully redirectable.
Floating-point and high-
resolution are options.

MasterFORTH costs $100 to
$160, depending on options. It's
supplied with a FORTH text-
book, reference manual, and a
full listing of the MasterFORTH
nucleus. Contact MicroMotion.
Suite 506, 12077 Wilshire Blvd..
Los Angeles, CA 9002 5. (213)
821-4340.
Circle 772 on inquiry card.

for Apple II

PractiCalc II is a spreadsheet
program for 48K-byte Apple 11 +
and lie computers. In addition
to traditional spreadsheet func-
tions. PractiCalc has word-
processing capabilities, ad-
vanced editing functions,
variable column widths in all
columns, automatic and manual
recalculation, the ability to do
long labels, and an on-screen
default menu. When running on
the Apple lie, it has 80-column.
uppercase and lowercase data-
entry, and printing capabilities.
Other features include alpha
and numeric sorting and search,
prompts for entry during
calculation, and printing of list
formulas.

PractiCalc II costs $69.95.
Contact Micro Software Interna-
tional, The Silk Mill, 44 Oak St.,
Newton Upper Falls, MA 02164,
(617) 527-7510.
Circle 773 on inquiry card.

CAD Program for Apple

Cascade I is a CAD system for
Apple computers. It features a
to 2 55 "level'' range that allows
you to place up to 2 56 different
overlays on the system and dis-
play each one separately. It has
the ability to group objects into
a conglomerate, move objects
as a group, add or delete ob-
jects to or from the group, and
perform other tasks. Pan and
zoom capabilities are provided.

Drawings can incorporate
aligned, directional, and multi-
directional text. Its drafting/
graphics menu has more than
20 items, each with multiple op-
tions. It has six ways to input
arcs; full, quarter, or half
eclipses; four ways to input
circles; and three line
configurations.

Cascade I is £656. It runs on
the Apple 11+ and lie. Contact
Cascade Graphics Development
Ltd., 185 Lower Richmond Rd.,
Richmond, Surrey TW9 4LT,
England; tel: (01) 878-7661;
Telex; 929964.
Circle 774 on inquiry card.

472 BYTE • IUNE 1984

WHAT'S NEW

E-COM Interface for
Tandy 2000

Flash-COM interfaces your
Tandy 2000 to the U.S. Post Of-
fice's E-COM electronic mail ser-
vice. It comes with such mod-
ules as word/text-processing,
forms/screen file management,
mailing-list manager, and com-
munications. Also provided are
more than a dozen standard
business letters and forms.
Flash-COM works with applica-
tions written in a variety of pro-
ductivity tools, including Lotus
1-2-3, dBASE II, WordStar, Volks-
writer, and Perfect Writer.

Flash-COM is S299, which in-
cludes a tutorial for first-time
users. It's also available for the
Apple II/II + , IBM PC and PCjr,
Sanyo MBC550. and CP/M-80
systems. Contact Omni Com-
puter Systems Inc., POB 162,
Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617)
82 5-6700.
Circle 777 on inquiry card.

Reference List Program

Bib/Rite helps you prepare
reference lists quickly and
accurately. With Bib/Rite, you
can enter citations randomly
and later sort them by author
or category. You can add.
delete, and merge citations as
well as edit individual citations.
Bib/Rite also provides automatic
paging and margins, menus and
prompts, and semiautomatic
entry of frequently cited
journals or magazines. Its
capacity is 100 to 150 citations.
Bib/Rite requires a printer and
a minimum of 32K bytes of
memory. Versions of Bib/Rite
will be available for the follow-
ing computers: Radio Shack
TRS-80 Models I, III, and 4,
Apple, IBM PC, and CP/M
systems. It's offered on disk or
tape for the TRS-80. The single-
user price is $45.95. plus S2.50
for handling. For multiple users,
it's $150. The manual is $3.50.
plus $1 for handling. Order
directly from Robert Litke, 432
Cottage Ave., Vermillion, SD
57069, (605) 624-2948.
Circle 778 on inquiry card.

DY / RADIO SHACK
Mail-List Manager for TRS-80

The Mail Pro program is de-
signed for small businesses or
clubs that maintain their mailing
lists on a Radio Shack TRS-80
Model I or III. It's particularly
suited for those lists that ex-
ceed a single disk because its
report- or label-printing abilities
can span records on more than
one drive. Mail Pro can read
identical filenames on different
disk drives and multiple names
on the same drive. It can sort

Super-Bug for CoCo

and print a master list or set of
labels from nine different lists
on up to four drives. User-
defined sorts can be on any
field or within a defined range.
The multiple-access sort creates
its own file while maintaining
the individual file's integrity.
Once a sort is completed,
subsequent printings do not re-
quire a new sort, except if new
information is added.
Mail Pro features five- and

nine-digit ZIP codes and Cana-
dian codes, batch addition
mode, a repeat key, global
search and replace, machine
sort for individual files, two
remark code fields, and a B-Tree
file structure. The capacity is
1400 names per 40-track
double-density disk. The list
price is $39.95. Contact Cush-
man Publishers, 7720 Brandeis
Way, Springfield, VA 22153.
Circle 779 on inquiry card.

Super-Bug is a relocatable
machine-code generator for the
Radio Shack Color Computer.
Suitable for novices and experts
glike. Super-Bug features hexa-
decimal and alphanumeric
memory display and modify;

character string search; a
memory-test facility; a mini
object-code disassembler; and a
64K-byte mode setup.

Super-Bug is available on
cassette and floppy disk for
$29.95 and $32.95, respectively.

Documentation is supplied. A
16K-byte or larger system is re-
quired. Contact Mark Data Prod-
ucts, 24001 Alicia Parkway #207,
Mission Viejo, CA 92691, (714)
768-1551.
Circle 780 on inquiry card.

S O F T W A R E • C P / M
MC68000 Cross-Assembler Package

/ M S

A68K, a cross assembler for the
Motorola 68000 series, com-
prises an assembler, linker, and
library utility. The assembler
and linker are source- and
object-compatible with the
VERSAdos assembler and linker
used in Motorola's development
systems. A68K accepts all the
op codes and extensions as
defined in the MC68000 users
manual, and it supports nested
macros, nested conditional as-
sembly, nested structured pro-
gramming constructs, absolute
and relocatable code genera-
tion, and a nested include facili-
ty. The size of source files is
hot limited because the symbol
table overflows to disk when
the main memory capacity is
exceeded.

A disk-resident macro library
(not supported by Motorola as-
semblers) can be created with
the library utility. The library
provides for the interactive
editing of macro or object
libraries. Any number and size
of macros can be used in a

single assembly, permitting the
assembly of arbitrarily large
files on small machines.

The linker accepts a control
file that determines how the
load file is to be constructed.
Its commands determine which
object files are to be included
and what areas of memory are
to be assigned to relocatable
sections of code. Any number
of object-library files created by
the library utility can be used in
a single link. The linker pro-
duces Motorola S records, Intel
Hex records, or a binary format.
A memory map and the version
and modification levels from
1DNT directives in the source-
assembly modules are pro-
duced. On CP/M-86 and PC-DOS
systems, the time and date of
assembly is listed.

A68K comes on 5M- or 8-inch
disks for CP/M-80. CP/M-86, and
IBM PC-DOS. The CP/M-80 ver-
sion is $200; the others are
$250. Contact Farbware. 1329
Gregory, Wilmette. IL 60091.
Circle 782 on inquiry card.

D os WMIIilliiilMffli
Scientific Subprograms

Three ANSI-standard FORTRAN
subprograms for scientific ap-
plications are available: Linear
Least Squares (LLSQ), Large-
Integer Programming (LIPS), and
Linear Programming (LPSUBS).

LLSQ provides routines for
singular-value decompositions,
banded or constrained least-
squares problems, and House-
holder's method for linear least
squares. For applications that
must arithmetically manipulate
integers with many digits, LIPS
has routines to perform addi-
tion, subtraction, multiplication,
division, modular exponentia-
tion, and order relations.
LPSUBS lets you use the mathe-
matical methods in the interac-
tive LP-2000 Linear Program-
ming System in your own appli-
cations.

MS-DOS is required. LPSUBS
is $99; the others are $80. Con-
tact Software Designs 2000.
Mathematical Products Division,
POB 13238. Albuquerque, NM
87192, (505) 294-2165.
Circle 781 on inquiry card.

[text continued on page 474)
IUNE 1984 -BYTE 473

WHAT'S NEW

PUBLICATIONS

UNIX Software
Directory

Onager Publishing has
announced the availability of
the second edition of the UNIX
Applications Software Directory. This
edition lists more than 400
packages in 27 categories.
Information on the cost,
hardware requirements, and the
name, address, and telephone
number of the suppliers for
each package is provided.
Other pertinent details
necessary to obtain the package
are given. The directory also
includes a cross-reference
matrix where software is listed
by function and application.
Among the categories are
DOSes, diagnostic tools,
graphics, word/text processors,
network handlers, database
managers, spreadsheets, and
BASIC, C. COBOL, and Pascal
compilers.

The UNIX Applications Software
Directory, second edition, is $50.
Contact Onager Publishing,
6451 Standridge Court, San
lose, CA 95123, (408) 225-3541.
Circle 783 on inquiry card.

UNIX and C Journal
from Down Under

An Australian UNIX and C
journal, /USER includes a
regular section on medical
informatics on systems running
UNIX. Annual overseas sub-
scriptions are $30. Australian
subscriptions are $24. Contact
Structured Language Resources,
121 Borg St., Scoresby 3179.
Victoria, Australia.
Circle 785 on inquiry card.

Indicator/Lamp Catalog

A full-color, short-form catalog
covering a complete range of
miniature lamps and indicators
for printed-circuit boards,
instrument panels, push-button
switches, legend illumination,
telephones, switchboards,
control panels, and industrial
controls is available free of
charge. Contact Ledtronics Inc.,
4009 Pacific Coast Highway,
Torrance, CA 90505. (213)
373-5437.
Circle 786 on inquiry card.

Guide Lists Nearly 24,000 ICs

Apple Software Book for 1984

The Book of Apple Software, 1984
edition, is available from The
Book Company. This reference
and review guide describes,
evaluates, and rates more than
100 programs for the Apple II
and He. It has reports on
recently introduced programs as
well as updated reviews on the
latest versions of previously an-
nounced packages. Programs
are graded in such areas as
ease of use, documentation,
value for the money, and ven-
dor support. In addition, overall
grades are assigned to each
program. Evaluations and
ratings are performed by in-
dependent reviewers, each pur-
ported to be an expert in her
or his field. Also included is a
list of software vendors and ad-
'ice on obtaining maximum use
f your Apple.
T he Book of Apple Software is

available at bookstores and
computer retailers. The sug-
gested price is $19.95. Other
publications offered by The
Book Company cover Atari and
IBM PC software and Com-
modore 64 color graphics. For
further information, contact The
Book Co., 11223 South Hindry
Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90045,
(213) 410-9466.
Circle 784 on inquiry card.

Nearly 24.000 different
integrated circuits are profiled
and cross-indexed in the I. C
functional Equivalence Guide from
D.A.T.A. Inc. Chips are grouped
on the basis of a pin-for-pin
equivalence, which simplifies
selection, substitution, and pur-
chasing. The primary specifica-
tions for each device are listed,
and devices with the same tech-
nologies and electrical charac-
teristics are batched together.
Categories include gates,

latches, flip-flops, counters,
RAMs, ROMs, shift registers,
interfaces, memory/clock drivers,
logical buffers/drivers, and
digital multiplexers.

A one-year, two-edition sub-
scription costs $95. Contact
DATA. Inc., POB 26875, San
Diego, CA 92126, (800) 854-
7030; in California, (619) 578-
7600. In Canada, call (800)
268-7742, operator 83.
Circle 787 on inquiry card.

Power Conditioners Described in Catalog

Oneac Corporation has
produced a 16-page catalog
that discusses power-supply
problems and provides detailed
descriptions of its power
conditioners. This two-color
catalog presents product
specifications in easy-to-read
charts illustrated by photo-
graphs. A chart of applications
and detailed information on
sizing conditioners for different
applications are supplied.
Illustrations showing plugs

and receptacles serve as an
aid to finding a power
conditioner compatible with
your system.

The conditioners outlined in
the catalog, Oneac's Condition
One and Conpact, are said to
be suitable for all computers
and computerized telecommuni-
cations and test equipment.
Contact Oneac Corp.. 2207
Lakeside Dr., Bannockburn, IL
60015, (312) 295-2800.
Circle 788 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS
Premium Quality "Universal" Disks

Platinum Series disks from
Capitol Data Systems, a division
of Capitol Records Inc., run on
any 5!/4-inch disk drive. Both
sides of all disks are certified
error-free across the full surface
of the recording medium. This
means that they can be used in

; WHERE DO NEW PRODUCT ITEMS COME FROM? j

; The new products listed in this section of BYTE are culled from the ■
: thousands of press releases, letters, and telephone calls we receive :
'• each month from manufacturers and distributors. The basic criteria •
; for selection for publication are a) does a product match our readers' ;
; interests, and b) is it new or simply a "reintroduction" of an old item. ;
: If you want your product to be considered for publication (at no :
• charge), send full information about it. including its price and an ad- C
; dress and telephone number where a reader can get more informa- •
: tion. Send this to the New Products Editor. BYTE, POB 372, Han- j
: cock, NH 03449. :

single- and double-sided con-
figurations at single, double, or
quad density. The disks are
manufactured with two index
holes and write-protect notches
cut into both edges of the
jacket, so that they can be
flipped over for doubled capaci-
ty on single-sided systems.
Capitol is manufacturing the
Platinum Series to exceed ANSI
standards and warrants them
"forever, if maintained properly."
Suggested price for a box of 10
disks is $55. For more informa-
tion, contact Capitol Data
Systems, 1750 North Vine St.,
Los Angeles. CA 90028, (213)
462-62 52; in California, (800)
821-7140.
Circle 789 on inquiry card.

BYTE • JUNE 1984

NEED A BREAK ^

Come on dovra ito^pteCwmtry!

We make it our business

to offer ROCK BOTTOM PRICES on quality computers and programs.

We invite you to join our high volume of satisfied users.

CHECK US OUT TODAY- CALL 1-800-222-2602

MONITORS

AMDEK COLOR I PLUS 309.95

AMDEK COLOR II PLUS 454.95

AMDEK COLOR IV 819.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (GREEN) 139.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (AMBER) 154.95

AMDEK VIDEO 310 (AMBER) 174.95

BMC 12" GREEN 89.95

BMC 13" COLOR 249.95

BMC 13" RGB AP2 COLOR 379.95

BMC 13" RGB IBM 449.95

COMREX 9" HI-RES AMBER 119.95

COMREX 13" COLOR W/SOUND 289.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES AMBER 139.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES GREEN 134.95

COMREX 13" RGB COLOR 274.95

GORILLA 12" AMBER 99.95

GORILLA 12" GREEN 89.95

NEC 12" HI-RES GREEN 154.95

NEC 12" ECONO GREEN 109.95

NEC 12" LO-RES COLOR 294.95

NEC 12" AMBER SCREEN 164.95

NEC 12" COLOR - IBM 439.95

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 519.95

SAKATA 13" COLOR 294.95

SAKATA 13" RGB COLOR 549.95

SAKATA SUPER RGB 749.95

SAKATA 12" GREEN 119.95

SANYO CTR-70 HIRES COLOR 629.95

TAXAN 12" GREEN 129.95

TAXAN 12" AMBER 139.95

TAXAN RGB VISION I 329.95

TAXAN RGB VISION III 464.95

TAXAN RGB 420 IBM 549.95

ZENITH 12" AMBER 119.95

ZENITH 12" GREEN 99.95

ZENITH RGB ZVM-135 COLOR 524.95

USI 9" AMBER PI-4 129.95

USI 9" GREEN PI- 1 119.95

USI 12" AMBER PI-3 144.95

USI 12" GREEN PI-2 129.95

USI 14" LO-RES COLOR 309.95

MODEMS

ANCHOR MARK I (RS-232) 84.95

ANCHOR MARK II (ATARI) 84.95

ANCHOR MARK VII (RS-232) 119.95

ANCHOR MARK XII (RS-232) 289.95

ANCHOR VOLKSMODEM 64.95

NOVATION J-CAT 119.95

NOVATION 212 AUTO CAT 624.95

RIXON R212A 1200 BAUD 429.95

SMARTCAT 103/212 429.95

SMARTCAT 103 199.95

SMARTMODEM 300 BAUD 219.95

SMARTMODEM 1200 BAUD 484.95

SMARTMODEM 1200B - IBM 419.95

US ROBOTICS AUTODIAL 212 499.95

US ROBOTICS PASSWORD 379.95

DISKETTES

SS/SD ELEPHANT 16.95 OPUS 17.95
SS/DD ELEPHANT 19.95 OPUS 20.95
DS/DD ELEPHANT 25.95 OPUS 26.95

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-9501B 1099.95

ANADEX DP-9625B 1299.95

ANADEX DP-9620B 1179.95

ANADEX WP-6000 2299.95

ANADEX DP-6500TR 500CPS 2529.95
ANADEX 9725B COLOR 1394.95
C.ITOH A10 DAISY WHEEL 569.95
C.ITOH 8510SP 499.95

C.ITOH 8600BP 849.95

C.ITOH 8510 SCP COLOR 579.95
COMREX CR-II DAISY WHEEL 499.95
DAISYWRITER 2000 48K 1129.95
DELTA- 10 429.95

DELTA- 15 624.95

EPSON FX-80 W/TRACTOR 529.95
EPSON FX-100 F/T 719.95

EPSON MX-100 F/T 449.95

EPSON RX-80 284.95

EPSON RX-80 F/T 339.95

EPSON RX-100 719.95

EPSON LQ-1500 1189.95

GEMINI 10X 284.95

GEMINI 15X 409.95

GORILLA BANANNA 189.95

IDS MICROPRISM 480 429.95
IDS PRISM 132 1459.95

JUKI 6100 PRINTER ( P) 464.95
MANNESMANN TALLY MT160L 639.95
MANNESMANN TALLY MT180L 879.95
MANNESMANN TALLY SPIRIT 349.95
NEC 3550 SPINWRITER-IBM 1999.95
OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 279.95
OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350S 2329.95
OKIDATA PACEMARK 2410P 2569.95
OKIDATA PACEMARK 2410S 2639.95
OKIDATA 82A W/OKIGRAPH 379.95
OKIDATA 83A W/OKIGRAPH 664.95
OKIDATA 84P 1099.95

OKIDATA 84S 1199.95

OKIDATA 92P 484.95

OKIDATA 93P 799.95

OKIDATA 93S 894.95

PANASONIC P1090 334.95

PANASONIC P1091 394.95

PRINTMASTER (DAISY) 1439.95
PROWRITER I (8510P) 354.95
PROWRITER II (1550P) 569.95
QUME SPRINT 11/40+ 1439.95
SANYO PR5500 DAISY WHEEL 719.95
STAR POWER-TYPE DAISY 409.95
STARWRITER DAISY WHEEL 1139.95
TOSHIBA P-1351 LP 1719.95
TRANSTAR 315 COLOR 499.95
TRANSTAR 120P 14CPS 464.95
TRANSTAR 13 OP 18CPS 679.95
TRANSTAR MOP 40CPS 1329.95
MICROBUFFERI EPSON RS232) 129.95
GRAFITTI CARD (APPLE) 89.95
GRAPPLER + (APPLE) 119.95
MICROBUFFERII 16KIAPPLE) 154.95
PKASO PRINTER I/F(APPLE) 139.95
WIZARD BPO 16K (APPLE) 139.95
WIZARD SOB 16K (APPLE) 199.95

OTHER PRINTERS AVAILABLE

COMPUTERS

APPLE lie STARTER SYSTEM LOW! !
APPLE MACINTOSH COMPUTER LOW! !

ATARI 600XL COMPUTER 199.95
ATARI 800XL COMPUTER 309.95
ATARI 850 INTERFACE 199.95
ATARI 1027 PRINTER 289.95
COMMODORE 64 COMPUTER LOW! !
COMMODORE 1541 DISK DRIVE LOW!!

EAGLE PC PLUS-2 SYSTEM 3399.95
128K, 2 -DS/DD DRIVES,
MONITOR, EAGLEWRITER, MS-DOS,
EAGLECALC, & CP/M-86
EAGLE SPIRIT-II 2559.95

EAGLE SPIRIT-XL 3959.95

PORTABLE 128K EXPANDABLE TO
640K ON BOARD, 1 320K FLOPPY,

10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK, IBM

COMPATABLE KEYBOARD, 2 SERIAL

1 PARALLEL PORT, MS-DOS 2.0,

MONOCHROME MONITOR, CP/M 86

NEC APC-H01 2239.95

NEC APC-H02 2799.95

NEC 8201 COMPUTER 649.95

SANYO 550-1 1SS/DD DRIVE 819.95

SANYO 555-1 2SS/DD DRVE 1124.95

SANYO 550-2 1DS/DD DRIVE 999.95

SANYO 555-2 2DS/DD DRVE 1429.95

APPLE HARDWARE S SOFTWARE

ZENITH IBM COMPATABLE
ZENITH W/10 MEG DSK

2649.95
3999.95

WILDCAT STARTER SYSTEM 1329.95

APPLE II COMPATABLE SYSTEM

64K, DETACHABLE KEYBOARD,

2 APPLE COMPATABLE DISK DRIVES,

HI-RES 12" AMBER MONITOR,

RBG & COMPOSITE COLOR OUTPUT,

2 CPU'S (Z-80 A s 6502) ,

80-COLUMN CARD & JOYSTICK

TAVA PC -IBM COMPATIBLE 1999.95

128K-RAM, 2 SERIAL PORTS,

1 PARALLEL PORT, 2 DS/DD DRIVES,

COLOR GRAPHICS CARD, & MORE.

WALNUT PC - IBM PC COMPATIBLE

SPECIAL $1799.95
128K RAM, 2 DS/DD DRIVES , SERIAL,
PARALLEL, COLOR CARD & SOFTWARE.

IQ TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

SMART CABLES

INSTANT RS-232 CONNECTIONS

#817 (WORKHORSE) 79.95
#821 DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES 164.95

* ONE CABLE FITS ALL *

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE-ONLY
4TH DIMENSION DRIVE+CTRL
ALS CP/M CARD
APPLE-CAT II MODEM
BANK STREET WRITER
BUFFERED GRAPPLER+
d-BASE II (REQ Z-80)
HAYES MICROMODEM He
MACH II JOYSTICK He
MACH III JOYSTICK He
MASTERTYPE

MICROBUFFER 11+ 16K (P)
PFS:FILE

PKASO/U PRINTER I/F
PREMIUM SOFTCARD He
QUADRAM 64K80COL CRD He
VIDEX VIDEOTERM W/SFTSW
VIDEX ULTRATERM

IBM

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD
KOALA PAD TOUCH TABLET
KRAFT JOYSTICK
MICROPRO PRO PACK
MICROSOFT SYSTEMCRD 256K
MICROSOFT MOUSE
MOUSE SYSTEMS PC MOUSE
QUADCHROME MONITOR
QUADLINK APPLE EMULATOR
QUADRAM QUADBOARD I 64K
QUADRAM QUADCOLOR I
RANA DS/DD DISK DRIVE
STB SUPER I/O MULTIFUNCT
TG JOYSTICK W/TOGGLE
TRANSEND P.C. MODEM 1200
VERSAWRITER GRAPH TABLET
WIZARD SPOOLER P/S 16K

COMMODORE 64

CARDBOARD/5 5 SLOT EXPAN. 64

CARD? GRAPHICS INTERFACE 69.
DATA20 Z-80 VIDEOPAK 229.
DELPHI'S ORACLE DATA BASE 89

DISKEY 34.

DONKEY KONG 34

EASY SCRIPT64 34

EASY SPELL 64 34

FLIGHT SIMULATOR II 39

HOME ACCOUNTANT 54.

HOMEWORD WORD PROCESSOR 49.

JOUST 35.

KOALA PAD TOUCH TABLET 79.

MERLIN 64 ASSEMBLER 35,
MSD-SD1 DISK DRIVE 399,

MULTIPLAN 74,

OMNI-CALC 34,

PAPER CLIP W/P 64.

PAC-MAN 37 ,

POPEYE 39,

ROBOTRON 37 .

S.A.M. 44.

SARGON II 27.

VOICE BOX 84.

199.95

299.95

284.95

49.95

199.95

499.95

234.95

34.95

41.95

29.95

199.95

89.95

139.95

384.95

124.95

239.95

294.95

389
119,

49,
419,
479,
139,
219,
589.
519,
299,
229.
274,
184,

44,
439,
249,
249.

We will try to meet or beat any advertised price! ...WE CAN HELP 1-800 222-2602

For technical assistance, order status and California calls (619) 765-0239 Apple Country, Ltd.,

P.O. Box 1099, 2602 Washington St., Julian, Calif. 92036 c

We accept AmEx. Prices reflect 2% discount for V1SA/MC cash & check (2 weeks to clear). S&H in continental US
5%($5 min) Monitors $10min. APO/FPO & others call. Calif add 6% tax. P.O. must include check. No COD. All orders
prepaid. All items are new with Mfgr's warranty. Prices, products & terms subject to change without notice. All sales
final. Returns require RMA#. No returns on software. Volume discounts available.

Apple Country, Ltd. is a DISCOUNT MAIL ORDER HOUSE for the micro computer industry and is a
California corporation not affiliated with Apple Computer Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 32 on Inquiry card.

UNE I984 - BYTE 475

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

(TlEEfl-BVTES FDR mtCRD-BUOGETS

enpand your system... shrink your cost.

Why pay more for top quality peripherals and accessories when our prices are consistently among the lowest anywhere?

We invite you to compare prices, then call us.

MICROSOFT. SALE PRICE

MULTIPLAN $176.00

MULTIWORD WITH MOUSE 339.63

MULTITOOL FINANCIAL STATEMENT 70.49

MULTITOOL BUDGET 104.96

SOFTCARD SYSTEM CARDS CALL

VIDEX SALE PRICE

UL-00 ULTRATERM $270.00

VT-600 VIDEOTERM 60 Hz 197.50

VT-601 VIDEOTERM 60 Hz SOFTSWITCH 218.71

VT-602 VIDEOTERM 60 Hz SOFTSWITCH INVER 225.80

PS-000 PSIO 162- 10

ENH-FS-001 ENHANCER II, FUNCTION STRIP 726.70

MISC. ITEMS PRICE

92P OKIDATA PRINTER . . $485. 10
NEC JB1260 MONITOR .... 7/2.50
FX 80 EPSON PRINTER . . . .535.00
SHARP PC-5000 CALL

MISC. ITEMS PRICE

93P OKIDATA PRINTER . . . .372.70
NEC JB1205 MONITOR .... 777.50
FX 100 EPSON PRINTER . . .689.00
PENCEPT INC PENPAD 320. . 850.00

AMDEK COLOR II MONITOR 466.50

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200B (IBM PC) 425.00

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200 (RS-232) 499.00

IBM PC 256K, 2 FLOPPY DRIVES CALL

BAUSCH & LOMB DMP-29 PLOTTER 1,885.00

$CALL

LEADING EDGE Personal Computer

• 50% Faster than IBM PC! -2S6K • Clock

• 2 Floppy Disk Drives • 12' Hi-resolution Monitor

• DOS, BASIC and Word Processing Software Included!

DYSAN DISKETTES (Boxes of 10 each) SALE PRICE

104/1 B'/i" SINGLE SIDE, SINGLE DENSITY $37.20

104/1D m" SINGLE SIDE, DOUBLE DENSITY 32.98

104/2D 5V4" DOUBLE SIDE, DOUBLE DENSITY 38.99

3740/1 8" SINGLE SIDE, SINGLE DENSITY 32.39

3740/1D 8" SINGLE SIDE, DOUBLE DENSITY 40. 79

3740/2 8" DOUBLE SIDE, SINGLE DENSITY 40. 19

3740/2D 8" DOUBLE SIDE, DOUBLE DENSITY 46.89

GREAT LAKES (PEGASUS) HARD DISK SYSTEMS SALE PRICE

10 MEGABYTE INTERNAL $1149.00

10 MEGABYTE EXTERNAL 1295.00

23 MEGABYTE EXTERNAL 7395.00

40 MEGABYTE EXTERNAL 2449.00

65 MEGABYTE EXTERNAL 3249.00

140 MEGABYTE EXTERNAL 4995.00

TAPE DRIVE 23 MEGABYTE INTERNAL 950.00

TAPE DRIVE 23 MEGABYTE STAND ALONE 1249.00

ORDERS ONL Y 800-858-4810
IN CALIF. 800-821-6662

COMMERCIAL BUSINESS SYSTEMS

2858 S. ROBERTSON BLVD., LOS ANGELES, CA 90034

INFORMATION
1213) 559-0596

Phone orders accepted on Visa and Mastercard only. California residents add 6.5% sales tax. No C.O.D. Actual shipping and handling charge added to all orders.
Prepaid orders as follows: Money orders or cashier's check-merchandise shipped upon receipt. Personal checks must clear before shipping. 20% restocking fee.

Prices and availability subject to change. $100 minimum order.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)
FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES

ITEM +5V OVP

12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

NO. 806 & NO. 516 Mainframes Kit 1 , 2 & 3 for S-100 R 2 ,nV° r 2 Drives(Floppy&Hard)

OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT.
5V (or -12V) +24V(OR 4 12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE

5-7A PEAK

13A

10" x 6" x 5"

5" x 4%"

105.95
95.95

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)
S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

+ 5VOVP - 5V (or - 12V) +24V (or + 12V) 1 8V Unreg. ±12V SIZEWxD xH PRIC E

ITEM

IDEAL FOR

1A
1A
1A

2.5A - 5A Peak
3A - 5A Peak
6A - 8A Peak
6A - 8A Peak

R 2x8" SLIMLINE 2.5A

R, 2 x 8" or 2 x 5'A" DISK 4A

Ro r3x8"(or5V4")FLOPPY] 6A

R 3 [or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ 6A

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

| TE M (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V I 16V 16V + 28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

5" x 4" x 4"

8" x 4" x 3%"

10" x 4%" x 3%"

9" x 6V4" x 4%"

51.95
56.95
71.95
98.95

S3 S 4 forS-100&2Drives

8.00

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF.;
$8 00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA.
FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES

KIT 1
KIT 2
KIT 3

15 CARDS

20 CARDS

DISK SYSTEM

15A
25A
15A

2.5A
3A
3A

12" x 5" x 4%"

12"x5"x4%"

13V2" x5"x4 7 /a"

54.95
61.95
69.95

6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy & tested only $399t9S $299.95 ♦ shipping $ia oo

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO 806 OR 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR ;•
RESET SwiTCH .4V COOLING FAN . S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE . (1 10/220 VAC. 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR D^K DRIVES & S-100
SI OTS .2 EA DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES . 9 EA. CUT-OUTS; 7 FOR DB25
CONNECTOR 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR 8, 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH 8 LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT. 28 LBS.
ITEM#8b6 IFOR 2 EA 8 THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TMB48-1 & 848-2 OR EOUIV .). OR ONE HARD DISK. POWER SUPPLY: + 8V/8A, 1 16V/3A.
- 5V/5A OVP. 5V/1A » 24V/5A SIZE: 12 (W) X 19.5"(D) X 9 8"(H). No.

$12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF.

DEALER

INQUIRIES

INVITED

RESIDENTS ADD
6.5% SALES TAX.

806

Mainframe

MAILING ADDRESS:
[ nam ] p.o. BOX 4296

" ij TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

476 B YTE • IUNE 1984

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:
22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE [
TORRANCE, CA 90502 [

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER DISCOUNT PRODUCTS

HUGE Inventories of APPLE & IBM Products IN STOCK
• ASK ABOUT OUR FAIR PRICE POLICY - /F5 GUARANTEED!*

CDP SPECIALS

16K UPGRADE 41 16 200 NS (Set/8) 9.99

64K UPGRADE 4164 200 NS (Set/9) 79.99

APPLE FAN w/Surge, 2 Outlets 39.99

PAR PRINTER CARD & CABLE 39.99

16K RAM CARD 39.99

POWER STRIP w/Surge 17.99

VCR TRAINING TAPES SCALL I

DISKETTES

DY3AN 5" SS/DD (10)

31.99

DYSAN 5" DS/DD (10)

38.99

MAXELL 5" SS/DD (10)

27.99

MAXELL 5" DS/DD (10)

37.99

VERBATIM 5' SS/DD (10)

24.99

VERBATIM 5 - DS/DD (10)

3S.99

EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE SPECIAL

10% OFF CASE QUANTITIES

Additional 10% OFF your order of any 5
educational programs from DLM,
EDUWARE LEARNING COMPANY
or SPINNAKER.

MIX OR MATCH

SP//Y/YME0 =

ALPHABET ZOO
DELTA DRAWING
FACEMAKER
FRACTION FEVER
HEY DIDDLE
KINDERCOMP
MOST AMAZING THING
RHYME & RIDDLE
SNOOPER TROOPS I S II
STORY MACHINE

19.99
32.99
21.99
21.99
19.99
19.99
26.99
19.99
27.99
21.99

^Continental

1 APPLE GRAPHICS BOOK

14.99 1

1 CPA (GL, AP, AR, PAY) ea149.99 1
1 FCM/FL 1st CLASS MAIL (AP) 59.99 1
1 FCM/FL 1st CLASS MAIL (IBM) 71.99 1
1 HOME ACCOUNTANT* (IBM) 84.99 1
1 HOMEACCNT. + (KAYPRO. OSB) 59.99 1
1 HOME ACCNT. + (Tl PRO) 119.99 1
1 PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 295.99 1
1 TAX ADVANTAGE (Ap) 39.99 1

1 ULTRAFILE (IBM) 155.99 I
1 HOME ACCNT (AP) 44.99

.KENSINGTON
'MICROWARE

SYSTEM SAVER

• Surge Suppression

• Fits Apple Stand

• Dual Outlet />p

• U.L. Listed $ DO

^ APPLE
^SOFTWARE

ACCESSORIES

ReagjeBreC

BPI (GL, AP, AR, PAY. INV) ea2B9.99

BRODERBUND Arcade Machine 39.99

Bank Street Writer 44.99

Drol, Loderunner ea24.99

CENTRAL POINT Copy II + 25.99

DATAMOST Aztec 26.99

DATASOFT Zaxxon 24.99

DLM Alien Addition Sch • 37.99, H - 27.99

Alligator Mix Sch ■ 37.99, H ■ 27.99

Demolition Division Sch - 37.99, H ■ 27.99

Dragon Mix Sch • 37.99, H - 27.99

Meteor Multiplication Sch • 37,99, H ■ 27.99

Minus Mission Sch - 37.99, H • 27.99

Verb Viper/Word Invasion ea37.99

Word Man/Word Master ea37.99

Word Radar/Spelling Wiz ea37.99

EDUWARE Algebra l-lll 31.99

Counting Bee 23.99

Decimals/Fractions 3 ea39.99

Hands on Basic 61.99

PSAT Word Attack 39.99

SAT Word Attack 39.99

FLIGHT SIMULATOR II 37.99

HAYDEN Piewnter 94.99

Sargon II 24.99

Sargon III 34.99

JACK REPORT 74.99

KENSINGTON Format II 119.99

LEARNING CO Bumble Games 26.99

Bumble Plot'Magic Spell e«26.99

Gertrudes Puzzle/Secret M29.99

Juggles Rainbow 19.99

Moplown Parade/Hotel ea26.99

Rocky's Boots 34.99

MASTERTYPE 29.99

MICROLAB Miner 20-49er 27.99

MICROSOFT Mutiplan 165.99

ODESTA Chess 45.99

Odin 37.99

iriFoconx

DEADLINE (Ap/IBM)
ENCHANTER (Ap/IBM)
PLANETFALL (Ap/IBM)
SUSPENDED (Ap/IBM)
WITNESS (Ap/IBM)

STARCROSSorZORKI, II, I

32.99
32.99
32.99
32.99
32.99

FLIP'N FILE (original)
FLIP'N FILE w/Locktray (25)
FLIP'N FILE w/Locklray (50)
HAYES 300 Baud Smartmodem

1200 Baud Smartmodem
LIBRARY CASE
KENSINGTON PC Savet
PRINTERS C-ITOH

Epson FX80

Epson RXB0

Okidata 82-93
PRINTER STAND Sm. (plxgls)
PRINTER STAND Lg, (plxgls)
RIBBONS-Brolher

MX S FX 80

MX & FX 100

OKI 82, 83. 92, 93 5 Gemini

17.99

27.99

199.99

474.99

1.99

29.99

379.99

549.99

349.99

SCALL

24.99

29.99

SCall

4.9

7.9

34.99

FINGERPRINT: Epson Upgrade
RX, FX, MX 44.99

-£. APPLE

— HARDWARE

19.99
SCALL
25.99
19.99
65.99
219.99
SCALL
85.99
44.99
31.99
359.99
209.99
159.99
114.99
119.99
179.99
24.99
379.99
444.99
199.99
119.99

AUTO REPEAT KEY

BASIS 106

DAN PAYMAR Lower Case 1 (rev U

Lower Case 2 (rev 7)
DARK STAR Snapshot II
FOURTH DIMENSION Drive
HAYES Micromodem lie
KOALA PAD
KRAFT Joystick

Paddles
LEGEND 128K Ram
MICR0-SC A-2 Drive
MOUNTAIN Ramplus + 32K
ORANGE MICRO Grappler t

Bufferboard

Buffered Grappler +
PADDLE ADAPPLE
SATURN 128K Ram

Accelerator II

Neptune 64K
WILDCARD II

Vz Height DS/DD Drive
ALPHA Typefaces
ASHTON TATE dBase II

Friday

Encyclopedia
AST Combo Plus

Six Pack Plus
BRODERBUND Serpentine

Lode Runner
CAl Masters

Subjects
CENTRAL POINT Copy
EDUWARE Algebra I
HAYDEN Piewnter
HAYES I200B Modem
KRAFT Joystick
LIFETREE Volkswriter
MASTERTYPE
LOTUS 1-2-3

MICROLAB Miner 20-49er
MICROSOFT Mouse

Multiplan
NORTON Utilities
PC CRAYON

Tutor
PFS Write

File

Report

Graph
POOL 15

SIERRA ON-LINE Frogger
SIR-TECH Wizardry
SUBLOGIC Pinball
TG Joystick
TITAN 64K BOARD
VISICORP. Visicalc

Schedule

239.99
79.99
399.99
184.99
59.99
299.99
279.99
26.99
24.99
C331.99
ea16.99
25.99
29.99
129.99
439.99
44.99
119.99
26.99
329.99
27.99
129.99
165.99
55.99
49.99
47.99
109.99
109.99
109.99
109.99
27.99
26.99
44.99
29.99
44.99
499.99
164.99
oa199.99

PLANTRONICS ColorPlus 375.99

ALS CP/M 3.0 259.99

Scevta
ON-LINE INC

21.99
46.99
49.99
61.99
36.99
HEW!
NEW!

FROGGER (Ap)
GENERAL MANAGER
HOME WORD
SCREENWRITER II
ULTIMA II

BC QUEST FOR TIRES
OILS WELL

ALPHA PLOT 24.99

APPLE MECH „ FLEX TEXT M19.99

BEAGLE BASIC 24.99

DOS BOSS 15.99

DOUBLE TAKE 24.99

FRAME-UP 16.99

PRONTO DOS 19.99

TIP DISK #1 14.99

TYPEFACES 14.99

UTILITY CITY 19.99

QUADRAMt

APIC (APPLE III PARALLEL) 129.99

eRAM 80 column 64K HE SCALL

MICROFAZER 8K Parallel 139.99

MICROFAZER 8K Serial 159.99

OUADBOARD I or II (64K) 269.99

QUADCOLOR I 219.99

QUADCOLOR II 209.99

QUAD 512 + (64K) 219.99

eFAZER SCALL

I ENHANCER II

99.99 1

1 FUNCTION STRIP

34.99 1

1 HARDSWITCH

16.99 1

■ MICROMODEM CHIP

24.99 1

I PSI0

169.99 1

■ PRE-BOOTS Apple Writer

14.99 1

i ; Apple Writer for Ultralerm

23.99 1

J Visicalc

39.99 1

1 Visicalc/Memory Expansion

71.99 1

i Visicalc for Ultralerm

54.99 1

i SOFTSWITCH

25.99 1

1 ULTRAPLAN

SCALL 1

1 ULTRATERM

249.99 1

IVIDEOTERM w/SS + INV

219,99 |

MicroPro

MAILMERGE 139.99

SPELLSTAR 139.99

WORDSTAR PRO 389.99

INFOSTAR& WORDSTAR ea. 259.99

MONITORS

PRINCETON RGB HX-12
TAXAN 420 RGB
USI Pi 1 9 ' Green 20 mh
USIPi2 12"Green20mh
USI Pi 3 12" Amber 20 mh
USI Pi 4 9 - Amber 20 mh
USI 1400C Color Composite

119.99
129.99
109.99
279.99

Novation

103 Smart Cat

103/212 Auto Cat

J Cat

Access 123 (IBM)

Applecat II

Applecat Upgrade 1200 Baud

Cat Modem

Expansion Module

249.99
309.00
135.99
29.99

MAIL & PHONE
ORDER DESKS:

Open At 6AM (PST)

860 S. Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128

(408) 985-0400

COMPUTER DISCOUNT PRODUCTS

SAN JOSE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.
San Uose, CA 95128

SAN MATEO

4228 Olympic Ave.
San Mateo, CA 94403

SAN FRANCISCO

1230 Market St.
San Francisco, CA 94102

(408)241-2300 (415)571-1658 (415)626-2244

San Jose Store Open Daily At 8AM • Call for All Stores' Convenient Shopping Hours

No Charge For Credit Cards
Prices Subject To Change
Software Sales Are Final
International Orders Welcome
Min. UPS Chg. $4 + Ins.
Min. US Postal Chg. $10
P.O's Welcome -Call First

Our specialty: 68000, DEC, graphic, database, communication, export

Come visit us in our New York City Showroom *IBM COMPATIBLE

PRINTER
MICRO- 1 1 cps, 84 x 84, graphic . . 379

PRISM RS-232/parallel, pin & friction

EPSON FX-80, FX-100 CALL

BANANA 50 cps , . 195

OKIDATA Full Line , . CALL

PRISM 132 200 cps, 132 col 1,100

TOSHIBA 160 cps 24-wire 1,425

DEC LA50 599

GEMINI Delta 10 525

DIABLO P1 1 100 cps, 80 col 488

P38 400 cps, 132 col. . .1,795

M.T. Spirit 80 cps 350

•Letter Quality*
NEC 2050 20 cps for IBM 965

3550 35 cps for IBM ... . 1,775

7710 55 cps for serial. . .2,150
DYNAX HR25 23 cps parallel 799

DX15 13 cps 475

COMREX Comwriter II 475

C.ITOH F-10 40 cps Excellent 930

A-10 18 cps 530

DIABLO 630 API w/interf ace .... 1,735

QUME 11+ 40 cps 1,350

50 cps 1,550

STAR 18 cps 399

TRANSTAR 315 graphic 479

MODEMS
HAYES Smartmodem 300/1200 bps 499

Micromodem II w/software . . 270
NOVATION Smartmodem 300/1200 bps 415

PC cat 300/1200 bps 450

LEXICON 300 bps acoustic coupler. .125
USR Password 1 200/300 339

KEYBOARD WITH MODEM
Zenith ZT-1, ZT-1 1 CALL

COMPUTER

ZENITH Z-150-PC
IBM Best computer

Compatible 128K RAM, two floppy

LEADING 128K RAM, two drives

EDGE software

COLUMBIA ' 128K RAM, two floppies,

monitor keyboard, softwares
EAGLE • 128K RAM, two floppies,

software monitor
SANYO MBC 550, 555

TELEVIDEO 1605 256K RAM
CORONA • 128K RAM, two drives,
EPSON 256K RAM, monitor,

QX-10 keyboard, two floppies

(Local) printer, CP/M, Valdocs

NEW IBM compatible option

AST, PERSYST, PLANTRONIC
TECMAR, QUADRAM, HERCULES

Cromemco* C 10 64K RAM, monitor, Z-80

CPU keyboard, software
DEC 64K RAM, Z-80 & 8088 CPU,

RAINBOW monitor, CP/M keyboard
NEC APC Color APC 128K RAM
Dual 8" drives
ALTOS, NORTHSTAR, OSM

POWERFUL 68000 CPU
Cromemco 68000/Z80 CPU,

option Fast Floating Point Processor
DUAL 68000 CPU, 80MB SMD

hard disk, intelligent I/O,
UNIX, Database
WICAT 1 to 12 users, 68000 CPU,

256K to 4.5MB RAM, 10MB
to 474MB hard disk, graphic

PLOTTER/DIGITIZER
HOUSTON INSTRUMENT DMP 29 CALL

DMP 40 795

DMP 41, DMP 42 CALL

HIPAD digitizer 725

AMDEK XY plotter 1 pen 665

6 pens 1,095

MT PLOTTER PIXY-3 3 pens 650

TERMINAL/MONITOR
ZENITH 2-29 smart terminal . BEST PRICE

ZVM 135 *RGB color/green monitor. . .475
ZVM 123 "green monitor. . . . ....... .87

124 22 MHZ, for IBM . . CALL

Amber Monitor: Panasonic, Comrex
HAZELTINE Esprit II 540

Esprit III 625

WYSE 50 545

VISUAL 55 725

VT-100/VT-102 compatible . . 895

QUME 102 548

103 132 col 835

PORTABLE ON-THE-GO

Columbia, Corona, Eagle Televideo (8-bit,
16 bill NEC PC 8021, ZENITH

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/
Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20%
restocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checks
take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y.
residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only.
International customers, please confirm price before
order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500, schools and gov't.

Computer Channel TELEX:

21-55 44th Road 429418

Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

For information CALL (212) 937-6363
To order CALL 1-800-331-3343

CHECK SUNTRONICS NEW LOW PRICES

IBM Compatible Products Apple Compatible Products General Products- cont.

QUADRAM-2 (21 Ser. Ports w/64K. $355.00
QUADBOARD (1 ealPar Ser. w/64K .. 355.00

QUAD 512+ w 64K 305.00

QUAD 512+ W/512K 665.00

CLOCK/CALENDAR BOARD 105.00

MODEM Signalman Mark 5 215.00

ADD-ON Hard Disk Drive System
6Mb w Power Supply & Cabinet .1799.00
Controller for above Hard Drive . . .279.00

MICROLOG BABY BLUE II

Z80B Coprocessor

Multifunction Board

Runs CP/M 80 Software M99

MSI DUAL I/O (2 ea) Ser/Par. 8. Clk . 175.00

MSI 256K RAM Board

256K RAM Board with 64K 199.00

256K RAM Board with 256K Call

MSI 256K w/Parallel or Serial Port

256K w Parallel Port and 64K 259.00

256K w/Parallel Port and 256K Call

256K w/Serial Port and 64K 259.00

256K w/Serial Port and 256K Call

VISTA DISKMASTER DMA
Diskmaster interfaces Sub 4", 5V4", 8" &
V1200 6Mb Hard Disk 225.00

IBM TEAC Disk Drive DSDD,
40 Track Slimline 215.00

APPRATE IBM PROM Blaster 129.00

CABLE Serial or Parallel for IBM,
Eagle & Columbia 29.95

IBM Prototype Board-SUN-208 double sided
glass with gold plated terminals . . . 29.50

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive $CC95

Controller 3il

Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart com-
patible 5W' disk drive. (2 drives each card).
Does not read Vi track.

Apprate PROM Blaster 1 19.00

"ALS" 80 Column Card 159.00

"ALS" Z-CARD (Z80 CPU) 149.00

API Apple Parallel Printer Interface card.

Centronics Compatible $39.00

Apple Compatible Drives (40

Track, 1 63K Slim Linel 195.00

SUN-Z-80 CARD (Softcard

Compatible) 55.00

SUN -80 COLUMN CARD 97.00

POWER SUPPLY (5 amp) 59.95

COOLING FAN 42.00

Software

Formats for Software Include:

IBM, MS DOS, Apple CPM, 8" CPM 2.2
WORD PROCESSOR (Benchmark! . S299.00

MAILING LIST (Benchmark) 140.00

VISICALC CALL

TELECOM (Benchmark) 85.00

WORDSTAR CALL

PEARL Data Manager. See reveiws . . .

Easy-To-Use . . . Powerful 199.00

General Products

5V<" Diskettes

SS/DD (100% certified)

DS/DD (100% certified)

10 up 100 up
1.75 1.55

2.50 2.30

MODEM Novation 103 Smart-Cat . .$210.00
MODEM Signalman Mark 7 (RS232). 115.00

NEW MODEL SAMWOO DISPLAY

HI-RESOLUTION

VIDEO MONITORS

Features: 'Ami glare screen 'Attractive
case • Std composite video input, also out-
put for second monitor • 22 MHz video
bandwidth -High resolution; 1,000 lines or
132 characters across • Adjustable contrast,
brightness, V/H-hold, V-size, H-center • Input
impedance: high or 75 ohm • Passes FCC test
for computer equipment * UL approved
Compatible With: IBM, IBM PCjr, Apple II,
Apple Me, Commodore, Columbia MPC,
Eagte, Radio Shack, Sinclair/Timex, and
more.

Each 3-up

DM-216 12" Green $135.00 Call

DM-216 12" Orange $139.00 Call

DEALER INQUIRY INVITED

MX COMPATIBLE PRINTER

SX-80 dot matrix printer 259.00

RAM & ROM IN STOCK .... Call
Mother Boards & Card Cages

SLOTS Bare Bd KIT A & T w/CAGE

6 $19.00 $44.00 $59.00 $84.00
8 24.00 56.00 81.00 116.00

12 29.00 75.00 110.00 150.00

10MHz, No termination. Includes power indicator and
wiring for muffin fan. Uses OK connector for solderless
installation and removal of power & reset lines.

,, 1-800-42 1-5775

rs and all mm c.n 213-644-1149

S-100 Products

S1CC00
64KSM A&T without RAM .. . 199

64KSM A&T w/64k RAM (32-6116's). 339.00
S-100 Board Uses 6MHz OHO's. "lAmp
max. power. Bank Select plus Extended
Addressing allows for multi-memory
board set-up. 4 independant 16K Blocks
make easy use with multi-user sys-
tems. Any 2K RAM may be replaced by
a 2716 EPROM.

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $149.00

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, Kit 129.00

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with
RAM, ROM & Serial/Parallel Ports.

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A&T 245.00

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit 225.00

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the

WD1795 chip which runs either

and/or 8"/5W Disk Drives.

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115.00

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has
4 interrupts. Time, Day of Week

and Battery Backup.
Call for S-100 Quantity Discounts

Special Sale Items

SUN-721 S-100 Prototype Board 9.95

SUN-722 Apple Prototype Board 5.95

See our January 1984 BYTE Ad for above item
descriptions. Quantities are limited.

S SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

^P^ 12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9:00am to 6:00pm SATURDAY 10:00am to 5:00pm

r—Min. Order $10. Visa or MasterCard (please include expiration date). Add $2.00 {shipping and handling) for

jnds plus .50 for each additional pound to your order. CA residents add Calif, sales tax.

478 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Corporate & Institutional Buyers Welcome

We accept purt

ell qualified corporations & institutions. Place us on your bid list. Call tor our Buyer's Guide

SERVICE • SELECTION • SATISFACTION • SAVINGS

Those are four very important words. To >ou as a customer and to us as a business. If you're just shopping price you'll find dozens of outlets to buy from. But
if you're shopping value you'll search for a supplier with those four words to offer, not just one! We've been in business longer than W'o of our competition.
Wonder why? We practice those four worth; we offer a wider more popular collection of hardware and software, we have one of the best satisfaction
guarantees, and of course our prices are very competitive. Go ahead . . . shop around. When you want more than just a price, shop with us.

TOLL-FREE FOR CREDIT CARD ORDERS Only

If you have a major credit card, call our Credit Card Order Department, Toll-Free,
24 hours a day, 7 days a week. During the hours of 7:30 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. PST
(Mon-Fri) an operator will take your order; other hours, just give your order to our
automatic ordering service. In most cases, we'll process and ship that same day.
This Toll-Free number connects to the order desk only. For other business, in-
quiries, or technical information please call our Customer Service Department,
weekdays, 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. PST: (619) 460-6502.

800-854-6654

IN CALIFORNIA, ALASKA & HAWAII

call 619-460-6502

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

IBM ADDONS

AST Research

All AST Boards come with SuperDnve. SuperSpool.
and one year warranty

SixPakPlus 64K upgradable to 384K. with clock
calendar serial and parallel ports
(game port optional) 265

MegaPlus II 64K upgradable to 256K (or more with
MegaPak) with clock calendar and serial port
(parallel game, or second serial port optional) 265
MegaPak I28K (not upgradable) 225

MegaPak 256K , , . 275

I/O Plus II with clock calendar and serial Dort
(parallel, game, or second serial port optional) 1 1 5
Parallel. Game, or second Serial Port for any AST
boardf specify board) 40ea

64K Memory upgrade increments for any AST
boat ti( that is upgradable) 60ea

Connectall connector bracket

459

175
229

389

Amdek

MAI Board

Hercules Computer
Hercules Graphics Card

(with parallel port)

Graph-X Software

Keytronics

Typewriter style keyboard(KB5150)

Deluxe keyboard

Koala Touch Tablet w/software

(Connects to game port)

Maynard Electronics

Floppy Disk Controller .

Floppy Disk Controller

(with parallel port)

Paradise Systems

MuitiDisplay Card (color &mono)

Persyst

Color Graphics Board

SB64 64K Multifunction Card

Plantronics/ Frederick

C0L0RPI.US (with Color Magic)

Quadram

We are a full line Quadram Dealer

New Expanded Ouadboard 64K

expandable to 384K. with clock calendar, parallel.

serial & game port, 1/0 bracket, and Quadmaster

software 259

64K Memory upqrade increments for Quadram

boards and buffers 60ea

Microfazer Printer Buffer (par ) w/copy MP 64 (64K)

upgradable I0 5I2K 229

Quadcolor I color graphics card 210

Quadcolor II (add-on to Quadcolor 1) 205

Ouadlmk— Newest Version (allows your IBM-PC to
run most Apple II programs) 489

Quadisk (various size to 72 meg) call

STB

RiOPlus 64K (upgradable to 384k) with PC ac-
celerator, clock calendar, serial and parallel port
and "Connectall" type bracket
(game cable optional) 259

Graphix Plus (color & monochrome) 349

Call tor prices on other STB products
Tec mar
Graphics Master 539

SK DISKETTES Lifetime Warr

/DS'DD

SURGE PROTECTORS

Lemon wail unit with 6 receptacles 45

Lime power cord with 6 receptacles 59

Peach wall unit, line filter & 3 receptacles 69

Orange power cord, line filter & 6 receptacles 99

PRINTERS

Unless otherwise noted all ot the printers listed
have parallel interfaces

Dot Matrix

C. Hon

8510P 120cps 10"

1550P 120cps 15" erg

Epson

All Epson printers include GRAFTRAX-PLUS
RX-80 100 cps 10" erg
RX-80F/T 100 cps 10" erg

FX-80 160cps10"crg

FX-100160cps 15" erg

Tractor lor FX-80

Epson to IBM Parallel Cable . .

Okidata

Microline 82A 120 cps 10" erg

Microline 92 160cps 10"

Microline 83A 120cps 15" erg

Microline 93 1 60 cps 1 5" erg

Microline 84AP 200 cps 15" erg

Quadram

Qoad|et40cps8 5" erg color

Star Micronics

Gemini 1 0X 1 20 cps 1 0" erg

Gemini 15X 120cps 15" erg

Delta 10 160 cps 10" erg

Delta 15 160 cps 15" erg

Toshiba

1340P 160 cps 10 erg

1351P160cps 15" erg

Transtar

315 color 50 cps 10 erg SPECIAL

We also carry Mannesman Tally and NEC.

Letter Quality

C Itoh

Starwriter 40 cps 15" erg

Printmaster 55cps 15" erg

Oaisywriter 2000 40 cps 16

Dynax

HR-15 13cps 13 erg

HR-2523cps 16" erg

Juki6100 18cps13"crg

Silver Reed

EXP 500 16 cps 10"

EXP 550 20 cps 17"

NEC

2050 llor IBM)

3550 (for IBM)

We also carry Diablo A Transtar.

erg

erg
' erg

369
639

call
call
30
30

call
call
call
call
call

280
379
419
589

769
1529

999
1245
995

435
699
435

429
500

830

1605

MONITORS

Notations suggesting monitors for IBM are compati-
ble with IBM PC compatible systems

Amdek

300G 12 Green monochrome 149

300A 12" Amber monochrome 159

310A 12" Amber or green mono (IBM) 169

Color 1 Plus 12" composite color 299

Color II Plus 12" RGB 419

Com rex

5600 12" Amber or green mono (IBM) 149

Princeton Graphics

HX-1212"RGB(690x?40; 469

SR-12 12" mB(690x480) call

MAX-12 12" Amber monochrome (tor IBM) 189

Quadram Quadchrome RGB (690 x 240) call

USI

Pl-3 12" Amber or green mono (IBM) 155

Taxan

12" Amber or green monochrome 135

Vision III 12" hi-'res RGB 449

RGB 420 Super hi-resolution RGB 479

We also carry NEC. BMC. and ZENITH.

COMPUTERS

IBM

PCwi1h256KorXT

Columbia

1600-1 or 1600-4 lOmP w/sollware
Columbia VP complete portable
Compaq or Compag plus portable

Eagle

PC-2. PC+ 8.PC+ w/10mb
Franklin Apple compatible systems

NEC

APC color & monochrome systems
NEC 8201 portable computer
Tava PC compatible system

IBM SOFTWARE

call
call

call
599

American Training Intl

Applications software training

application

Alpha Software

Database Manager II

Apple-IBM Connection

Ashton Tate

dBase II

Friday 1

BPI Personal Accounting

Continental

Home Accountant Plus .

FCM (First Class Mai!)

UltraFile (file /report /graph)

The Tax Advantage

Lotus 1-2-3

MicroPro International

WordSfar Professional

WordStar

InfoStar

Microhm R: Base 4000

Microsoft

Multi-tool Word with Mouse

Multi-tool Word . .

Microstuf Crosstalk

Norton Utilities

Prokey by Rosesoft

Software Products Intl

Open Access

Software Publishing

pfs. Write

pfs File

pfs: Report

pfs: Graph

Peachtree Peachtext 5000

We have many more software

the IBM PC- Send lor our 19l

packages specify the
each only 55

199
144

385
199
139

109
99

129
49

319

369

... 259

259
329

319
.... 249

139
59
59

..... 389

99
99
99
99
239
packages available for
14 Buyer's Guide.

ALS

Dispatcher serial RS-232 card

CP/M Card Plus (/-Card w/ CP/M 3 Oi

Z-Cardll

Darkstar Snapshot II copy card

Microsoft

Softcardw/ CP/M

Sottcard Plus w/80 cot card, w/o 16K

Premium System w/80 col card & 16K

Orange Micro

Grappler Plus

Buffered Grappler

Buffer Board lor use with Grappler

Videx

Videoterm 80 column w/snlt switch

Ultraterm "\32 column card

We also carry many popular software packages lor

the Apple.

MODEMS

Anchor Automation

dark Vll 300 baud

115

dark XI1 1200 baud

Ers

Hayes

Smartmodem 300

210

Smartmodem 1200

479

Smartmodem 1200B (IBM internal model

with

Smartcom II software)

419

Smartcom II software

Smartmodem to IBM cable

vlicromodem He

235

Novation

Access 1-2-3 (IBM internal model with Crosstalk

software)

395

Smartcat 103 300 baud

175

Smartcat 103/212 1200 baud

415

Appiecat II ....

249

Prometheus

Promodem 1 200

3b9

SSM

Transmodem 1200

499

DISK DRIVES

CDC 9409 (IBM)

239

TandonTM100-2|IBM)

219

CDC 94281V; heightlllBM)

229

TeacFD55B('ft height) (IBM)

189

LMSSA-390 (Apple)

194

10 meg Hard Disk with controller

Internal or External (IBM)

1249

INFORMATION

FREE! Buyer's Guide

Our Buyer's Guide has all of our
current products and all of our loo
low to advertise prices and some
handy comparison charts. To
receive your free copy, please write
us with your name, address and
type of computer you own or plan
to buy, or call (619) 460-6502.
NOTE: Operators cannot accept
requests for the Buyer's Guide on
our toll-free order line. Thank
You.

SATISFACTION
GUARANTEE

', We guarantee every item in this
i advertisement for 30 days. If, for '
i any reason whatsoever, you are
not satisfied with any merchan-
dise purchased from us, we want
', you to return it to us. We will ex-
change it for exactly what you
want, or will refund your money.
Defective software may only be ,
exchanged for replacement due to -
. copyright laws. For a full ■
disclosure of our policies and ;
terms of sales please write or call ',
'"19) 460-6502.

TERMS- All prices listed reflect a 5% cash discount for pre-paid (non-credit related) cash orders. For fastest service, send a money order, cashiers or certified check. Personal checks allow
3 weeks to clear We accept VISA MasterCard, American Express, Diner's Club and Carte Blanche (add 3%). Purchase orders from well qualified corporations and institutions are accepted;
if not pre-paid with PO add 5% to ad prices, terms are 2% 10, Net 30. Shipping, handling & insurance charges add 3% of merchandise total (min. $5.00). California destinations add 6% sales
tax Foreign customers please call or write. Returns must include all original materials and be in new and resaleable condition for full refund. All equipment is new, complete, and warranted
by the manufacturer. Prices and availability subject to change without notice. We are not responsible for typographical errors or omr >

NATIONAL COMPUTER PRODU CTS

A division of Synectics Corporation
8338 Center Drive • La Mesa, CA 92041-3791 (619) 460-6502

i m .

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

DISPLAY
MONITORS

usi

PI2(12"Green) $ 125

PI3(12" Amber) 129

GORILLA

Hi-Res. 12" Green $ 85

Hi-Res. 12" Amber 95

AMDEK

V300G $ 135

V300A 145

V310AforlBMPC 165

Colon, 13"ColorComposite 289

Color II, RGB 399

BMC

12UW(12"Green) $ 89

9191 Color Composite 229

NEC

JB1201M.80COI $ 155

JB 1205M(A) w/audio 165

JC1203Hi-ResColorlBMcomp. . . . 465

TAXAN

12N(12" Green) $ 109

12NUY (12" Amber) 119

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

HX12, RGB for IBM $ 479

PRICES SLASHED BELOW
ALL COMPETITORS! !

PERSONAL SYSTEMS DISK DRIVES

FRANKLIN

Ace lOOOw/color
Ace 1200 w/drive

IBM

IBMPC64K. 1 D'lve
IBMPC64K. 2 Drives

SANYO

MBC550w/1dnve8so

TAVA

1 Par & 2 Ser
Color Card 8 C

SIEMENS

FD 100-8

TANDON

Drives For Apple & Franklin
MICRO-SCI

A2 J <>0<

QUENTIN RESEARCH

Apple Male $ iyi

IBM/APPLE ACCESS.

AST RESEARCH

SixPakPlus $ 269

Mega Plus II 279

Combo Plus 269

64K MEMORY UPGRADE

64K,9chips $ 55

MICROMAX

Viewmax 80E, 128K 80 col. card

lorApplellE $ 129

forApplell&ll+ 139

PC PEACOCK

Color Graphics Card w/Printer Port .$ 269
PLANTRONICS

Color + Board $ 379

MODEMS

HAYES MICRO

1200 Baud Smart Modem $ 499

1200BforlBMPC 409

Micro Modem HE w/Term. pkg 259

RANA SYSTEMS

PRINTER
ACCESSORIES

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + $ 119

Buttered Grappler + , 16K exp. 64K . 169

FOURTH DIMENSION

Par. Card & Cable tor Apple $ 49

TRACTORS

Okidatafor82A&92 $ 49

Juki Bi-Directional 129

Toshiba Bi-Directional 199

MICROTEK

Dumpling GX Graphic Interface .... $ 99

Dumpling GXW/16K 149

Additional Buffering, 16K 16

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Mic/BufllP, 16K $ 145

Mic/BufllS, 16K 149

CABLES

Any Computer to Parallel Printer . . .$ 29

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

ML82A, 10" carriage $ 299

ML83A, 15" carriage 559

ML92P, 160 ops 429

ML93P, 160cps 699

C. ITOH

Prowriter8510AP,120cps $ 329

ProwriterlM550AP, 15"120cps ... 545

StarwrlterF10-40PU,40cps 989

PrintmasterF10-55PU,55cps 1299

EPSON

RX80FT, 120cps $ 389

FX80, 10" 160cps 520

FX100,15"160cps 699

JUKI

6100 LQ 15", 1B cps w/propor. spac. . $ 449

TOSHIBA

P1350(1) Dot Matrix, L.Q., graphics . $1495

MANNESMANN TALLY

160L, 160cps $ 575

180L,180cps 795

IF YOU SEE IT ADVERTISED

FOR LESS, CALL US FIRST

FOR LOWEST QUOTE!

MAIL ORDER;

1 2841 S. Hawthorne Blvd.. No. 585

Hawthorne, California 90250

BORDER DESK:4^

vffi- [21 3] 51 4-9019 ^HP

Mon.-Fri. 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Saturday 1 1 a.m. to 3 p.m.

We accept VISA, MaatarCard, COD (w/dapowt).

Certified Cheche or Wire Trmtdn. Shipping
minimum B4.00. Soma items eubiect to back order.
CA Ree. add 6%% Tax. Price* eubjact to changa.

xi\«9

DO IT YOURSELF!

An IBM® PC/XT Compatible

To start, you need a high-quality Switching Power Supply and a heavy
to cabinet your Cpu Board, Power Supply, Cards, Drives,

duty Mainframe
etc.

#HSC 1 30-40
$189.00/ea.
1 30 WATT.

Switching Power Supply

—•aTaVtaCdaat m|h

• + 5V/15A, +12V/4.2A,

•Built-in Fan

•Power Switch

•Cables w/Connectors for Cpu Board

•2 Switched AC Outlets for Printer &

•One Full Year Warranty

12V/0.25A, -5V/0.3A

and 4 Disk Drives
Monitor

Cabinet
only

$119.00/ea.

•Heavy duty welded steel
•2 Full or 4 Half Height

Disk Drives allowed
•IBM® Look-alike

DEALER & OEM's INQUIRY INVITED

FORTRON CORP.

4447 ENTERPRISE ST.
FREMONT, CA 94538

Dealer & OEM
End User
Foreign
TLX

41 5-490-8403

415-490-8171

41 5-490-3265

176632

64K D-RAM

1 50ns 84/TI

$49.00/9 pes

8088
Family

74LS xx

TMS 9980
$19.00/ea

Terms: Shipping immediately from stock usually, or within 4 weeks if run out of inventory. Minimum $5.00 shipping + handling.
Personal check requires 2 weeks clearance before shipping. 6.5% sales TAX required for CA. residents.

480 B YTE • |UNE 1984

Circle 381 for Dealer inquiries. Circle 382 for End-User inquiries.

74LS00

.60

74LS166

2.50

74LS01

74LS168

1 35

74LS02

74LS169

1 35

74LS03

74LS170

2 50

74LS04

74LS173

1 50

74LS05

74LS174

1 50

74LS08

74LS175

1 50

74LS09

74LS181

250

74LS10

74LS190

1 45

74LS11

74LS191

1 45

74LS12

74LS192

1 35

74LS13

74LS193

1 35

74LS14

1 25

74LS194

1.45

74LS15

74LS195

1 35

74LS20

74LS196

1 35

74LS21

74LS197

1 35

74LS22

74LS221

1 35

74LS26

74LS240

1 85

74LS27

74LS242

1.85

74LS28

74LS243

1.85

74LS40

74LS244

225

74LS42

74LS245

395

74LS48

74LS247

1 65

74LS51

74LS248

1 65

74LS54

74LS249

1 65

74LS55

74LS251

1 75

74LS73

74LS253

1.75

74LS74

1 42

74LS258

1 50

74LS75

74LS259

295

74LS76

74LS260

1 15

74LS78

74LS261

3.75

74LS83A

1 15

74LS266

1 35

74LS85

1 25

74LS273

1 75

74LS86

74LS275

4 95

74LS90

74LS279

74LS92

74LS283

1 25

74LS93

74LS290

1 25

74LS95

74LS293

1 25

74LS96

1 25

74LS295

1 65

74LS107

74LS298

1 65

74LS109

74LS323

4.95

74LS1 13

74LS324

2 15

74LS114

95
1 05

74LS347

255

74LS123

1 35

74LS352

1 65

74LS124

1 35

74LS353

1 95

74LS125

74LS363

1 95

74LS126

74LS365

1 25

74LS132

1 35

74LS366

1 25

74LS133

74LS367

74LS136

74LS368

74LS138

1 10

74LS373

2 50

74LS139

1 10

74LS374

4.95

74LS145

1 75

74LS375

1.25

74LS148

1 75

74LS377

1 95

74LS151

1 25

74LS378

255

74LS153

1 25

74LS385

1 95

74LS154

1 70

74LS379

255

74LS15S

1 25

74LS386

1 25

74LS156

1 35

74LS381

3.95

74LS157

1 25

74LS390

255

74LS158

1.26

74LS393

2.55

74LS160

1 25

74LS395

255

74LS161

1 25

74LS424

3.95

74LS162

1 25

74LS640

3.95

74LS163

1 25

74LS668

2.75

74LS164

1 65

74LS645

4.95

74LS165

1 25

74LS670

2.50

74LS690

250

74S00

74SOO

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S136

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S160

74S161

74S163

74S174

74S175

74S18

74S194

74S195

74S196

74S225

74S240

74S241

74S242

74S243

74S251

74S253

74S257

74S258

74S260

74S280

74S283

74S287

74S288

74S289

74S373

74S374

74S387

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

1.95

ISO

1 25

1.25

1 25

365

1.25

1.65

2.25

1.95

1 25

1 95

1.95

2.95

3 95

395

225

2.25

3.55

255

2.55

7.75

2.95

295

3.95

395

2.25

225

1.95

1 25

2.95

3.95

4.95

395

3.95

3 95

7.95

795

7.95

995

9 95

GENERAL PURPOSE BOARDS
BLANK BOARD — HOLES ON 100" GRID, No ETCHED CIRCUIT
EXCEPT CONTACT FINGER

No Contacts

Size

Contact Centers

Price

P 441-1
P 442-1
P 721-1
P 722-1

22.44
22/44
36/72
36 72

4 5" x 6"
4 5' X 9"
4 5 x 6"
4 5 x 9

156"
156"
100"
100

9 95

10 95
9 95
10 95

D- SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS

Solder Cup

DXXP

2 05
205

2 50
4 75

600

DXXS

2.65
3.60

3 25
7 10

925

Right Angle PC Mounting

3 90

3 70

4 50
940

Socket

RDXXS

3.20

5 40
480
10.95

Grey

1 55
1 55

1 55

2 95

3 50

MODEMS

MARK I
MARK VI

ADAPTER

RS 232C. 300 BAUD DIR CONN
IBM COMPATIBLE 300 BAUD
DIR CONN . AUTO ANS.DIAL
RS 232C, 300 BAUD, DIR CONN
AUTO ANS/DIAL
RS 232C. 300 1200 BAUD DIR
CONN AUTO ANS.DIAL
115VAC to 9V DC

IBM PC SMARTMODEM t200B Plug-in
SMARTCOM II COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE
SMARTMODEM 300 AUTO ANS/DIAL 300 BAUD, RS232
SMARTMODEM 1200 AUTO ANS'DIAL. 1200 BAUD, RS232
SMARTMODEL lie 300 BAUD. AUTO ANS'DIAL. Plug-in
SMARTCOM I COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

89 00
199 00

9 00

449 00
99 00
199 00
475 00
279 00
79 00

BARE BOARDS

P 25 x 45
P 45 x 65
P 45 x 85
P 45 x 1 70
P 85 x 1 70

PIN
PIN
PIN
PIN

EDGE CARD
CONNECTORS

WW
ST
WW
ST

4.95
2.95
595
6 95

WIRE WRAP WIRE

WIRE KIT »1 $9 95

200/3". 250/3 5". 100/4" 4 5". 5". 6"
WIRE KIT »2 $24 95

250/2 5". 4 5". 5". 500/3". 3 5", 4"

100/5 5". 6", 6 5". 7"

SPOOLS AVAILABLE IN RED. BLUE.
VELLOW AND BLACK

50'
100'
250'
500
1000'

3.29
4 30
7 25
13 25
21 95

IC SOCKETS

WIRE WRAP
1 - 99

8 PIN WW
14 PIN WW
16 PIN WW
18 PIN WW
20 PIN WW
22 PIN WW
24 PIN WW
28 PIN WW
40 PIN WW

1 00

1 15

1 19

1 45

1 89

LP = LOW PROFILE

6 PIN LP
8 PIN LP
14 PIN LP
16 PIN LP
18 PIN LP
20 PIN LP
22 PIN LP
24 PIN LP
28 PIN LP
40 PIN LP
64 PIN LP

.10
12

28
28

45
55
55

1 09
1 35
1 69

09
10
12
14
16
26
24
26
32
38

Tel: 1-(800)-821-3628

SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR JUMPERS

Single Male
Single Female
Male to Male
Male to Male
Female to Female
Female to Female
Mate 1o Female
Male to Female

1200
12 80

18 95

19 95

18 95

19 95

18 95

19 95

FOR APPLE II & He

16K RAM CARD

Compatible with
DOS 3 3 CP.'M
Visicalc. PASCAL
1 YR WARRANTY

S39.'

Apple ll/lle
Compatible
Disk Drive

51 75.°°

CONTROLLER
CARD $49. *

Speedy EPROM

Programmer

for Apple II

$149. 00

Programming 2716. 2732.

2732A. 2764. 27128.

2516. 2532. 2564

in 30 seconds, software

control programming.

no additional

hardware required.

U/V EPROM ERASER

General Industries

$37.50

SUPER COOLING

FANS For APPLE

WITH SURG

S39.

FOR IBM P/C

MULTIFUNCTION
BOARD WITH

128K. 2 Serial Port

1 Parallel Port

Real Time Clock

S399. 00

Color Graphic
Display Card

S270. 00

64K MEMORY

EXPANSION KIT

for IBM/PC

S52. 95

Joy Stick
for IBM P/C

S35. 00

8087

MATHEMATICS
CO-PROCESSOR

$199."°

TERMS For shipping include S2 00 tor UPS Ground or S3 00 lor UPS Blue Label Air
Items over 4 lbs require additional shipping charges $10.00 minimum order.

IBM is a trade mark ot International Business Machines Corporation Apple is a trade
mark ot Apple Computer

Price is sub|ect to change

iZS Hand well

4962 EL CAMINO REAL • LOS ALTOS CA 94022 • (415) 962-9265

thout notice
1-(800) 821-3628

corp

TXL 171947 HANDWELL LTOS I

Circle 1 51 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 481

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502 @ 4.90 6520 @ 4.00 6522 @ 5.00 4116 9 1.85
2532 @ 5.90 2716 ft 4.45 6116 @ 6.45 4164 @

Anchor
Automation
Signalman
MODEMS

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and provide the

best price-performance values. Oeiler and OEM inquiries

invited

Volksmodem with computer cable 68

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer 99

Mark XII Smart Model 1200/300 279

DC HAYES Smarimodem

DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200/300

219

519

PROM QUEEN for C64 or VIC 130

SM-KIT 64 program & disk utilities 45

STAT Statistics Package for C64 95

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC 29

C64/VIC Switch (networking) 1 29

BACKUP V1.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC 20

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC 64

CARDBOARD/5 Motherboard - C64 56

CARD PRINT G Printer Int. with Graphics 79

CARD PRINT B Printer Interface— C64/VIC 48

CARDBOARD/3S Motherboard - VIC 22

CARDCO C64/VIC Calculator Keypad 32

CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion • VIC 49
Complete CARDCO Line in stock
CIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stock

MSD Dual SuperDisk for C64 or IEEE 570

MAE Assembler for C64 50

Koala Pad Touch Tablet— C64 or VIC 75

CBC 4/1 2 Analog to Digital 4 chan/1 2 bit 1 79

MULTIPLAN for C64 79

Dust Cover for C64 or VIC 6

Grand Master Chess for C64 1 9

COMAL Language for C64 14

with sprites, color graphics, sound, turtle graphics.

BusCard II from Batteries Included 159

ULTRA BASIC - 64 with Turtle Graphics 37

Super Disk Utility - C64 - includes backup 19

MicroChess - C64 - 8 levels of play 17

HES MODEM with software for C64 45

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16

WordPro 3+/64 with Spellright 85

VIController (also C64) - BSR Controller 50

COM VOICE Synthesizer for C64 or VIC 1 39
VIC products in stock - call for extra discounts.
Victory Software for VIC and C64 in stock.

FRANKLIN— complete line in stock

QUENTIN Drives for Apple/Franklin 189

Swapper Stopper 26

automatic switch between paddles and joystick

KRAFT Apple Joystick 40

Kraft Apple Paddle Pair 30

Koala Pad Touch Tablet-Apple/Franklin 90
SPINNAKER Software in stock
Broderbund Software in stock

16K RAM Card for Apple 59

Multiplan— Microsoft 179

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple 29

Serial Card for Apple 89

MPC RAM/80 column card for lie (AP/TXT) 139

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235

AB 80 Column Card with Softswitch 95

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 69
Microtek and MFC Interfaces in stock

Grappler + Interface 135

DC Hayes Micromodem II, lie with Smartcom 245

PFS: File or PFS: Report or PFS: Graph 95

Videx 80 Column Card 209

Apple Blue Book 19

H commodore

See os for Personal, Business, and Educational
requirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN I $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to
shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the
user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-
figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-
tional computer hookups $100 each.

COMPACK/STCP

$115

Intelligent Terminal Package for PET, CBM, C64

Includes ACIA Hardware / STCP Software

MSD Dual Super Disk for IEEE or C64 570

replaces 4040 drive

SCREENMAKER 80 Column Adapter for C64 139

Provide big screen capability for business applications.

Copy-Writer Word Processor for C64 49

Full-featured package with 800 lines of text in memory.
Includes double column printing, graphic capability, full prin-
ter support.

Special Screenmaker/Copy- Writer Combo 1 79

VICTORY Software for VIC and C64

Metamorphosis 16 Creator's Revenge 16

Labyrinth of Creator 16 Galactic Conquest 16

Kongo Kong 16 Annihilator 16

Chomper Man 16 Grave Robbers 13

Bounty Hunter 16 Adventure Pack I or II 16

PAPER CLIP Word Processor- CBM/C64 60

ORACLE Data Base from Batteries Included 89
SPINNAKER Software C64, Apple. IBM. Atari

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 1 1

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 285

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 189

Compute's First Book of 64 Sound & Graphics 1 1

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

Compute's First Book of Games 1 1

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8
CmC Interfaces (ADA 1800, ADA) 450, SADI in stock)

Computers Reference Guide to 64 Graphics 1 1

Computers Machine Language for Beginners 1 1
HES Software and Hardware in stock

FlexFile for PET/CBM/C64 $59

DataBase, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists.
Easy to use, and can be modified.

FORTH for PET/C64 full FIG model - Cargile/Riley 50
includes all FORTH 79 Standard extensions, structured 6502
assembler with nested decision macros, standard 16x64
screens, ability to read/write BASIC sequential files, sample
programs, introductory + reference manual.
Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30
Floating Point for FORTH 20

KMMM PASCAL » tor PET/C8M/C64 99

Virtually full Jensen-Wirth implementation is now suitable for

advanced placement courses.

EARL for PET/CBM/C64 disk-based ASSEMBLER 59

SuperGraphics - BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast graphics, sound, turtle graphics routines for PET/CBM.

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM " 4K $75" ~8K $90

10
75

COMAL Language for C64. CBM, PET
Smart Terminal Software for C64/VIC
CBM Public Domain Software - C64 27 disks

STAT for PET/CBM/C64 and Apple 95

Comprehensive Statistical Analysis Routines

Includes complete file handling capabilities, summary statis-
tics, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, exponential mean
tests, multiple and power series regression, analysis of vari-
ance, histograms, and non-parametric tests.

PageMate 60 Command Word Processor 20

Full-featured package for all Commodore computers. Full
screen editing, and supports disk, tape, and all printers.

DISK
SPECIALS

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd
Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd

10/2.10 50/1.90 100/1.86

10/2.65 50/2.45 100/2.40

10/2.20 50/2.00 100/1.98

10/2.80 50/2.50 100/2.47

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

Sentinal 5" ss/dd
Sentinal 5" ds/dd

10/1.80 50/1.75 100/1.65
10/2.40 50/2.35 100/2.25

We stock Dysan disks

Wabash 5" ss/sd
Wabash 5" ss/dd
Wabash 5" ds/dd

10/1.45 50/1.40 100/1.35
10/1.60 50/1.55 100/1.50
10/1.95 50/1.90 100/1.80

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 1 for $4 Hub Rings 50 for $6
Disk Library Cases 8"— 3.00 5"— 2.25
Head Disk Cleaning Kits 12
AMARAY Disk Storage Systems in stock.
Innovative Concepts FLIP 'N' FILES in stock.

CASSETTE TAPES— AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

C-10 10/ .61 50/58 100/ .50

C-30 10/ .85 50/ M 100/ .70

TfNirH I data

I systems

ZVM-122A 99 ZVM-123G 89

ZVM-131 300 ZVM-135 490

Z1 00 16-bit/8-bit System CALL

Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680

Z-1 50 IBM PC COMPATIBLE CALL

Z-l 60 PORTABLE PC CALL

We stock entire Zenith line.

USI Video Monitors - Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-res
Dealer and OEM inquiries Invited

WRITE FOR IBM PC COMPATIBLE PRICES

MultiPlan — IBM or Apple 179

Quadboard for IBM available

KOALA PAD Touch Tablets— Apple, Atari, IBM, CBM

Peachtext 5000 Software Package 1 99

PFS Software for IBM and Apple in stock

SPINNAKER Software C64/VIC, Apple, IBM. Atari

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 269

BMC 9191 Color Monitor 229

BMC 12A 12" Green Monitor 79

Dynax (Brother) OX-1 5 Daisy Wheel Printer 459

Brother HR-25 Daisy Wheel Printer (25 cps) 749

Itoh Prowriter Parallel Printer 379

Panasonic 1090 Printer with Correspondence Mode 279

Gemini 1 0X 289

EPSON, Okidata. Star Micronics printers in stock

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 29

We Stock AMDEK Monitors

A P Products 15% OFF

COMPUTER COVERUPS IN STOCK

BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54

Surge Suppressor-6 outlet 29

Electrohome 1302-2 13" Hi-res RGB Monitor 335

Panasonic 1 2" Monitor (20 MHz) with audio 1 37

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer 189

Hewlett Packard

Write or call for prices.

\Sk

DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE $265

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and
noise filtering. The answer to your power problems.

ATARI - WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE

SPINNAKER and Broderbund Software in stock.

215-822-7727

252 Bethlehem Pike
Colmar, PA 18915

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1 50 per order for United Parcel.
We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders
(add extra for mail, APO/FPO, air). Prices include cash discount
Regular prices slightly higher Prices sub|ect to change

482 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

ITM

THE PC SYSTEM SPECIALIST

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

SPECIAL OF
THE MONTH!

TAVAPC

A Superior quality IBM PC Com-
patible Personal Computer. Runs
DOS 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, CP/M86? UCSD
p-System? Runs Lotus 1-2-3? Multi-
plan? Word Star? PFS? dBASEll? and
many more! Hardware includes 128K
CPU, Floppy Controller, Two DS/DD
Disk Drives, Video Monitor, Video
Adaptor, Parallel & Serial Ports.

CALL FOR LOW PRICE

Suggested List $2395.00

PERSONAL
COMPUTER

Special
of the
Month!

IBM PC 'COMPLETE LINE

COMPLETE SYSTEM
VERY SPECIAL PRICE

64K, Two Disk Drives, Floppy Disk
Controller, Video Card and High Res
Monitor

$2590

256KRAM, 360KB Disk Drive,

FDC, Video Monitor & Adaptor 10MB

Hard Disk Sub-System. C3QQO

HARD DISKS FOR IBM PC®

10 MB Hard Disk Sub-System by TAVA CORP.
includes Software, Cables, etc. Internal . $1295

SLIMLINE DISK DRIVE FOR IBM PC

DS/DD 320KB By tava corp $190

ADD-ON Disk Drive for IBM PCjr® .... CALL

MEMORY BOARDS

CONOGRAPHIC

High Res. Color Graphics Card $995

QUADRAM

Quad Card. Fully pop. 2S6K S450

QUADLINK CALL

AST SIXPAK 384K CALL

HERCULES Graphics Card $490

APPLE He

Computer System, Controller, Two Disk Drives,

Monitor

S1590

DISK DRIVE TOR APPLE

Slimline, or Standard $190

NEC TANDON TAVA IBM APPLE QCS MAYNARD

PRINTERS

DAISYWRITER 2000 CALL

OKIDATA

82 A

83 A

93A

$425
$650

84A

92A

BROTHER

HR-2S

DX-15

$975
$525
$850

$795
$450

MONITORS

AMDEK

300A

300G

310A

$190.00
$160.00
$190.00

/..

II .
III.

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS

Hi-Res Color

$340.00
$690.00
$390.00

$490

LNW ROMAR TOSHIBA PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

■viawim'

631 E. first St., Tustin, CA 92680

(714)838-9100

*1BM PC is a registered trademark of IBM Corp

*dBASE II is a registered trademark of ASHTON-TATE, Inc.

LOTUS 1-2-3 is a registered trademark of Lotus Development

Wordstar, Spellstar, Mailmerge are registered trademarks of Micropro International

Visicalc is a registered trademark of Visicorp

Multiplan :s a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
PFS is a registered trademark of Software Publishing Co.
CP/M86 is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc
MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
UCSDp is a registered trademark of Softech Microsystems

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

IUNE !984 • BYTE 483

&rai

SUPER XT/SUPER PC

FEATURES:

*8088 16 Bit Micro Pro-
cessor W/8087
Co-processor

*256K on board dynamic
RAM with parity

*4 CHANNEL DMA

*8 CHANNEL INTERRUPT

*8 I/O SLOT FOR SUPER
XT 5(7) I/O SLOT FOR
SUPER PC

*Same power connector as
IBM PC™

SUPER PC/SUPER XT BARE BOARD W/ MANUAL

LOADED BOARD W/1 28K RAM W/O ROM

EASY BOARD

MANUAL ONLY

8K BIOS

LIMITED TIME OFFER COMPLETE SYSTEM:

2-360K DRIVE W/ COLOR BOARD AND DYNAX

MONITOR

$100.00
$526.00
$225.00
$ 25.00
$ 25.00

$1995.00

SUPER XT/ SUPER PC
COMPUTER CASE
(METAL) $150.00

IBM™ COMPATIBLE
83key Keyboard $200.00

COMPATIBLE TO IBM PC/XT POWER SUPPLY
65 W POWER SUPPLY $170.00
100W POWER SUPPLY $200.00
130W POWER SUPPLY $220.00

♦PCjr™
JOYSTICK $35.00
GAME CARTRIDGE

BARE PCB $8.00

GAME CARTRIDGE

BOX $8.00

ATTENTION: SOFTWARE HOUSE, CARTRIDGE
PRODUCTION AND MASK ROM
SERVICE AVAILABLE

IBM PC/XT, SUPER XT/PC COMPATIBLE ADD ON

•DISK PLUS I/O: DISK CONTROLLER W/SERIAL &

PARALLEL
•MONOCHROME GRAPHIC BOARD: HI-RES.

MONOCHROME W/720x348 GRAPHICS &

PRINTER PORT

$60.00 $295.00

$60.00

$399.00

•SUPER COLOR I: COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD

$75.00

$240.00

•ASYNC & BLASTER PROGRAM UP TO 128K

$70.00

$245.00

EPROMS

•PARALLEL PRINTER BOARD

$40.00

$100.00

•EXTENSION BOARD

$25.00

$ 35.00

•PROTO-TYPE BOARD

$25.00

eusus

•INTERNAL HARD DISK 10MB W/PS

$1395.00

•EXTERNAL WINCHESTER 10MB W/PS

$1495.00

•MOUSE SYSTEM W/SOFTWARE

$ 249.00

•HAYES 1200B MODEM

$ 429.00

•QUADLINK-RUN APPLE PROGRAM1

$ 449.00

•AST 6 PACK PLUS W/64K

$ 299.00

"TEAC SLIM DRIVE 360K

$ 225.00

•PANASONIC 320K SLIM DRIVE

$ 199.00

*MPI 320K FULL SIZE

$ 199.00

•AMDEK310A

$ 179.00

•PRINCETON PGS RGB

$ 499.00

•NEC RGB 1216

$ 499.00

•62 PIN CONNECTOR

$ 4.00

•QUAD RAM COLOR BOARD

$ 240.00

•QUAD BOARD W/O

$ 249.00

•QUAD DENSITY 14 HEIGH DRIVE FOR IBM PC$ 299.00

SEND $2.00
FOR FULL PRODUCTS CATALOG

SUPER COMPUTER, INC.

1101 S. GRAND AVE. STE J SANTA ANA CA92705
Dealer & OEM Inquiries Invited: (714) 543-2927

Mail Order: (714) 543-2901 Circle 312 on inquiry card.
TERMS: CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
ADD $5 FOR PACKING & SHIPPING IN
NORTH AMERICA COMPUTER, PRINTER,
AND MONITER ADD $5 EXTRA EACH.

IBM & PCj r IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF I.B.M. CPM IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH
APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER

SUPER 2000

FEATURES:
*128K RAM ON BOARD
*Z-80/6502 DUAL CPU
•RGB OUTPUT
•DETACKABLE KEYBOARD
•CPM/APPLE COMPATIBLE

Diskette Box
$23.95

1. 64K RAM COMPUTER $675.00

2. DRIVE SYSTEM I 64K COMPUTER $945.00

3. DRIVES SYSTEM II 64K COMPUTER $1150.00

4. DRIVES SYSTEM III 64K COMPUTER

W/80 COLUMN & MONITOR 64K COMPUTER $1375.00

CAN-80
Z-80 CPU
WITH EP
EPRON P
MANUAL
CAN-88
8088 CPL

WWM.MJa»l»»MBH

8 BIT Z-80 CPU MICROPROCESSOR BASE WITH EPROM
PROGRAMER $375.00 ADD ON: X-PRINTER CARD
$95.00 8K RAM CARD $95.00 SOUND CARD $85.00
MANUAL ONLY $25.00

ifdwuiiimmaau

16 BIT 8088 CPU MICROPROCESSOR BASE $450
•25% OFF FOR STUDENT (WITH PROVE)
*40% OFF FOR 10 OR MORE EDUCATIONAL GROUP
PURCHASE DISCOUNTS FOR TRAINING KITS ONLY

$249.00

$ 79.00
$ 25.00

$350.00

COMPUTER CASE
(METAL) $99.00

SUPER 5 35/40T $195.00
Teac Drive 35/40T $225.00

KEYBOARD $150.00

Monitor Stand $32 00

APPLE COMPATIBLE ADD ON

EgraEEPCTIRl

128K RAM CARD

$199.00

16K RAM CARD

$ 39.00

80 Column Card

$ 69.00

Auto Term

$ 99.00

Disk Controller

$ 45.00

Parallel Graphic Card

$ 69.00

Messager (RS-232)

$ 85.00

Z-80 Card

$ 59.00

EPROM Programer

$ 79.00

I.C. TESTER

$1 50.00

IsiiibLH

Joy Stick

$ 29.00

RF Modulator

$ 15.00

Cooling Fan

$ 39.00

Koala Pad

$ 89.00

Power Supply (5A)

$ 69.00

Micromodem lie

$269.00

[>lMI4il;H!ii

Shugart Drive

$1 85.00

Super 5 35/40T

$199.00

Teac Drive 35/40T

$225.00

LSMjirtay

Dynax Amber

$139.00

Dynax Green

$129.00

BUI,LD YOUR OWN
COMPUTER SUPER 2000

Case
•Keyboard

•Case/KB
*Case/KB/PS

S 99.00
$150.00
$240.00
$309.00

|:M:IJ:hM:10

"128K RAW1 Card $ 25.00
•Mother Board (DUAL CPU)

$ 75.00
'Othei Interface Cards $18.00

Gemini 10X $279.00
Riteman I120CP8I $275 00
EPSON FX-80 $525.00
EPSON FX-100 $750.00
Juki-6100 $499.00
Brother DX-15 $469.00
Brother HR-25 $749.00

mum

Hayes 300 (Baud) $199.00
Haves 1200 (Baud) $499.00
U.S. Pobutic Password (1200)

MKH*WII:ll*i

$399.00

Monitor Stand
Diskette Box
50-Pin Connector
40/80 Column Switch

$ 38.00
$ 23.95
$ 2.50
$ 10.00

"FLOPPY
IDISK
SERVICES

FLOPPY DISK

SKSS n C RHn n LEADERS IN INNOVATIVE

Lawrenceville NJ08648 DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES!

The FD-PC8™ is a new 8" double-sided disk drive sub-system

IBM PC styling,

The FD-PC8 looks like your other IBM PC
components. Same styling. Same color.
Same dimensions. It stacks neatly under,
on top ot, or next to your IBM PC, and
better still, is only one-half the height of
standard 8" drives. Matches Z100 &
others also.

2 Drive System— $1495 complete with cables.

SPECIFICATIONS

8" drives also oval labte in one drive configuration
• Exactly % the height of standard 8" drives.

>>. tisa'.on i'O; ■ ■:|1|||1|||||1

1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■ . ( 1 1 i nr| iii ii i / ii . ii j i ■ / . rm i I, i , r , < : . f ,i ,i ; , VTn.o. i ntMU ' « V i ; ; j. i .ffiMijjij.. ... uil ' i.WU

NEW! FD-PC5™

This versatile new disk drive enclosure comes
completely tested and assembled with a
4" cooling fan, and is designed to offer a
variety of mounting options, with the power
supply rated for any of the following:

• full-size floppy disk drive

• full-size hard disk

• one or two half-height floppy disk drives

• one or two half-height hard disks

• one or two 3.5" drives

Full 1 year warranty— cable choice optional

i i i 'i f — ^mmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmm ^ mmmmmmmmmmmmimm ^ mmm

Standard controller $195.00

Controller w/par port 275.00

Controller w/ser port 285.00

Hard disk module 495.00

Modular board 110.00

Multidisplay (mono & color board) 575.00

PGS. HX-12 RGB color monitor 525.00

Magnolia controller for the H-89 375.00

Data connectors of all types CALL

Power connectors for all drives CALL

We offer a wide assortment of enclosure sizes, styles and
systems, Including both 5%" and s; ' IBM look-alikes, and more.
All are well constructed, attractive and Immediately available
at competitive prices. Call tor details and prices.

DISK DRIVES and other Goodies!

Shugart(1 year war.)

sa-860 ds/dd half hgt 8" $505.00 2 @ 495 ea

sa-455ds48tpi vi hgt 5.25" 245.002 @ 230 ea

sa-465ds96tpi Vj hgt 5.25" 295.002 @ 275 ea

sa-300 ss 96tpi 3.5 inch 265.00 2 @ 250 ea

sa-851 ds 8" full size 495.00 2 @ 480 ea

W.S.T. (formerly SIEMENS)

FDD-100-5B4 flippy 5.25" 235.00

FDD-211-5DS48tpiforPC 265.00

FDD-221-5 DS96tpi full size 335.00

FDD-100-5C3 (sa-400 compatible) 175.00

Heath H-89 TWOET kit...

put 2 half height floppies internal to the H-89 with our exclusive moun-
ting kit, call for details!
Maynard Electronics for the IBM-PC

Memory module (bare) 210.00

64K 305.00

128K 410.00

192K 510.00

256K 615.00

With serial port add 100.00

With 2 serial ports 160.00

Controller w/mod ports 265.00

FDC8 8" controller 245.00

IMPORTANT NEWS!

We are moving, please take note of our
address. Our new and expanded facilities will
permit us to offer a higher level of service
than ever before. Our growth is the result of
your patronage; we thank you for it sincerely.

TERMS: MO VISA, PREPAID. NO COD'S. PERSONAL CHECKS HELD FOR 10 DAYS. WE
ALSO ACCEPT P.O.'S FROM MAJOR BUSINESSES & UNIVERSITIES, CALL FIRST.

Toll Free Order Line 800-223-0306 Ask for our free catalog.

Cirde 1 39 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 485

More Computer tor Your Calculating Dollar

Try the New

Introductory Offer

(Offer expires May 31,1984)

Standard Features;

•PC-DOS™ Operating System Vers. 2.1

•64K of parity checked RAM, expandable

on-board to 256K
•8088 16-bit CPU
•5 IBM compatible expansion slots
•4 DMA and 3 Timer channels
•Up to 32K Of EPROM (supplied with full 8K)
•DOS BIOS on EPROM
•Full size capacitance touch keyboard with

10 function keys and calculator type

numeric keypad
•8087 Math Co-Processor ready

•110-220 VAC, 50-60 Hz

•High resolution, 12" Monitor with Green

Screen and 18MHz bandwidth.
•Two Slimline 5% " DS/DD 48 TPI Floppys

@ 360K storage each.
•Floppy Disk Controller expansion card,

runs up to four SS or DD Floppys
•ALSO supports MS-DOS™ and

CP/M-86® Operating Systems
•Power Supply is Hard Disk ready, no need

to add-on additional power
•Full One Year Parts and Labor Warranty

on all XOS Manufacturing products'

SYS-81 00-00

"Need a 16-bit IBM-PC" 1 to process your data?"

The first IBM™ compatible that IS compatible! A complete system in-
cluding the PC-DOS™ operating system from IBM™. Two thinline double-
sided 5% " Disk Drives hold 36 OK of formatted storage each, the other
drive opening is fitted with a close-out plate. Removal of the plate will allow
room for a Winchester Hard Disk. The Power Supply is like that of an IBM-
PC XT™.. Hard Disk ready! How compatible is the XPC-XT? It will run
1-2-3™, Flight Simulator™, dBASE II™, WordStar™, SuperCalc™,
VisiCalc® and hundreds of others, The system will also support MS-
DOS™ 1.1 and 2.1, PC-DOS™ 2.2, CP/M-86™ and Unix Operating
Systems. Add-on an additional 1 92K of RAM for a full 256K of on-board
Memory for only $195.00. This computer comes standard with 2 Serial
and 1 parallel ports (IBM™ COM1 and COM2). No need to purchase
Add-On cards.

BASIC XPC SYSTEM

If that incredibly LOW Total System price doesn't suit

you, try this "Do it Yourself System" and take

your pick of the wide range of options listed below.

The Features: «64K RAM 'Expandable to 256k

•4 DMA channels «5 Expansion Slots

•Runs MS/DOS™ and CP/M-86™ (not included)

•Multi-function keyboard and Cable

•Hard Disk Ready Power Supply

•2 Serial and one Parallel Port

•and MORE! •SYS-8000-00

The following are registered Trademarks and their Companys: 1-2-3-Lotus Development Company; MS-DOS,
PC-DOS, Flight Simulator-MicroSoft; dBase ll-Ashton-Tate; WordStar-MicroPro International Corp.; SuperCalc-
Sorcim, Inc.; VisiCalc-VisiCorp, Inc.; CP/M-86-Digital Research Inc.; IBM, IBM-PC, IBM-PC XT-International
Business Machines

Only

$895

Call or Write for Nearest Dealer and Full Catalog

FLOPPY INTERFACE

This Is the standard Floppy Interface Card supplied in all
systems not using Tape Back-up. It can access up to four
drives in 48 or 96 TPI formats. The same high quality data
separator as used in IBM™ counterparts, insures data
Integrity. BOA-6001-00 $255.00

EXPANSION MEMORY

This super reliable, four layer design Memory Card can
be expanded from 64K to 576K in 64K increments (at
$75.00 ea.). We've tested them all and can recommend
this one with confidence. The price below is with 64K and
includes Spooler and RAMDISK software.
BOA-8650-00 $255.00

MANUFACTURING

CALENDAR CLOCK

This simple but effective Card should be ordered with
every system. Battery Back-up (naturally) keeps your Disk
Log right up to date. Saves typing in the date everytime
you "boot up" the system. BOA-8700-00..$149.00

300/1200 BAUD MODEM

If this is your first computer, you will soon want It to Com-
municate. CompuServe and The Source are on your screen
minutes after you plug-in this Custom Made Unit. Sup-
plied with cable to plug into any wall outlet. Auto-Dial Soft-
ware "remembers" phone numbers and log-in sequences
to ease operation. Software included for each operating
system. BOA-8725-00 $295.00

SUPER 12 PAK MULTI-FUNCTION

Now we need a full page to describe this fantastic Card!
Since we only have a little room, here are the features:
IBM™ compatible Joystick Port (2), Real-Time
Chronograph (Battery Back-up), Parallel Port, Serial Port,
64K to 384K of Parity Memory, Print Spooler and RAM-
DISK software, and supplied with OK of Memory.
BOA-8680-00 $345.00

HARD DISK ADD-ON

Complete Packages

Includes BIOS Software, SV4" Winchester Hard Disk,
mounting hardware, Interface P.C.B. for expansion
slot, and all the necessary power and data cables (the
Power Supply in the XPC-XT is Hard Disk ready).

65 Megabyte

$2495

105 Megabyte

$3295

140 Megabyte

$4195

Archive Tape Back-up unit shown above is of 20 and
40 megabyte capacity. Memtek unit will soon be
available at 1 megabyte capacity at approximately
One-Half the COSt! Circle 360 on inquiry card.

10 Megabyte

$995

20 Megabyte

$1295

40 Megabyte

$1795

MONOCHROME ADAPTOR

If you are impressed with all the rave reviews that the
•»- Hercules Graphics Card gets, you will love ours!
Made expressly for the XPC-XT by Hercules
themselves, it runs everything the Hercules Card does
(1-2-3™, dBase II, etc.). BOA-8500-00. . . $395.00

COLOR ADAPTOR

Color and monochrome combinations, can be run
simultaneously. Flight Simulator™, 1-2-3™ all perform
without modifications. NO FUCKER! Besides performing
perfectly, Included are: Light Pen Interface, Print Spooler,
and RAM Disk options! BOA-8400-00 $495.00

COLOR

MONOCHROME

MON-

500-00 $345.00 MON-1000-00 $125.00

Three models of Color to choose
from, each with higher and higher
resolution. Price from $345.00 to
S7S0.00. Monochrome Unit Is
outstandingly clear and easy on the
eyes. In Green or Amber screens.

HARD DISK ONLY INTERFACE

A simple, quick solution to adding a Hard Disk to your
XPC. All you need is this card, a Cable, and the Drive.
Handles from 5 to 140 megabytes with minimum software
configuration. Order with your System now or order later.
Compatible with all the operating systems.
BOA-8050-00 $375.00

H.D./TAPE CONTROLLER

This package consists of a combination Interface Adap-
tor having SCSI H.D./TAPE Connector as well as the Flop-
py Controller. Two additional 5" form factor Boards are
included and mount over the Tape Drive and Hard Disk.
10, 20, & 40 megabytes of Back-up Is added to your Hard
Disk. BOA-8675-00 $750.00

XDS Manufacturing 5791 Machine Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92649 ■ 714/898-0336

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

toll free 800-233-8760

TO ORDER

CALL US

In PA 1 717-327-1824

PRINTER PRINTER PAPER

INTERFACING AVAILABLE

■Available for IBM PC. Appla, Atari, Vic 20 & Vie 64

SAVE =r PRINTERS

EPSON

OKI DATA

LETTER QUALITY

SMITH CORONATP2. . . $449.00

DIABLO 630 ..$1719.00

ALPAHCOM 42 $89.00

ALPHACOM81 $129.00

NEC 8023 $389.00

NEC 8025 $899.00

NEC PC-8200
COMPUTER $CALL

RX-80 $SAVE$

HX-80FT ON

FX-SO In-Stock

FX-100 EPSON

MX-BOFT PRINTERS

MX-100 $$CALL$$

MANNESMANN
TALLY

SPIRIT 80 $CALL

MT1SOL $CALL

80 $SAVE$

82A CALL for

83A LOWEST

84 PRICES

92 on thaaa

93 In-Stock

PACE MARK 2350. . . PRINTERS

ATARI 850

REPLACEMENTS

IN-STOCK

CITOH

GORILLA GX100 $179.00

PROWRITER 8510 ...$339.00

PROWRITER II $659.00

8600 $1025.00

STARWRITER $1 099.00

PRINTMASTER $1499.00

STAR MICRONTICS

GEMINI 10X $269.00

GEMINI 15X SCALL

DELTA 10 $479.00

MODEMS

ANCHOR MARK I

HAYES SMART ..
| HAYES MICRO II
Micro Bit

flPP-IOOO

NOVATION
I CAT

D-CAT

J-CAT

1 APPLE CAT II

212 APPLE CAT .

S79.00
I S79.00
.(339.00

S309 00

$129.75

S144 00
$155 00
$1 15.00
$279 00
$589 00

MONITORS

Sakata Color $229.00

Amdek Color I $275.00

Ahndek 300 Green $149.00

Amdek 300 Amber .... $149.00
Gorilla Green $99.00

CARDCO

Cardprinter / L01 $499.00

Cardprint DM1 ji 09. OO

5 Slot Expansion 64 $54. OO

64 Write NOW $39 00

64 Mail NOW $29.00

2 j Write NOW $29.00

64 Keypad $29 00

Universal Cass. Int $29 75

Printer Utility $1975

6 Slot Expansion $79.95

3 Slot Expansion $24 95

PRINTER INTERFACE $39.75

PRINTER INTERFACE with

(ull graphics $65.75

LIGHT PEN $29.75

HES64

Sound Box $9.95

64Forth $55.75

Hesmon $25.75

Turtle Graphics $37.75

Heswrlter $28.75

Grldrunner $19.75

SPINNAKER 64

Kindercomp $21 .75

Story Machine $23.75

Face Maker $23.75

Snooper Trooper $29.75

Delta Drawing $34.75

Shamus II c/d $24.95

Pinhead c/d $22.95

DUST COVERS

800 $3.99

400 $3.99

1200 $3.99

410 $3.99

810 $3.99

1 050 $5.99

PROWRITER $5.99

GEMINI 10X $5.99

PERCOM DISK $5.99

•appkz

SSI

Battle of Shilo $26.75

Tigers in the Snow $26.75

Cosmic Balance $26.75

APPLE nuMPl INC. GX S99 75

APPLE DUMPLING 64 116 BufteOSI 79 75

INFOCOM

Zork I. II. or III $26.75

Deadline $33.75

SYNAPSE 64

ZEPPELIN C/D $24.75

BLUE MAX C/D $24.75

DIMENSION X C/D ....$24.75
EPYX 64

ASPHI R $28.75

JUMPMAN JR R $28.75

■ PIT STOP R $28.75

commodore

BR00ERBUND64
BANK STREET

WRITER $49.75

CHOPLIFTER $24.75

LODE RUNNER $24.75

DROL $24.75

KOALA TOUCH TABLET... $69. 75

ATARI

Computers for people:

O .. . ..

Voice Box 2 . $99.75

BLANK DISKETTES
ELEPHANT

Single Side SO (10) $17.75

Single Side DD (10) $21.75

Double Side DO (10) $28.75

MAXELL

MDI(10) $28.75

MO 11(10) 838.75

CERTRON CASSETTES

CC-10 12 for 815.80

CC-20 12 lor 817.88

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Olak Storage (hold* 10) ... .84 95
Dlak Storage (holds 1 5) .... $9.95
Olak Storage (holda 50).... $26. 85

600XL ...SCALL

800XL for

1400XL... Lowest
1450 Prices

1050 OISK DRIVE .... $SAVE$
lOipRECOR pEP. $74.75

^UCH

BARKER BROTHERS

Tutankham R $33.75

Super Cobra R $33.75

Astro Chase R $33.75

Frogger R $33.75

OBertR $33.75

Popeye R $33.75

Monkey Wrench 2 $52.75|

SPINNAKER
Story Machine R ..$26,751

Face Maker R $24.75 I

Kinderomp R $20.75 I

Fraction Fever R..$24.75
Delta Drawing R. ..$26.75 I

TRAK DISK DRIVES

AT-D1 $379.00

AT-D2 $399.00

PRINTER CABLE $22.95

Software for ATD-2 ....$22.95

RANA
DISK DRIVE

COMPUTER CARE

BIB

8V> OISK DRIVE

CLEANER $1'2.75

COMPUTER CARE

KIT $19.75

HARD DISK
DRIVES for

APPLE IBM-PC

5MEG $1349.00

10MEG ...$1599.00
15MEG ...$1999.00
20MEG ...$2359.00

Allll S Ml !»' '<" ,R S MO I), v.",

TEXAS
INSTRUMENT

Disk Drive... $245.00

PEFGOM

FOR ATARI
COMPUTERS

AT88S1 ..
AT88S2 . .
AT"S1 PD
RFD40S1 .
RFD40S2.
RFD44S1 .

..$299.00
..$535.00
..$439.00
..$399.00
..$675.00
..$449.00

AT88 doubler

§Q TO ORDER

CALL TOLL FREE or send order to

800-233-8760 ffi'SSST

[Customer Service 1-717-327-1825 Jersey Shore. PA 1774C

Circle 200 on inquiry card. POLICY

In-stock items shipped within 24 hours of order. Personal
checks require four weeks clearance before shipping. No
deposit on CO. D. orders. Free shipping on prepaid cash orders
within the continental U.S. PA residents add sales tax. All
products subject to availability and price change. Advertised
prices show 4% discount offered for cash, add 4% for Master
Card or Visa. DEAl TR INQUIRIES INVITED.

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

MOTHER BOARD:

• 8088 CPU with socket for co-processor 8087

• 8088 is supported by 8259A interrupt controller and 8237 DMA
controller

• 2 (two) 28 pin sockets for ROM

• 8 (eight) expansion slots

• No RAM on board (RAM is on multifunction board)

Bare Board 69.00

Ready Board 199.00

(with IC sockets, resistors, capacitors, connectors, crystals,
transistors soldered)

Tested Board (w/o ROM) 399.00

IC kit 199.00

Build Your IBM™
Compatible PC at
Competitive Prices

MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

• 2 serial ports, 1 parallel port real time clock, 64k RAM up
to 256k RAM 299.00

• Floppy disk drive controller board 189.00

• Hard disk controller board 399.00

• Color graphic board 239.00

• Monochrome + color + graphic board Call

• Panasonics disk drive, 320k, half height 199.00

• Hard disk drive 10 MB 799.00

• 100W power supply with fan 199.00

• Case 169.00

• Manual 25.00

• Keyboard 169.00

• High resolution color RGB monitor 499.00

• High resolution green monitor 129.00

• Monitor stand 39.00

• Hayes 1 200B modem 449.00

• Hayes 1 200 modem 475.00

IBM is the trademark of International Business Machines.
Prices subject to change without notice.

L»l Hand well

4962 El Camino Real • Los Altos, CA 94022

(415) 962-9265 1-(800) 821-3628

TLX: 171947 HAN DWELL LTOS

IBM PC 256K

2X 320 KB DS/DD DISK DRIVES

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER, COLOR CARD

ALL FOR $2599

IBM MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Quadboard 64K $289.00

Expandable to 384K

Parallel, Serial Port

Game Port, I/O Bracket
Quadboard II 64K $289.00

Memory expansion

2 Serial ports

Profit Systems $ CALL
Run 9 programs
simultaneously.
Serial, Port
Expandable to 512K
ALSO AVAILABLE
Excellent prices on
STB, AST, MAYNARD

MONITORS

Amdek 300G $144.50

Amdek 300A $155.00

Amdek 31 0A $CALL

Amdek Color II + $385.00

PGS HX-12 $495.00

PGS MAX 12 Amber $179.00

Quadchrome $549.00

ALSO AVAILABLE

w/10 MB INTERNAL HARD DISK

$3,599.00

IBM PORTABLE (Available)

$ CALL

(Call for other configurations)

SPECIAL

*"99 44/100% SYSTEM COMPATIBLE"

P.C. World April 84

TAVA PC

SYSTEM I

SYSTEM II

128K

2 DS/DD Disk Drives
Color Graphic Board
Printer Port
2 Serial Ports
Keyboard
Amdek Monitor
DOS 2.1

$1,995.00

256 K

1 DS/DD Disk Drive
Color Graphic Board
Printer Port

2 Serial Ports
Keyboard
Amdek Monitor
DOS 2.1

10 MB HARD DISK
$2,995.00

RBASE
SCALL

SOFTWARE

I US

MICROPRO

MICROSOFT

CONTINENTAL

PEACHTREE

PERFECT

SORCIM

VISICORP

We carry over 100
different lines of
APPLE & IBM Software
10% -45% below retail.

CALIFORNIA

22110 Clarendon Street

Woodland Hills, CA 91367

(818)999-1183

VISA

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

SUPPORT SELECTION SAVINGS

TO THE MAX...

compumox

MISSISSIPPI

175 East Capitol

Landmark Center

Jackson, MS 39201

(601) 355-8204

488 BYTE • IUNE I984

SEC

NEC Advanced Personal Computer - The APC

Standard Hardware Package includes:

• 8086 16bit CPU • 128K RAM, expandable to 512K

• 640 x 475 pixel CRT • 8" floppies with 1 Mbyte each

• Great keyboard • 48 definable function keys
Standard Software Package includes:

• MS-DOS 2.0 • WordStar 3.3

• dBaSEII • MULTIPLAN

NEC APC- 1 Drive, Green #H01 $2095

NEC APC- 2 Drive, Green #H02 $2550

NEC APC- 2 Drive, Color #H03 $3150

NEC APC- 1 Drive, Color #H04 $2575

NEC 10MByte Winchester #H26 $2176

Limited Time Graphics Specials:

All graphics packages include additional 1 28K user RAM, and

HIGH PERFORMANCE GRAPHICS VIDEO INTERFACE, WHICH CREATES

1000 x 1000 graphics. The dot matrlx printer, where in-
cluded, is the #H16, aka PC-8023.

GPKG #1 Graphplan, CP/M-86, Printer

GPKG #3 Videograph, Grapiiwriter, Screenshooter

GPKG #2 Context MBA, Printer

GPKG #4 AirroCAD, CP/M-86

NEC GPKG-XX-MONO $685

NEC GPKG-XX-COLOR $775

IBM PC Systems
#1 System: 2-360K Drives, 256K RAM, Graphics

Video Card $2565

#2 System: 2-360K Drives, 256K RAM, Monochrome

Video Card, Amber CRT $2825

IBM PC-XT Systems

#1 System: Standard unit - List $4995 $4400

#2 System: 256K, Graphics Video, Amber CRT $4945

#3 System: 256K, Monochrome Video, Amber CRT . . $5090

Tava PC Systems

All TAVA's include 2 serial ports, 1 parallel port, 2 dsdd
thinline drives, a video interface (either graphics or
monochrome), 256K RAM, and a 12" monochrome CRT.

Tava #1: Graphics Video $2145

Tava #2: Monochrome Video $2195

Tava PC-XT #1: 10 MByte Hard, Graphics Video . . . $3295
Tava PC-XT #2: 10 MByte Hard, Monochrome
Video $3345

^ SANYO

SANTO MBC550 Systems

MBC550-STD $745

MBC555-STD $1085

Recommended Options:

128K Extra RAM (256K Total) $100

Teac DSDD Drive, w/DOS patch $245

Serial Port $80

Amber CRT $140

Color RGB CRT $535

DOS Patch $75

►SANYO 550-2 $987

SANYO 555-2 $1325

Tseng Laboratories Ultra-Pak

132 x 44 column video interface with graphics for the
IBM Monochrome CRT. Includes parallel port, serial posf,
clock. Optional floppy disk controller or 64K-384K RAM
Pack. j0^^%. ^»

Ultra-PAK Lbt $680. . , $495

Disk-PAK List $220!., $185

Ram-PAK (64K expandable to 3H4K) List $245. . . $205

Profit Systems 1 ^. .^ ^

Multigraph (80 x 40 Video w/Graphks k mSSm
Printer p4r%. . . r. . Sit . . . . "» $465

MultiGraph Option Board (132 columns,

16 colors) ■j^'^dBr*-- * 185

Multi-User Subsystem: Fob 4 users, hardware &
software . . . .-.. ." $650

Diskettes

Verbatim Verex SSDD

DATALIFE SSDD

DATALIFE DSDD

Head Cleaner Kit

Flipit (use back side of disks)

Diskette Hamper

Library Case-holds 10 disks .

2.25

Modems

Anchor Automation "Signalman"

Mark II (Atari) $ 89

Mark III (TT) $ 110

ifoRK IV (Commodore Pet-CBM) $ 120

Mark V (Osborne) $ 100

MaHi XII (1200 Baud Smartmodem) $ 345

The Networker for Apple w/Software $ 159

The Networker -no Software $ 110

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $ 215

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 $ 505

Hayes Micromodem II-e $ 295

Novation Access 1-2-3 $ 445

"When you know
enough to buy mail order,

you're wise enough to
buy from an expert."

Circle 132 on inquiry card

Corona Systems

#PC-2: Desktop, 128K, 2 Drives $2350

#PPC-2: Portable, 128K, 2 Drives $2335

#PC-2-XT: Desktop, 10MByte Hard $3595

#PPC-2-XT: Portable, 10MByte Hard $3560

Letter Quality Printers
C. ITOHTEC: These daisywheel printers use Diablo wheels,

INK CARTRIDGES, AND SOFTWARE CODES.

F-10-18 18cps $495

F-10-40 40cps ,;;.;. . $950

F-10-55 55CPS .,,.'!; $1275

Abati LQ-20P 20CPS, 132 column $395

Dynax-Brother HR-15 $450

Dynax-Brother HR-25 il ; , $750

JUKI 6100 20ops $466

NEC Spinwritkbs #2050. . : $866

NEC#3550 ...'." $1785

NEC #7730 , .v. . . . $2100

Silver-Reed Exp500p .............. . T. $475

Silver-Reed Exp550p $555

Pot Matrix Printers
BMC CP-80 w/Carboh Ink $265

i80cps-color $575

i80cps-color-wide $795

Epson FX-80 $535

Epson FX-100 $730

Gemini 10-X $279

Gemini 15-X $415

Mannesmann-Tally MT160L $615

MT180L $825

Okidata 92 OKIDATA * 435

Okidata 93 ^yr7 $700

Prowriter 120cps, std $345

Prowriter 2 120cps, wide $575

Sakata Monitors

SC-100 Color Composite 13" $275

SC-200 Color RGB for IBM 13" $460

SC-300 Color RGB for IBM 13" $695

SC-1000 Green 12" $125

SC-1000 Amber 12" $135

NEC PC8201 Lap Computer $575

comPAa

Compaq 2 Drive, 256K $2465

MICROSOFT

Microsoft "WORD" w/Mouse $295

Qlbie Modem 1200B Internal. $295

EXPERT Computers

21804 Roscoe Blvd., Suite 18
Canoga Park, CA 91304

(213) 344-6063
(800) 528-9537

ADD 4* FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS. ADD 2% FOR VISA/MASTER-
CARD. 20JC PREPAID DEPOSIT REQUIRED ON COD ORDERS.
CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX. PRICES MAY CHANGE -
CALL TO VERIFY PRICES AND DELIVERY.

for Less

Byes 5nwthodem 1200

Hayes Micromodei

(619) 579*2730

SAVE MORE

THAN EVER ON

. '/ 3M Scotch
<y DISKETTES

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

$-|85"i™$935

Qly. 20

5V4"DSDD ■ ^

(745^ K— Qty 2Q

5V4-SSQD— 96TPI(746)
5V.-DSQD— 96TPI(747)
8" SSSD (740)
8"SSDD(741)
8" DSDD (743)

oty.:

$2.60 ea
$3.25 ea
$2.05 ea
$2.50 ea
$3.10 ea
Shipping: 5W DISKETTES— Add $3.00 per 100 or fraction
thereof 8" DISKETTES— Add $4.00 per 100 or fraction
thereof. OTHER ITEMS: Shipping charges as shown in
additkin to diskette shipping charges. Payment: VISA or
MasterCard COD orders only, add $3.00 Tmm: Illinois
customers, please add 8%.

Hours: 9 AM-5 PM Central Time
For fast service call

Nationwide: 1-800-621-6827
In Illinois: 312-944-27S8

DISK WORLD!

Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron street • Chicago. Illinois 60611

Authorized Distributor
Information Processing Products

LOW-COST
DATA LOGGING
FOR APPLE II®

UP TO 128 CHANNELS OF VOLTAGE,
CURRENT OR THERMOCOUPLE INPUTS

16-CHANNEL STRIP CHART OR LOG
ON PRINTER - FAST DISK STORAGE

INPUTS ARE OVER VOLTAGE-PROTECTED

SAMPLE RATES UP TO 1 10.000 SAM/SEC

MANY OTHER ADVANCED FEATURES

ALSO: TIMER/CLOCK WITH CALENDAR

1 MILLISECOND RESOLUTION $175

1 2-BIT A/D 40,000 SAM/SEC $325

8-BIT A/D 1 10.000 SAM/SEC $165

13-BIT A/D 12 SAM/SEC $175

THERMOCOUPLE THERMOMETERS

2 OR 6 CHANNELS $135 or $155

MULTIPLEXERS, OUTPUT CONTROLLERS
AND CUSTOM SYSTEMS AVAILABLE

LAWSON LABS, INC.

5700 RAIBE ROAD
COLUMBIA FALLS. MT 59912
406-387-5355

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Circle 1 1 1 on inquiry card.

Circle 1 87 on inquiry card.

:§

•IBM PC Compatible

C3C

EPROMS — CALL 1 Lowest Prices Anywhere

•4164-150P $530

•4164-200/250 515/469

6116-P3 599

IBM Ex/Color Boards. . . . CALL
IBM PC, XTs . . . Below Market/
CALL
Disk Drives: ifo.b. Tampa)

•TM-100-2 21924

•Half-Heights -2 21924

•lOmbWin 1,38547

(MS/DOS 2.0/IBM plup in & go)

Add $2.95 shipping to all orders • Prices subject
to change • P.O.'s on approval • C.O.D. OK • All
new, no surplus, no seconds
4920 Cypress St., Tampa, FL 33607
In FL and for info, call 81 3-875-0299
FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910

8AM-8PMEDT

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

S-IOO EPROM PROGRAMMER

EPROM -32

• Field-proven board meets IEEE-696 standard

• Programs IK through 32K (byte) EPROMs.

• Textool zero-insertion-force programming socket,

• EPROM is programmed through I/O ports and can be
verified through 1/0 ports or located in memory space
lor verification.

• Programming voltage generated on-board.

• Personality Modules adapt board to EPROMs:
PM-1-2508.2758 PM-3-2732.2732A PM-6-68764

2516.2716 PM-4-2564 PM-8-27128

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-9-27256

• Feature-packed CP/M-compat-
ible control software includes $269 95*

fast programming algorithm.
One year warranty

(A&T)

fHcroPynomtci

Corporation

Suite 245 • 1355 Lynnfield Road • Memphis. TN 38119
(90D-682-4054

* Price includes EPR0M-32. documentation and two
Personality Modules (specify). Additional Modules—
S7.95. Control software on 8" SSSD diskette— S29.95.
UPS ground— $2.00, UPS air— S4.00, COO— $1.65, foreign
add $15.00. VISA and MASTERCARD welcome.

BOARD REPAIR

Flat rate repair of Combo cards for IBM-PC

made by AST, Indigo, STB, TecMar, orQuadram

$85

Includes pads & labor (except memory ICs)

OTHER FLAT RATE
BOARD REPAIR PRICES:

I BM-PC Motherboard (64-256K) J200

IBM-PC Power Supply (63 watt) $125

IBM-PC Color Graphics Adapter $125

CALL FOR QUOTES ON OTHER MODULES

ALSO TEAC FD55-B

5 'A" DSDD disk drive $189 each

pair with stacking kit $365

MC/VISA accepted, add 4%

Corn-Tec Services, Inc.

1110 N. POST OAK ROAD, #340

HOUSTON, TEXAS 77055

(713) 680-3300

Circle 61 on Inquiry card.

XT COMPATIBLE
OEM COMPONENT SALE

Computer Case $150.00

Key Board $199.00

Power Supply $225.00

Mother Board-Bare $ 95.00

Mother Board without ICs . . $225.00

Mother Board with ICs $525.00

Dealers/OEM Buyers
Quantity Discounts Available.

All items are 100% XT Compatible as

replacement kits. Case with interchangable

rear panel for PC Users. Bare board comes

with complete instruction with part list. 1

year manufactures warranty on most items.

VISA and MasterCard welcome

Price change without notice

IBM is a trademark of

International Business Machine

HiTech International, Inc.
4966 El Camino Real. Suite 101
Los Altos, CA 94022 (415) 949-0141
TLX 171854 1BC

COBOL CROSS
REFERENCE $95

Required:

IBM-PC. DOS-2.0. 128K memory, & one disk drive

Limits:

1,400 data names & 11,000 references.

Prints cross reference and/or source code.
Accepts most versions of COBOL as input.
This is a stand alone program which will flag
duplicate data names and invalid references.
Your name will appear in the report heading.
Please print your name and address distinctly.

Your Name ^____

Street Address

City, State, Zip

Send a check or money order ($95.00) to:

META SYSTEMS INC. ALASKA
200 W. 24th Ave., Suite 115
Anchorage, AK 99503

Circle 394 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER
USERS... i

ADVERTISING
NATIONWIDE

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NETWORK

2320 Kansas Ave CALL ' rou - FR

Suite 1 1 06
Topeka, Ks. 6661 1

1 -800-233-2322
or 913-357-6331

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

SHOO,

(ompuPro

A GOntlOUT COMPANY
SYSTEM 816 A A&T $3,999

SYSTEM 816. B A&T 94.999

SYSTEM 81 6/C* A&T 86.399

SYSTEM 816/0' A&T (80861 $9,899

SYSTEM 816 E- A&T (68000) $6,399

TO ADD 40Mb H.D. TO ANY SYSTEM 816 $2,475
S-100'i 40Mb HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM

W, DISK 3 & CP M 80 & 86 $2,895

100 HOUR SYSTEM "BURN-IN"
■XEROX ON-SITE SERVICE WHERE AVAILABLE

CPU Z 6MHz A&T $229

CPU 8086/88 A&T $349

CPU 8086 10MHz A&T $569

CPU 86/87 5MHz A&T $739

CPU 68K W/MMU OPTION A&T $629

CPU 68K 10MHz CSC $600

RAM 17 64K STATIC A&T $349

RAM 16 64K STATIC 8& 16 A&T $389

RAM 21 128K STATIC 8&16 A&T $699
RAM 22 256K STATIC 8&16 A&T $1,229

M-DRIVE/H 512K RAM DISK $895

INTERFACER 3-8 SERIAL A&T $489

INTERFACER 4-3 SERIAL/2 PARALLEL $319

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 A&T S319

DISK 1 A&T $349

DISK 2 A&T 8" H.D. CNTRL $559
DISK 3 6V." H.D. CNTRL W/CP/M80 & 86 $669
6 SLOT MOTHERBOARD W/TERMINATION $99

MORROW

DJ/DMA 6'/4" & 8" FLPY CNTRL/DEC.1
MD2 SYSTEM W/MDT60 TERMINAL

AND TALLY "SPIRIT" PRINTER
MD3 AS EQUIP. ABOVE W/PEARL DBMS
MD3-MDCP88-266 AS EQUIP. ABOVE W/

8088 CO-PROC. & 266K RAM UPGRD.
MDP-3 PORT. SAME AS MD3 EXCEPT 6X7"

SCRN. & INCLD. TALLY "SPIRIT" $1,899

MD11 SYSTEM W/11 Mb H.D.. CP/M 3.0.

128K RAM. MDT60 TERMINAL. EPSON

RX80FT PRT. $2,996

$666

$1,699
$1,999

$2,498

CPZ 48000 CLOSE OUT $639

CPZ 48006 6MHz MASTER $739

256KMB MEMORY BOARD $709

CPS MX 64K RAM SLAVE 4MHz $339

CPS MX 64K RAM SLAVE 6MHz $389

CPS BMX 128K RAM SLAVE 4MHz $496

CPS BMX 128K RAM SLAVE 6MHz $529

• ADVANCED'
DIGITAL

corporation ,

SUPER SIX/128 6 MHz $575

SUPER SLAVE/128-6 MHz $519

CP/M 3 $350

TURBODOS MULTI USER W SPOOLER $600
DMA MICROMAGNUM 5Mb

5Mb FIXED & 5Mb RMOV CARTG $1,595

HDC 1001 DMA W DRIVERS $429

Litton

JEFFERSON-
ELECTRIC

TRUE SINE WAVE. 100% BATTERY OPER. W/NO
SWITCH OVER, BYPASS STATIC SWITCH
760 WATTS <S> 16 MIN #370-811 100 $1,575
1 HR. W AUXILIARY BATTERY $149

s-mo

ESTABLISHED 1977

SALES 800- 528-3138

TECHNICAL 602-991-7870
MODEM ORDERS 602-948-1387
TELEX: 16 5025 FTCC SEC PHX.

IBM-PC W/FLPY CTRL. STB GRAPHICS •
CRT CTRL 266K RAM. PC DOS 2.10
2 DSDD DRVS . 12" AMBER MON.

$2,996

JEBSE3 FOR IBM-PC

TIMEMASTER WITH BATTERY BACK-UP $101

DYNAMIC MEMORY 266K $342

1$t MATE 266K. SERIAL. PARA. CLOCK $412

CAPTAIN SAME AS 1 it MATE W/384K $667

GRAPHICS MASTER HI-RES RGB $621

IEEE 488 BOARD W/SOFTWARE $367

6Mb H.D. CARTRIDGE INSTALLS IN PC $1,496
33Mb FIXED H.D. W/6Mb REMOVABLE

CART. IN AN EXPANSION CHASSIS $4,121

LAB MASTER W/MANY OPTIONS AVAIL. $746

EXPANSION CHASSIS W/8 SLOTS $726
BASE BOARD - DO-IT YOURSELF

MULTIFUNCTION $269

BOSUN XT MULTIFUNCTION BD. $149
SCRIBE TENDER W/PRT & SERIAL CABLES $179

jrCAPT. 128K W/TREASURE CHEST $319

jrWAVE 266K $399
jrCADET 384K PIGGY-BACK BD.

ADD-ON FOR jrCAPT. & jrWAVE $479

SUPER "RIO" 266K W/PARA . 2 SERIAL
& GAME PORTS. CLOCK CAL/BATT
PARA. & SERIAL CABLES $448

PIGGYBACK 612K FOR SUPER "RIO" 266 $671
RIO PLUS W/384K SAME AS SUPER "RIO"
EXCEPT ONLY 1 SERIAL AND NO
PIGGYBACK BD. $649

SUPER I/O LIKE RIO PLUS WITHOUT

RAM FOR XT $149

I 384 MEMORY EXPANSION BD. $484

GRAPHICS PLUS. RGB OR MONO. PRT

AND LT. PEN PORTS $269

lEIectraloaicsJ

QUASI-DISK 612K RAM-DISK WON BD DRV.
STATUS LED'S. WRITE PROTECT. DMA
E-Z INSTALL W/SAMPLE CP/M BIOS $896

51 2K PIGGY-BACK EXPANSION $696

BATTERY BACK-UP W/PWR. SUPPLY $169

64K CMOS RAM OR ROM
LOADS OF FEATURES

MFIO ALL-IN-ONE I/O BO.

8 ASYNCH. SERIAL, 2 PARALLEL
BAUD RATE GENERATOR. CLOCK-CAL.
W/BATT.. PROG. PRIOR. INTERRUPT
SERIAL OPTION BD. FOR MFIO
CENTRONICS PARALLEL BD. FOR MFIO
STD. PARALLEL OPTION BD. FOR MFIO

$409

$469
$26
$39
$26

(55) u

S. ROBOTICS

FREE TELPAC SOFTWARE INCLD.

S 100 BD MODEM 300/1200 $369

PASSWORD 1200 AUTO ANS. /DIAL $369

AUTO DIAL 212A (HAYES COMPAT.) $469

printers:

BROTHER HR-16 SERIAL $609

BROTHER HR 26 SERIAL $819

DAISYWRITER 2000 W/48K $998

EPSON MX. RX & FX IN STOCK CALL

OKIDATA 92 $439

OKIDATA 93 $729

TALLY MT160L $696

TALLY MT180L $819

TALLY 'SPIRIT' N.L.Q. @ 80 C.P.S. $299

i terminals!
:& monitors:

COMREX CR6600-Y. HI-RES. P-39 $126

FREEDOM 100 TERMINAL CALL
FREEDOM 200 TERMINAL

(EMUL TELEVIDEO 960 & ADM 31 ) CALL

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX12 HI-RES RGB $496

QUME QVT102A $646

QUME QVT102G $629

TAXAN RGB 420 (IBM LOOK-ALIKE) $496

USI AMBER 12" HI-RES MONITOR (20MHz) $109
WYSE-60 14". 132 COL.. EMUL. TVI 910.

920. 926. ADDS-VP& HAZELTINE 1600 $626

ZENITH Z29 $696

ZENITH ZVM-136. 13 INCH. HI-RES RGB $606

:disk drives:

270 DAY WARRANTY

S-100'$ DMA 6Mb REMOV. CART. W/6Mb

FIXED WINCH. SUBSYSTEM $1,996
S-100'S SUBSYS ■ DUAL DSDD 8"
FLOPPY. QUANTUM 40Mb H.D..
DISK 1 & 3. CP/M80 & 86 $3,999
S-100 '$ 6V<" 40Mb QUANTUM H.D. SUB-
SYSTEM W/DISK 3 & CP/MBO & 86 $2,896
MAXTOR XT 1066 6V4" 66Mb H.D. $2,249
MAXTOR XT 1106 6V«" 106Mb H.D $2,996
MAXTOR XT-1140 6V4" 140Mb H.D. $3,749
QUANTUM Q640 6%" 40Mb H.D. $1,896
SEAGATE ST419 6V4" 20Mb H.D. $1 196
SEAGATE ST212 5V4" ViHI 12Mb $679

ZOBEX 6V4" H.D. CNTRL FOR IBM-PC

SUPPORTS ST606 INTERFACE DRIVES $319

ASK ABOUT SUBSYSTEMS FOR IBM or S-100 BUS

I an dan 100-2 5% dsdd $199

Qume

142 DSDD 5 VI " V, HI $179

242 DSDD 8 "-Mi HI $395

842 DSDD 8 "STD HI $465

^indus trial quality z
harinftr

DUAL V4HI HORIZ. 6V." FLPY $76

SINGLE STD HI HORIZ. 6V4" FLPY $69

DUAL V4 HI VERT. 8" FLPY $196

SINGLE STD. HI VERT. 8" FLPY $196

SOFTWARE

ACCOUNTING PEARL FOR IBM-PC $636

ASHTONTATE dBASE-2 CP/M-86 8 INCH $449

BDS "C" COMPILER $99

COMP. INNOVAT. "C" COMPILER $299

COMPUVIEW VEDIT-80 $136

COMPUVIEW VEDIT-86/MS-DOS $186

FOX & GELLER dUTIL $69

FOX & GELLER QUICKCODE $206

KNOWLEDGEMAN 8086 DATA BASE MGR. $346

MICROPRO'S PRO PAK $436

MICROSOFT'S BASIC COMPILER $292

PERSONAL PEARL DATA BASE MGR. $216

SORCIM SUPERCALC -3/IBM-PC $246

SORCIM SUPERCALC CP/M 2.2 8 INCH $121

(1 DIGITAL RESFARCH

MP/M-86

"C" COMPILER IBM PC

DR. LOGO/IBM PC

CBASIC COMPILER 80

PL/ 1-86

DR ASSEMBLER PLUS TOOLS

PASCAL MT+

DISPLAY MANAGER 80

ACCESS MANAGER 80

PC ACCOUNTING PACK /IBM-PC

SELECT (WORD PROC .) MSDOS

$419

$219

$62

$310
$496
$124
•217
$249
$186
•697
• 307

S-100 DIV./696 CORP.

14425 North 79th Street

Scottsdale, Arizona 85260

FULL DEALER SUPPORT
VISIT OUR SHOWROOM
Hrs. 8:30 AM-5:00 PM M-F
> PACIFIC STANDARD TIME

Circle 289 for Wholesale inquiries. Circle 290 for Retail inquiries.

Subject to Available Quantities

Prices Quoted Include

Cash Discounts

Shipping & Insurance Extra

NOW YOU CAN

Save Up To 50% On

mntnsBm

Ribbon Typ# 3 g 1 2

C. Itoh Prowriters 5 " ea. 5.™ ea 4." ea.

Epson/IBM FX/RX/MX-80 5" ea 5." ea 4. 1 * ea

Epson/IBM FX/flX/MX-100 7 * ea 6.' 6 ea 5." ea

Gemini 10/10X/15/15X 2." ea. SL" ea 2» ea.

Okidata 80/B2/83/92/93 2." ea 2." ea 2.°° ea

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Others; Diablo, Qume, Nee. Dec, T.I etc CALL

DISKETTES

57." Soft Saclor

OPUS

SS/DD

OPUS

DS/DD

Verbatim

SS/DD

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DS/DD

Maxell MDI

SS/DD

Elephant

SS/SD

Elephant

SS/DD

Ship S. Hand.

m Cont. US

27 ,»/10

25.'

22, M /10

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—MODEMS—

'Signalman MARK XII $259.95

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"VOSKMODEM 300 BaudS 59.95
Limited Offer/FREE Source Memb.

*The Computer Phone Book$9.95

"The Complete Handbook of
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—COMPUTER—

Sanyo MBC-550 S795

Printers & MBC-555 Package
Order: (800) 235-6646 OP 555
Calif. (800) 235-6647 OP 555

VISA/MC ACOM Electronics

Add 3% Dept. 120

Shipping 4151 Middlefield Rd.

Add 2% Palo Alto, CA 94303

Circle 1 2 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVES

(For PC, Mod I, III & IV)

Qume 142A $209

Teac FD55B $209

Tandon TM100-2 $209

Tandon TM101-4 $315

CDC 9409 $235

Case and PS $ 45

PC EXPANSIONS

Maynard Disk Controller $1 59

Sandstar Series Scall

Internal 1 0MB HD systems from ,, .$959

Quadboard (64 K) $265

Quadcolor I $199

AST SixpackPlus (64 K) $265

MegaPlus (64 K) $265

I/O Plus $114

2nd SP, PP or Game $ 35

HERCULES graphics board. . . . $349

HAYES Modems Scall

Set of 9 chips (64 K) $ 55

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10 Park Place i
(201) 267-3268

Morrisfown, NJ 07960
MC Check or COD

WordStar with
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More capability than
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Shipping: 5W DISKETTES— Add $3.00 per 100 or fraction thereof.
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charges Payment: VISA or MC COO orders, add $3.00. Taxes: Illinois
customers, please add 8%.

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In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788

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Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street ■ Chicago, Illinois 60611

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

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PRINTER CABLES
$30.00

SHIPPING INCLUDED

INTERFACE CABLES

Parallel Printer

RS232 Serial

Interface Cable

Apple

TELEVIDEO

Centronics

Columbia

DB 25

Epson

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Eagle

IBM PC

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up to 10 feet

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• 720 Day Warranty

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1-800-531-5475 (Outside Of Texas)

(512) 250-1489 (In Texas)
Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax.

iCompuPdc)

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DYNAMIC RAM

256K

150 ns

S49.90

64K

200 ns

5.67

64K

150 ns

5.87

64K

120 ns

750

16K

200 ns
EPROM

1.21

27128

300 ns

$22.50

2764

250 ns

9.25

2732

450 ns

5.40

2716

450 ns

3.60

2532

450 ns

4.80

STATIC RAM

5565P-15

150 ns

$43.00

6264LP-15

150 ns

45.50

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6.56

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£6t- 3 1 A 9 • fr86I 3NHI

pjeo Ajinbui uo a\ apJD

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Returns must have authorization number (call 602-861-1141), and are subject to a restocking charge.

TERMINALS

Adds

A-1 Green

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Viewpoint 60

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Espirit I

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Qume

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970

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Franklin

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Televideo Systems

802H

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12" Green Screen .

1 2" Amber Screen

129
145
275
425

.69
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155
115

125

.. 95
120

FOR IBM PC

IBM PC Call Save $

AST Research

Six Pak Plus— from $279

Combo Plus II — from 279

Mega Plus— from 309

I/O Plus— from 139

Quad ram

Quadlink 489

Quadboard 289

Quad 512 Plus 249

Quadcolor 229

SOFTWARE

Lotus

1-2-3.

$319

Micropro

WordStar/MailMerge 349

InfoStar 299

SpellStar 159

CalcStar 99

Microstuf
Crosstalk 105

Microsoft
Multiplan 159

Ashton Tate
dBASE II 389

-Friday! 185

Ram Memory
4164-150 59/9 per set

-S99* r

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Transient Protection With
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General

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MODEMS

Anchor

Mark I (RS-232)

Mark II (Atari)

Mark III (TI-99)

Mark IV (CBM/PET)

Mark V (Osborne)

Mark VI (IBM-PC)

Mark VII (Auto Ans./Auto Dial) .

Mark XII (1200 Baud)

TRS-80 Color Computer

9 Volt Power Supply

Hayes

Smartmodem 300

Smartmodem 1200

Smartmodem 1200B

Micromodem II

Micromodem II Plus

Micromodem HE

Micromodem 100

Smart Com II

Chronograph

Novation

J-Cat

SmartCat 103

SmartCat 103/212

AutoCat

212 AutoCat

Apple Cat II

212 Apple Cat

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade

Cat

D-Cat

PC-Cat

U.S. Robotics

212A Auto Dial

Password

$ 79

... 109
... 125

... 169

... 119

299

. 219
509
459
265
299
269
299

99
179
399
219
549
249
569
309
139
149
339

469
375

ACCESSORIES

5 1 / 4 " SS/DD .

5 1 /4" DS/DD
Verbatim

5 1 /4" SS/DD .

SV DS/DD
Elephant

5V4" SS/SD .

5V4" SS/DD .

5 1 /4- DS/DD

5 1 /4" Disk Head Cleaner (2 Disk)
5 1 /4" Disk Head Cleaner (1 Disk)
Koala Pad

Atari, Commodore 64

Apple

IBM

Kraft

Joystick

Apple Paddles

IBM Paddles

IBM Joystick

Apple Joystick

$26

... 36

DISK DRIVES

CDC

5V4" 9409-DS/DD

Tandon

5V4" TM 100-1-SS/DD 160K ...

5V4" TM 100-2A DS/DD 320K .

TM101-4(96 TPI Quad Den) ...

8" TM848-2(DS/DD) 1.2 MG ...
Indus

GT— Apple

GT— Atari

Micro-Set

A-2 (35TR)

A-40 (40TR)

A-70 (Quad)

Rana

Elite I

Elite II

Elite III

1000

150
225
339
400

239
. 349

225
269
329

509
319

"STRONG ENOUGH TO STAND ON"

M LOCKING FILE CASE

Can Stack,

Hang on Wall, and

Has Carrying Handle.

SPECIAL

$18 90

PRINTERS

Comrex

ComWriter II
Letter Quality

$459

C. Itoh

Pro-writer I

(8510A) Par 319

Pro-writer

(8510A) Serial 419

1550 Parallel 499

1550 BCD SERIAL 549

F-10 40CPS (Letter Qua!) .. 899
F-10 55CPS (Letter Qual) . 1179
A-1 20CPS (Letter Qual.) .449

Daisywriter

Daisywriter 2000 999

Daisywriter Cable 40

Datasouth

DS120 595

DS180 1155

DS220 1590

Diablo

620 (25CPS/Serial) 875

630 (40CPS/Multi-F) ... 1710

IDS Save $

Juki

6100-18 439

Mannesman-Tally

160L 589

180L 829

NEC

3550 (For IBM PC) 1499

3510 1219

7710 1649

Qume

1140 W/IBM Interface . 1359
1155 W/IBM Interface . 1489

Riteman

Portable 279

Star Micronics

Gemini 10X Call

Gemini 15X Call

Silver Reed

EXP550P 575

Transtar

120 P 499

315 Color Printer 499

Sheet Feeders &
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SPECIAL PRICES

Okidata Save $

Epson Save $

Toshiba (1351) Save $

C SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT

MSDOS

FULL C COMPILER PER K&R
•Inline 8087 or Assembler

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MSDOS 1.1/2.0 LIBRARY

SUPPORT

•Program Chaining Using Exec

•Environment Available to Main

c-window™ C SOURCE CODE
DEBUGGER

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COMBINED PACKAGE- $ 199

Call

or write:
c-systems

P.O. Box 3253
TM c-systems

Fullerton, CA 92634
714-637-5362

wabasK

wabash

Value Priced Diskettes/

6 Year Warrentyl Hub Rings! 100% Error-Free/

6%" Diskettes Soft or Hard Sector — Boxed

SSSD $1.39 Each*

SSDD $1.89 Each*

DSDD $2. 29 Each*

ROD (Flippy] $2.46 Each*

Similar savings on 8", quad density and

special format diskettes.

Bulk Diskettes, with envelopes

deduct 50 per diskette.

*Per Diskette- Quantities of 50 or more.

1 0% Surcharge for quantities

less than 50 diskettes.

Ml Residents, add 4% Sales Tax.

Shipping & Handling $3.00/50 Diskettes.

TO ORDER: Call or Write...

Precision Data Products

P.O. Box 8332

Grand Rapids, Ml 49508-0332

(616) 452-3457

Michigan 1-800-632-2468

Outside Mich. 1-800-258-0028

"TsL

C.O.D.

APPLE COMPATIBLE

Disk Drive Siso.oo ea.

Controller Card $35.00 ea.

Computer Case $55. 00 ea.

Keyboard $70.00 ea.

(Numeric and Function Keys)
Switching Power Supply. .$49.50 ea.
Joystick (Heavy Duty) . . . $17.50 ea.
Slim Fan $25.00 ea.

Prices for dealers in quantities of 25 or more.
End Users Inquiries welcomed.

ELECTRADE CO. (408) 946-2541

780 Trimble Rd. Suite 605
San Jose, CA 95131

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

51/4" DISK DRIVES

TANDON: TM 100-2 „___

Double Sided. 40 TRK/Side »Z09

TANDON: TM 100-1 .,„

Single Sided. 40 TRK *169

CDC: 9409 e0 ._

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side »«£l9

• 120 Day Warranty

• Free Shipping

• No Charge For Credit Cards

• Order Toll Free — - -

1-800-531-5475 (Outside Of Texas)

(512) 250-1489 (In Texas)
Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax.

Compufidcl cc

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101
Austin, Texas 78750

EPROM

PROGRAMMER

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$295.95

COMPLETE WITH

PERSONALITY

MODULE

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Programs the following: 5 Volt 24 or 28 pin
devices: 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764, 27128,
27256, 25xx series, 68766 plus others.
Specify Personality Module desired with order.
Additional Personality Modules only $19.95 ea.

CALL OR WRITE FOR DETAILS

APROPOS TECHNOLOGY

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MEMORY
MODULES

8Kx8
CMOS
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Radio Shack Model 100
NEC PC-8201

* Suggested List 1120.00,

Purple price $Qy 95

' Low power CMOS design.
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' 30 day satisfaction guarantee or your money back.
' 1 Year warranty.

' Next day shipment via UPS included in price.

' Optional Memory Test program $15. (Cassette)

No frills direct connect Modem Cable - $9.95

Shipping: From stock. Free UPS surface Cont.
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Circle 69 on inquiry card

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

FLEXIBLE DISCS

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PACIFIC
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Circle 248 on inquiry card.

SAVE ON

DISKETTES

$180 $035

1 0,y2 ° dsdd Cm °* 20

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DISKETTES FOR MACINTOSH & HP-150
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Shipping: 5W or 3W DISKETTES— Add $3.00 per 100 or
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COD orders only, add $3.00 handling charge. Taxes: Illinois
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WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISEO PRICE
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8088 Processor

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Peripheral
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DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CORPORATION

4100 SPRING VALLEY ROAD
SUITE 400
DALLAS, TX 75234
(214)991-1644

TERMS: Shipment made 2 to 5 weeks from
receipt of order. VISA, MC, money order,
company check accepted. COD'S require
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*IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines
Circle 1 14 on inquiry card.

IUNE I984 -BYTE 495

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check, VISA, MC add 6% tax in CA

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CONVERSES COMPUTER

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Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and
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(213)656-7368 12131 664-22U
MC. VISA and checks accepted

V/SA

IBM PC/XT COMPATIBLE

Computer Case $140.00

Keytronic Style Keyboard $160.00

PC 65 Watt Power Supply $150.00

XT 100 Watt Power Supply $190.00

PC/XT Bare Board $ 90.00

Shugart SA455 320KB Floppy Disk . . . .$185.00

Shugart SA712 10MB Hard Disk $675.00

Shugart SA606 10MB Hard Disk $475.00

Hard Disk Controller $350.00

Floppy Disk Controller w/Serial,

Parallel, Game Ports $250.00

Color Graphic Card $210.00

Monochrome Card $225.00

OEM/DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

ELECTRADE CO. (408) 946-2541

780 Trimble Rd., Suite 605

San Jose, CA 95131

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

12 Bit A/D Convenor

FOR YOUR APPLE"

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* IRQ OR NMI INTERRUPT

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trademark of APPLE
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1-800-EE1-PROM

(1-800-331-7766)

Circle 159 on inquiry card.

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

wabash

Flexible Diskettes

6 Year Warranty- 100% Certified

DELIVERED PRICES

5 1 /4" $160

single side * | eacl

1LE OENSir
TP1 W/HUB R

5 1 A" $189

5 "" G „ LE sioe .„ T I each

5 1 /4"

DOUBLE SIDE
OOUBLE OENSH
18 TPIlrV/HUBRIHG
Packed W per S

S5?2 U ■ each

BULK

SSDD | each

" I each

BULK
DSDD

each

Free shipping in continental USA Call for

quantity discounts. We accept money orders,

certified checks, VISA and MasterCard. Personal

checks accepted, but lake two weeks to clear

bank N.D. add 4%.

Software Services'"

1326- 25th St. S., Suite H
Fargo, ND 58103

1 -800-634-2248

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
MICROCOMPUTERS

We have six single board computers, two
video boards and 20 other control products.
You can use our products for security
systems, heat control, light control, auto-
mated slide show, traffic lights, irrigation
systems, home computer systems, auto-
mated process control, and robot control just
to name a few. OEM prices available. For
catalog call or write to:

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC.

1014 CENTER STREET

SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070

(415)592-8411

&TDK

flexible disks

Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information.
Dealer inquiries invited.
C.O.D. and charge cards
accepted.

VISA'

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401 (InCal call
(805) 543-1037)

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

TOLL-FREE

ORDERING:

800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:

602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT - BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM / Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We stock a
full line of Board Level Components, Software and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical
Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for Satisfied Customers Nationwide. The Nation's Custom Systems House
for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote.

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST

■pa

LIBERAL DEALER PRICING
ON ALL CCT PRODUCTS.

CCT

l CompuP

THE CCT EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY

With any system we build, we pro-
vide, in writing, an unconditional 12
month direct warranty on the entire
system, including mainframe, boards,
drives, power supplies, cabling and
peripherals! We offer guaranteed
24-hour in-house repair and/or replace-
ment with just a tech-line phone call.
We can offer this, since we are so sure
of our level of quality and reliability. It's
greatto know that in the event of a pro-
blem, you're not out of business waiting
on service turnaround. We deliver!

Our various OEM contracts with all
the manufacturers of the components
we integrate, allow us this un-
precedented flexibility. No factory OK.'s
necessary — just get it running - NOW!

• 8" CP/M SOFTWARE SPECIALS •

dBASE II - Latest Version 2.4 $349

Supercalc86-forCP/M86&MP/M $ 99

Wordstar $299 Pro-Pak $429

Microsoft BASIC . $299 Compiler . $339
Supersoft FOFfTRAN IV $339CComp $399
Peachtree Series 8 Modules .... each $599

• TOP SELLING PERIPHERALS •
CCT-90K Parallel S-100

Amber Screen - 90K Baud $749

Wyse 100-14" Green $699

Wordstar Prom Option $ 75

Wyse 50 $529 75 $609

200/300 $1069

Visual 50 . . . $599 Televideo 925 . . $749

950 $950 970 $1099

Liberty Freedom 100 - $479 200 - $679
Okidata82-$349 83— $619 84— $1029

92 $459 93 $779

NEC 7710 $2150 7730 $2150

Diablo 620 $969 630 $1899

INDUSTRIAL GRADE
SUPERIOR QUALITY

CCT DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

S-100 HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

ROLLS ROYCES OF
THE INDUSTRY

Professionally engineered ST-506 type systems for the business market S-100 Computer user. In-
cludes industry top quality drives, CompuPro Disk 3 DMA controller, all cabling, A&T, formatted,
burned-in. Provisions for up to two hard disks in each system. We include operating system update.
CP/M 80, CP/M 86, CP/M 8-16, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K. Soon to be supported - MS-DOS. (/1 Systems
are CCT innovated hard/floppy combinations, with Mitsubishi DSDD 8" drive.)

CCT-10(1 1 + MEG) $2349 CCT-10/1 $2849

CCT-20(22+ MEG) $2749 CCT-20/1 $3249

CCT-40(36+ MEG) $3349 CCT-40/1 $3849

Drive capacities shown are after formatting! We are working on tape cartridge back-up units.

n„o. n , B „ n * nn FLOPPY SYSTEMS
CCT-2.4 • Dual 8" DSDD

Mitusbishi 2.4 Megabyte in Extra Heavy horizontal enclosure,

removeable filter air system . all cabling , A&T, Burned in . The

fastest system available: $1199

with (2) half-height - CCT-2.4S $1229

Special configurations available — Call!

CCT-5 • 5V4" DSDD

IBM Compatible Tandon 320K. Extra Heavy Cabinet
accommodates two drives, hard or floppy. All cabling, A&T,

Burned-in. Perfect for our MS-DOS Package $369

with Hard Disk Power Supply $389

Two Drive Unit (720K) CCT-5/2 $649

• SUPER PRICES • COMPUPRO COMPONENTS * IN STOCK •

SYSTEM SPECIAL-ALL CCT A&T, BURNED IN: 816A- $4299 816B - $4999 816C $6499

CCT-2-$6799 • CCT-3-$6699 • Disk 1 w/CP/M - $469 • CPU 8086/87 - $819 • M-Drive/H - $1099

CPU 8085/88 - $329 • CPU 8086 - $559/10Mhz - $599 • CPU 68K - $519/10Mhz - $639

CPU-Z-$249 • Disk 1- $369 • Disk 2 -$579 • Disk 3 -$539 • RAM 16 (12Mhz) - $369 • RAM 21 (128K) - $779

RAM22(256K)-$1359 • Interfacer 3 - $459 • Interfacer 4 - $349
Enclosure 2 Desk -$599/Rack- $649 • CP/M 80 (CCTHMX) - $125
CP/M 8-16 (CCTTMX) - $199 • MP/M 8-16 (CCTSX)- $499

System Support 1 - $329
CP/M 86 (CCTTMX) -$175
CP/M 68K(CCTCX)- $279

CP/M 86 Upgrade Kit: CP/M 86, RAM 16, Sys. Supt. 1, Cable - $829
Call for CSC Boards — New Releases — CCT Mods Updates - S30/O.S.

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

• Enclosure 2-Desk-20 Slot Mainframe '
■ CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 ■

• Disk 1 - DMA Floppy Disk Controller •

• RAM 16 - 64K Static RAM - 12Mhz •

• Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O •

• CCT-2.4-Dual 8" Mitsubishi
DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes •

• CP/M 80-2.2 HMX - CCT Modified •

• All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,
Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Burn-in •

SPECIAL PRICE

$3,449

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

OPERATING SYSTEM NOTE: Latest CP/M, CP/M86, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K, have each been restructured and optimized by CCT,
for utmost flexibility, power and speed.

MS-DOS FOR COMPUPRO - IBM COMPATIBLE CCT MODIFIED SYSTEM

For any CP/M 86 CompuPro System - Includes MS-DOS Version 2.0 and 5Vt" DMA Disk Controller, All Manuals - $699

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Free technical help to anyone. All products we well are CCT individually
tested and set up for your system - Plug-In & Go! Arizona residents add sales tax CCT© Trademark — Custom Computer Technology; MS-DOS© Trademark — Microsoft; IBM©
Trademark — International Business Machines; CompuPro© Trademark — W.J. Godbout; CP/M© MP/M© Trademarks — Digital Research

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984

IYIE 497

Scotch

DISKETTES

Call ToU-Free
1-800-328-3472 for prices and infor-
mation. Dealer inquiries invited.
C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.
All order* shipped from stock, within 24
hours. Call toll FREE

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake. MN 55110

1-800-328-3472

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

8051 -Based Single-Board Computer with
Monitor/Debugger

I 4 28-pin byte-wide
sockets: monitor will
program EEPR0MS.
■ Perfect for System
Development and
Educational Applications

J'J.. '

Binary Technology

PO BOX A-59 • HANOVEH NH 03755 • 603 643-2881

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-
SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited and C.O.D's
accepted

VISA

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401. InCal. call
(800)592-5935 or
i805)543-1037

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

DATA ACQUISITION

and control for ANY computer

The Model 8232 communicates via
RS-232, and has 8 analog inputs (0-5 VDC;
8 bits), 8 digital inputs and outputs, and a
2000 point buffer. Suitable for field data
logging or lab use, the 8232 costs only
$540. Direct bus-connect unit for TRS-
80/111 & 4 is $295. Detailed manual, $6.
Phone our applications engineer or write:

+ i STARBUCK + +

« « DATA COMPANY « W

PO Box 24, Newton, MA 02162 (617)237-7695

SMAL/80

| SMAL/80

Assenhlpr •

; HL=M(PTR);

LHLD PTR •

DE=9;

LXI D,9 •

• HL=HL+DE;

DAD D

• IF A-L EQUAL

CMP L

THEN

jnz li :

I A=A-14

sui 14 :

: ELSE

JMP L2 :

I A=L;

L1:M0V A,L '.

; M(BC)=A;

L2:STAX B J

New! Z-80 version (runs on 8O80's):
$175. 8080 version only: $150. Macro-
processor only: $75. Available on
CP/M disks. Add $4 for shipping.
Complete tutorial text: "Structured
Microprocessor Programming"
(Publ; Yourdon Press) $20 plus $2
shipping. Send for ycur free button
and literature or try the Ultimate
Demo: SMAL/80 is Guaranteed!

Chromod Associates,

1030 Park Ave., Hoboken, N. J. 07030
Telephone: (201) 653-7615

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

W Dysan

^CORPORATION

SPECIAL DISKETTE OFFER

I The Dysan quality difference is
yours to try with advanced produc-
tion techniques that assure every
diskette to be 100% error-free.
PLUSI if you call, write, or utilize
reader service in response to this
ad— we'll send you our full-range
catalog of computer supplies with
Special Offers good for further sav-
ings on Dysan diskettes and many
other quality products.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1250-E Rankin Dr., Troy, Ml 48083
Phone: 1313) 589-3440

Simply #1 in Service & Reliability

DISCOVER THE DYSAN DIFFERENCE

Circle 1 99 on inquiry card.

Apple ll/lle®

Robotic Development
Package |«

2 Axis

Stepper Motor System

. A6 T/D Plug-In Interlace Sftxfl

• R2 D23 Dual Axis Driver «

. (2) Size 23 Motors < 35 oz in ■>

• Positioning Command with Ramping
from Applesoft's BASIC

Also Available with:

(2) Size 34 Motors (220 oz in.) & &CQA
R2 D34 Dual Axis Driver VOOt

ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442

271 S. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704

/&p$&j%awi\

Best Prices On
TRS-80 Computers

Our 7th year of discounts

Ed or Joe McManus

Fgt. Prepaid. Save Tax.

Toll Free 800-231-3680

Marymac Industries, Inc.

22511 Kary Fwy., Katy

(Houston) Tx 77450

1-713-392-0747

Telex 774132

See us in the Wall Street
Journal every Tues. and Thurs.

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

SPECIAL PRICES
FOR THE SUMMER SHOPPER

we will Beat All Competitors Prices!

TAVA PC

• 16 Bit CPU, Exp. t0 256K

• Two 320K Slimlines

• Parallel & Serial Ports

• PC Compatible

Quadram

• Quad Board I

• 64K Exp. to 384K
• Parallel, Serial & Clock

Hayes Microcomputer

• Micro Modem HE
• Software

$1779

$249

$239

Microtek

• Dumpling CX

• Crappler Compatible

• Full Graphics for Apple

• 2 Year warranty

Keytronics Keyboard

• For your Apple or IBM

Apple $249

pc $199

IBM PC System

• PCW/64K

• Two 360K Drives

• Hi-Res. Amber Monitor

• color interface Card

c. itoh

• 8510AP

• 120 CPS

• Friction & Tractor Feed

$339

$2400

Taxan Monitor

• Model NO. 420

• 640 X 262

• Hi-Res. RGB

$469

Co Processor

• 8087
• The Arithmetic Chip

$179

Okidata

• OKI 92A

• 160 cps

• Correspondence Quality

$429

Bonanza
^Specials*

8" Disk Drives

OUANTITY

1 2 10
Siemens

FDD-100-8 5150 5110 5130

FDO-200-8 300 290 280

Shugart

801R,Sgl./Dbl 5360 5350 5340

851R, Dbl./Dbl 470 460 450

Tandon

TM848-1,Sgl./Dbl.V2Ht $350 S340 5330

TM848-2, Dbl./Dbl. V4Ht 400 390 380

Mitsubishi

M2894-63, Dbl./Dbl S420 5410 5400

M2896-63,Dbl./Dbl. 1 / 2 Ht 420 410 400

Oume

DT8, Datatrak8 5450 S440 5430

5 1 /4" Disk Drives

OUANTITY

1 2 10
Teac

FD55A, 160K S1 60 5150 5140

FD55B, 360K 180 170 160

FD55F, Quad Density 200 190 180

All Teacs are Half Heights

Tandon

TM100-1, 160K S200 S190 S180

TM10O-2, 360K 220 210 200

TMioi-4,Quad Density 280 270 260

TM55-2,360K 1 /! Height 220 210 200

MPI

B-52,360KPCCompatible 5200 5190 5180

Shugart

SA400, 160K 5200 5190 5180

SA455.360K 1 /! Height 220 210 200

SA465, Quad Den. vi Height ... . 230 220 210

Mitsubishi

4851, 1 /2Height 5250 5240 S230

4853, Quad Den. 1 /2 Height 320 310 300

Control Data Corp.

CDC9409, 360K S230 S220 5210

CDC9409T, Quad Density 300 250 200

Panasonic

JA-155 S175 5165 S155

Chinon

FD55A(sameasTeac)160K 5150 5140 5130

Apple Compatible Drives

OUANTITY

1 2 10
Micro Sci

A-2, 35Track S200 5190 S180

Controller 80 70 65

Ouentin Research

AppleMate S195 S185 S175

Controller 65 55 45

Rana Systems

Elitel S240 S235 5225

Elitell, Dbl. Head 35 345 335

Elite III, Quad Density 455 445 435

Controller Controls 4 Drives 90 80 75

Half Height

FD525AFullyApplecom 5150 S140 S130

5 1 /4" & 8"
Power supply & cabinets

OUANTITY

1 2 10
PC Products 5%"

SingleCabinetw/pwr S 70 S 60 S 50

Dual Thinline Cab w/pwr 80 70 60

Dual Cabinet* Power 80 70 60

All have 6 month Warranty

PC Products 8"

Sgl.Cabinetw/pwr&fan S220 S210 S2O0

Dualw/pwrfor2thinlines 220 210 200

Dual w/pwr & fan 270 260 250

Computer
Components

A California Corporation

800-847-1718

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA

RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd.
inglewood, CA 90304

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936
Hawthorne, CA 90250

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

This Ad Supersedes All Others
,^.■1 (213)643-5188 r~]

All merchandise new we accept MC, Visa, Wire
Transfer, COD Call, Certified Check, PO.s from
qualified firms, APO accepted Shipping
Minimum 54 50 first 5 pounds Tax: California Res
Only add 6' 2% sales tax

Prices Subject to Change

Mon.— Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Sat. & Sun. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
MONTH ONLY FREE SHIPPING

MONITORS

Amdek

colon + Composite video S 289

Colorll + RGBVideo 419

300G, 12" Green 139

300A, 12" Amber 149

310A, Monochrome Amber 179

BMC

12AUW,80COlumn S 79

l2EUNHi-ResCreen 109

9191 Color New Version 239

IBM

Monochrome Hi Res Green S 319

RGBColOr 699

Princton Graphics

PGSHX12.IBMCOPV S 469

PGSSR-12, Hi-Res Color 649

PGSMAX-l2,l2"Monochrome 199

USI

PM,9"JGreen, Hi Res, 20MHz S 100

Pl2,i2"Green,HiRes,20MHz 100

PI3, 12" Amber, Hi Res, 20MHz 100

PI4, 9" Amber, Hi Rex, 20MHz 100

zenith

ZVM122, Hi-Res Green S 109

ZVM123, Hi-ResAmber 109

Dynax

DX15, LetterQuality S 449

DX25 729

Epson

RX-80I120CPS) S 319

RX-80FT(l20cps)Friction&Tractor . 419

FX-80(160cps) 519

FX-100(160cps) 15" carriage 729

NEC

8023A-C New version (1 20 cps) S 399

8025 (15" Carriage) 699

Okidata

82A (120 cps) Par SSer inter S 299

83A(15" Carriage) 569

84P (200 cps) Frictions Tractor . ... 999

New Series Okidata

92PI160CPS) S 429

93P (15" Carriage) 739

Star Micronics

Gemini 10X(1 20 cps) S 279

Geminil5X(i20cps)l5"Carriage. . 399
Powertyped8cps)Ltr.qual 479

5VV DISKETTES

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Apple

HE Starter System $1326

CPU Only 999

Mcintosh 2295

Portable 1150

Compaq

Portable (PC Compatible) $1995

Franklin

Ace 1000, 64K $ 789

Ace1200OMS 1589

Kaypro

Kayproll $1149

Kaypro4+ 1695

KayprolO 2495

IBM

PC64K, 2-Drives $2150

XT Hard Disk Drive, 128K 4595

PCPortable Call

SANYO

MBC-550PCCompatible $ 789

MBC-555 2-Drives, more software .. 1199

ecu

Sgl/Dbl reinforced hub $17

100 for 150

Dbl/Dbl reinforced hub 22

100 for 200
Not Bulk Packed

Dysan

Sgl/Dbl $33

100 for 300

Dbl/Dbl 39

100 for 370

Maxell

MD1 Sgl/Dbl : .$25

100 for 235

MD2 Dbl/Dbl 38

100 for 360

Memorex

Sgl/Dbl $26

100 for 230

Dbl/Dbl 35

100 for 320

verbatim

Sgl/Dbl $26

100 for 240

Dbl/Dbl 36

100 for 340

8" DISKETTES

Dysan

Sgl/Sgl $34

100 for 320

Dbl/Dbl 53

100 for 480

Maxell

Sgl/Dbl $44

100 for 380

Dbl/Dbl 50

100 for 469

Memorex

sgi/sgi $27

100 for 250

Dbl/Dbl 38

100 for 350

verbatim

sgl/sgl $30

100 for 280

Dbl/Dbl 40

100 for 360

Wabash

sgl/sgl $24

100 for 220

Dbl/Dbl 34

100 for 320

Verbatim

8" or 5 1 /i" Head Cleaning Kit $ 9

Flip Tub

5V4" HoldsSOdisks, plexiglass 17

5%" Holds 70disks, plexiglass . . 21

Apple

DiSk2 $ 299

Disk2controllerw/DOS3.3 89

Micro Sci

A-2Fullvcompatible S 199

Controller w/diagnostics 80

Quentin Research

Applemate S 189

Controller 65

Rana Systems

Elite I $ 240

Elite n Dbi sided 355

Elite ill Quad Density 455

Controller, controls4 90

ecu 1/2 Height

Slimline $ 189

Controller 75

DISK ACCESSORIES

APPLE DRIVES

FOR YOUR LARGEST SINGLE COMPUTER OUTLET

and the LOWEST PRICES in this Magazine
S CALL 800-847-1718 H

UNLIMITED IS OFFERING THIS
FOR ALL ORDERS OVER $1000!

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

5Y4" cabinets

Single Cab. w/ power supply S 70

DualCab.w/powersupply 80

DualThinlineCab.w/pwr.sup 80

8" Cabinets

SingleCab.w/fan&powersupply $ 220
DualCab.w/fan&powersupply ... 270

Federal Express
Shipping Available!

5%" DISK DRIVES

CDC

9409dbl/dbl S 230

Panasonic

Slimline 320K PC comp S 175

Tandon

TM10O-1.160K S 200

TM100-2.320K 220

TM101-4 Quad Density 220

Mitsubishi

2894Dbl/Dbl S 420

Qume

DT8Dbl/Dbl S 450

Shugart

801RSgl/Dbl S 360

851RDbl/Dbl 470

Siemans

FDD 1 00-8 Sgl/Dbl S 150

Tandon

TM848-lSgl/DblThinline S 350

TM848-2Dbl/DblTbinline 400

PRINTER INTERFACES

Cables

IBM to Printer S 29

Kaypro to Printer 29

RS232Cables 29

Fourth Dimension

Card&Cable S 49

Microtek

Dumpling CX (CrapplerCompatible) S 89

Dumpling GXexpto64K 149

DumplingGXl6Kw/i6Kexpto64K 169
foreach additional 16K 15

Okidata Options

Tractorfor82&92 S 59

Serial interface 99

Orange Micro

Crappler + S 114

Crappler + W/16K 179

Star or Epson

Epson Serial Interface S 119

StarSerial interface 59

wesper Micro

wizard Full Graphics interface S 89

Egg.'

MODEMS

Anchor

Mark vii 300 Baud S 119

Markxil, l200Baud 279

Hayes Micro Computer

Smart Modem 300 Baud S 199

Smart Modem 1200 Baud 489

Smart Modem 1200B for PC 389

Micro Modem HE 239

Novation

J-Cat $ 119

AppleCatn 259

V^'V^I I 1^ Valval Circle 66 on inquin

Components
Unlimited

A California Corporation

RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd.

Circle 66 on inquiry card. IngleWOOd, CA 90304

■ MAIL ORDER:

^^r>tC P.O. BOX 1936

I O Hawthorne, CA 90250

APPLE ADD ON'S

ALS

zcard S 119

CPM3.0Card 269

Apple

Diskll S 299

Monitorli 99

Attar

RFModulator S 15

Fanw/Surge 29

Kensington

SystemSaver S 69

Koala

Graphics Tablet S 89

Kraft

Joystick S 49

Micro Max

Viewmax80,80col.card S 139

Viewmax80E(FforllE)64K 129

Micro Soft

l6KCard S 69

Premium SoftCard HE 369

Multiplan 189

SoftCard(Z80) 239

Micro Tek

Bam 16, 16K Memory S 59

Serial Interface 89

Joystick S 44

Select-A-Port 31

Paddles 34

Ast Research

SixPack+ S 274

Mega+ 274

IBM

Monochrome Adapter S 319

ColorCard 245

Plantronics

PC+ w/Software S 389

Ouadram

QuadColorCard S 219

Quad Link 479

64K upgrade

64K of Memory S 49

usi Research

ParadiseSystemsmulti-displaycard S 399

Mon.— Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.

Sat. & Sun. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
This Ad Supersedes All Others
no Surcharge for Credit Cards

Sales Desk

(800)847-1718 (213)643-5188

Outside California Inside California

Customer Service & Technical

(213)643-5191

All mercnandise new. we accept MC, visa. Wire
Transfer, COD Call, Certified Check, p.o.'s from
qualified firms, apo accepted, snipping: Minimum
Si. 50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res Only add
6vs% sales tax.

Specials of the Month

.;,,..'

V ; ;;

EPD

Surge ES

Protectors ;%^*

• Dealer Inquiries Welcomed •

The Lemon or EC-1 Regular $ 59.95 Now $ 44.95
The Lime or EC-1 1 Regular $ 89.50 Now $ 74.50
The Peach or EG1V Regular $ 97.50 Now $ 82.50
The Orange or EC-V Regular $139.95 Now $124.95
The Ground Hog Regular $ 89.95 Now $ 74.50
Static Dissipative Mat

1-(817)-284-2190

■ Unique Supplies s, A ccessories

2690GRAVEL FORT WORTH. TEXAS 761 18

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

***NEW LOW PRICES***

fgif MEDIA

i*5r CONVERSION

We Put Your Data Where

YOU Want It!

Your data can be copied from and/or

to any of the following: '/?" mag tape,

8" Diskette, S%" Diskette.

• 'A Inch Magnetic Reel Tape:
800 / 1600 B.P.I.

ASCII / EBCDIC

• 8 Inch Diskette:

CP/M, IBM 3740, DEC RT-11

• 5% Inch Diskette:

Apple II — DOX, CP/M, Pascal

IBM PC/XT — MS-DOS, CP/M

***PLUS***

Virtually ALL Soft-sectored Formats

PROFESSIONAL DATA SERVICES

385 Woodley Road

Santa Barbara, CA 93108

805/969-6993 9:00-5:30 PST

***NEW FORMATS AVAILABLE***

O TeleVideo USERS

RETAIL

• Fast Dump/Restore CP/M, TurboDOS

over 600k per disk $90.00

New! • Basic/Z with Graph/Z $345.00

■ TurboDOS lor Mirk from $300.00

• LYNC Communications Package $195.00

• 8" Disk Drive for 802 and 800A

Drive, board and software $1200.00

• RM/COBOL Systems from $250.00

New! • DataFlex 2.0 from $750.00

New! • 803, 803H, TPC-1 and MOUSE programs:

Draw! $90.00

GamesPakl $34.95

• 816 and 806C Tape Backup from $175.00

• Satt Standby Power Systems:
200VA/400VA/800VA from $550.00

New! • Anti-Static Products from $39.95

• RM/COBOL trademark of Ryan-McFarland Co.

• CP/M trademark of Digital Research

• TurboDOS trademark of Software 2000

• LYNC trademark of Norton-Lambert

• DataFlex trademark of Data Access

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, INC.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034

(313t352-2345

VISA/MASTERCARD Accepted

Circle 60 on inquiry card.

Serial 4 ■ ■ ' ' ' ' " ■ ► Parallel

Convert What You Have
To What You Want!

* RS232 Serial

* 8 Baud Rates

' Latched Outputs

' Centronics Parallel
* Handshake Signals
■ Compact 3>; X 454 x

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the type
of port you have available! Our new High Performance 700
Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on the
latest In CMOS technology, these units feature full baud
rate selection to 19. 2K. with handshake signals to maximize
transfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allows
simplified installation. Order the Model 770 (Ser/Par) or
Model 775 (Par/Ser) Today!

i'mErTranics

only'89. 95

€&

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666
For FAST Delivery ,

ATTENTION

OSBORNE COMPUTER

OWNERS!

REPLACEMENT KEYBOARD

FOR

OSBORNE 1

AND

EXECUTIVE MODELS

IDENTICAL TO ORIGINAL KEYBOARDS

Send Check

Or
Money Order

$79.oo

Includes Shipping
nois Residents Add 6V<i% Sales Tax

HASCO, INC.

6916 Huntley Road

Crystal Lake, Illinois 60014

Phone (815) 459-3626

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

Let your fingers do
the shopping in the

"Electronic
Mall"

For all of your Radio Shack

and TRS-80™ Needs

Save Time ■ Save Money!

GO PE-1

Now on CompuServe

Pan American Electronics

(800) 531-7466/(512) 581-2766

Telex 767339

1117 Conway Ave.

Mission, Texas 78572

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

Circle 1 29 on inquiry card.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

TRS 80/MODEL II
64K w/3 DRIVES

1995°

PeachText 5000 reg 425»° 235 00
complete line of
ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE

plus other major brands
•Terms: Visa, M.C. or C.O.D.
•Dealer Inquiries Invited
COMPU-MEDIA
SUPPLIES, INC.
159 Main St. S.I.N.Y. 10307
CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-248-2418
•"• in N.Y. State 212-967-1700

AUTHORIZED
DISTRIBUTOR

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks
with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries
invited. C.O.D's
accepted. Call
FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis
San Luis Obispo. CA 93401.
In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or
(805)543-1037.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

APPLE 11+ and Me* USERS:

Easy-To-Use Software with Upper and
Lower Case Capability DOS 3.3 and
printer. 11+ requires Videx**Videoterm
Card for lower case capability.

ONLY $24.95

To order phone our Order Desk at (217)
359-5888 and use your Mastercard or
Visa or send check or money-order for
$24.95 (IL Residents add 6% tax) plus
$2.50 for postage and handling to:
Advanced Analytics Technology Corp.
Business and Technology Center
701 Devonshire Dr. C-30
Champaign, Illinois 61820
'Apple is a registered trademark of
Apple Computer Inc.
•'Registered trademark of Videx, Inc.

Circle 393 on inquiry card.

U.S. MANUFACTURER
ONE YEAR WARRANTY!

10 MEGABYTE HARD
DISK FOR IBM PC!

10 MEGABYTE
HARD DISK
FOR IBM PC

Plug-n-Run, ready to go • complete with
controller card, data cable, and mounting
hardware • totally PC/XT compatible •
faster than XT • handles 4 different operating
systems • streamer tape back-up available

1 mbyte internal -
10 mbyte external
15 mbyte internal
15 mbyte external
26 mbyte internal .
26 mbyte external

List
$1795
$2095
$1995
$2295
$2495
$2795

Your Price
$995.00
$1195.00
$1395.00
$1595.00
$1995.00
$2249.00

Tape Back-up option CALL FOR BEST PRICE

HI-RES MONITORS

AMOEK 310A

AMDEK300G

AMDEK 300A

AMDEK COLOR I .
AMDEK COLOR II .
AMDEK COLOR IV

PGS MAX -12

PGS HX-12

PGS SR-12

OUADCHROME _
COMREX CR6800

$230
$179
$199
$379
$559
$995
$269
$699
$799
$795
$649

$169.95
$129.95
$149.95
$259.95
$419.95
$774.95
$199.95
$469.95
$649.95
$499.95
$499.95

KEYTRONICS
KEYBOARDS

5150
5151

$269 $189.95
$299 $239.95

STB BOARDS
FOR IBM PC

RIO PLUS 64K _
GRAPHICS PLUS
RIO PLUS 128K _
RIO PLUS 256K _
RIO PLUS 384K _
SUPER RIO 64K _
SUPER RIO 128K .
SUPER RIO 256K .
SUPER 10

List

$395

$495

$595

$795

$419

$519

$619

$229

Your Price
$329.95
$379.95
$349.95
$449.95
$549.95
$329.95
$379.95
$479.95
$179.95

SOFTWARE
FOR IBM PC

List Your Price

LOTUS 1 2 3
SYMPHONY _

dBASE II

R:BASE 4000
SMART KEY
MOVE-IT —

MULTIPLAN

ACCOUNTING PARTNER
CROSSTALK _____
PROKEY

MULTIMATE _
SUPERCALC III
TRANSEND PC

. $495
. .$695
. $700
. $495
. $89
. $125
$250
. $395

$795

$75

$495

$395

$789

$329.95

$549.95

$429.95

$319.95

$69.95

$89.95

$169.95

$249.95

$129.95

$54.95

$299.95

$249.95

$139.95

MICROSOFT
FOR IBM PC

MOUSE

SYSTEM CARD 64K
SYSTEM CARD 2S6K

Ltst Your Price

$799 $129.95

$395 $279.95

$625 $429.95

320K DISK DRIVES

DOUBLE-SIDED, DOUBLE-DENSITY
FOR IBM PC

$19995

CHOICE OF

Tandon Tec

Teac Epson

Panasonic Shugart

DISKETTES For IBM PC

High quality double-sided, double-density
diskettes, certified to be absolutely error free.
Box of ten, warranteed for one year
Box of 10 w/FREE plastic case _ $39 $19.95

HIGH SPEED 8087 APU

Math co-processor chip

List Price $295 SALE PRICE $199.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Continental USA
(800)421-5500

Inside California
(800)262-1710

AST FOR IBM PC

SIX PAK PLUS 64K _
SIX PAK PLUS 256K
SIX PAK PLUS 384K

MEGA PLUS 64K _
MEGA PLUS 256K
MEGA PLUS 512K

List \ Your Price

$395 $269.95
$695 $489.95
$945 $569.95

I/O PLUS

MP64K _
MP 128K .
MP 192K .
MP256K .

_ $395 $269.95

; $665 $429.95

$7095 $799.95

_ $765 $119.95

_ $295
_ $395
_ $495
_ $595

$199.95
$249.95
$299.95
$349.95

IBM VIDEO BOARDS

List Your Price

HERCULES GRAPHIC

PLANTRONICS COLOR+

STB GRAPHICS+

OUADCOLOR I

AMDEK MAI

AST MONOGRAPH +.

$499
$549
$495
$295
$649
$595

$339.95
$379.95
$379.95
$209.95
$495.95
$449.95

64K RAM UPGRADE
FOR IBM PC

High speed RAM upgrade kit with FREE! parity
(error detection) and one year warranty

List Your Price

64K KIT For IBM PC _
128K KIT For IBM PC
192KKITForlBMPC.
256K KIT For IBM PC
384K KIT For IBM PC

QUADRAM
FOR IBM PC

$90 $49.95

$780 $95.95

_ $270 $143.95

__ $360 $199.95

_ $540 $289.95

List Your Price

QUADBOARD No RAM
OUADBOARD64K _

QUADBOARD 128K

QUADBOARD 256K

QUADBOARD 384K

OUADLINK

QUAD 512 PLUS 64K _
QUAD 512 PLUS 256K
QUAD 512 PLUS 512K

QUAD COLOR I — .

QUAD COLOR II

AST MONOGRAPH+ _
QUAD VIEW

$295
$395
$495
$595
$795
$680
$325
$550
$895
$295
$275
$595
$345

$214.95
$275.95
$339.95
$399.95
$595.95
$449.95
$219.95
$389.95
$549.95
$209.95
$199.95
$449.95
$259.95

Los Angeles Area
(213)973-7707

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions.
Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6 y 2 % tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please
add 10% to all prices. Prices and availibility subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges
via UPS Ground 50C/lb. UPS Air $1.007lb. minimum charge $3.00 Prices quoted are for pre-paid orders only

Circle 1 73 on inquiry card.

JUNE 1984 -BYTE 503

k pp*- e

'_*e»^ , !__o«w*

«*•• IM | |l'

Computer Products

*° 8 „u*P w * "_7v&*'

SMARTMODEM
Hayes

$299 tjgjft
$249 V> D 59 . 9 5

„_$lf «S*£

' $169 S^.gS

- «"„ S139.9 6
$219 *„9.95
$199 ^.gS

;$99 $,*

„$125 S * 19 .95

$175 C W 95

sup^ oiS

_•*•_

Y lit' _
^35«^'5tt ■* inch P»SK DRIVES

^^;;^-

$34

Bo*

oO°'

THE BUS PROBE

Best selling
analyzer

inexpensive S-100 diagnostic

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto
dial modem, touch tone or pulse dialing.
RS232C interface programmable

:•: Lis!

Smartmodem 1200 »»

1200B tor IBM PC _____ $J>W

Smartmodem 300 __ — ***

Hayes Cronograph ———— W*»

Mlcromodem 100 _ — g*

Micromodem He ,, *<= aa

Bare board

Kit .,
A&T ___

List Your Price

__ $89 $59.95

__ $249 $179.95

__ $299 $199.95

Vour Price
$475.00
$399.95
$199.00
$199.95
$299.95
$239.95

EXPANPORAM III

High density memory board, 64K, «J«

«*_ • $475 $398.95

,-n, f "~ ~ ~~ S595 $464.95

iI?K " $709 $524.95

256K $825 $589.95

■1.CAT MODEM 64 STATIC RAM-Jade

1/5 the size of ordinary modems, Bell 103,
manual or, auto-answer. Automatic answer/
originate, direct connect, bu.lt-m self-test two
LEDs and audio beeps provide status
information Vou( Prtce

Novation J-Cat S149 $114.95

ULTRA-VIOLET
EPROM ERASERS

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports
IEEE 696 m

Bare board ____—— &®

Kit less RAM _____ — $"<*

32K kit ___ _____ «229

56K kit _____ — &™

64K kit

Your Price
$49.95
$89.95
$169.95
$225.95
$265.95

Assembled » Tested

$50 add $30.00

a—

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home

List YourPrice

Spectronicsw/o timer __ m $6995

Spectronics with timer $139 $94.95

Logical Devices ______ * 89 * 49S0

ISOBAR

The ISOBAR looks like a standard multi outlet
power strip but contains surge suppression
circuitry and built-in noise filters, plus 15amp
circuit breaker Ust Your Price

. _i« _____ $89 $59.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE!

Continental USA Inside California Jos Anj£^ Aij»

(800)421-5500 (800)262-1710 (213)973-7707

Complete Computer $400.00!

THE

LITTLE BOARD
with FREE!
CP/M 2.2

Minature single board CP/M compute 'design*
to mount directly on top of a 5% floppy disk
drive (7.75" X 5.75"). Conta.nsZ 80A CPU.64K
RAM Boot Eprom, terminal port, modem port
parallel printer port, floppy disk controller, and
CP/M 2.2 included FREE!
Little Board with CP/M $400 $348.95

i u ^ a p b r_!____=== ffi fts

Serial Cable * $ ,, „

Diskless Monitor Eprom _

TANDON TM 100-1 SS/DD 48 TPI

Us , $349 $225.00 ea 2 for $195.00 ea

SHUGART SA400L SS/DD 48 TPI

List $299 ____ $209.00 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

TANDON TM 100-2 DS/DD 48 TPI

List $399 — $219.00 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

5V Cabine>t»/Pow*>r Supply

Single cab w/power supply __ W #*■**

Dual cab w/power supply _— $'29 *■»•««

8 inch DISK DRIVES

SIEMENS FDD 100-8 SS/DD

5 ff M9S T_ $179.00 ea 2 for $175.00 ea

SHUGARTSA801R SS/DD

L,sf $502 _____ $355.00 ea 2 for $349.00 ea

SHUGARTSA-851R DS/DD .„ E „„ .

list $605 $459.00 ea 2 for $455.00 ea

TANDON TM 848-1 SS/DD thin-line

Li "$499 __— $369.00 ea 2 for $359.00 ea

TANDON TM 848-2 DS/DD thin-line

List $599 ___ $439.00 ea 2 for $435.00 ea

NEC FD1165 DS DD thin-line

List $599 ____ $450.00 ea 2 for $440.00 ea

DISK SUB-SYSTEMS

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally
balanced air flow system, rugged dual drive
power supply, cable kit, power switch, line cord,
fuse holder, cooling fan, nevermar rubber feet.
All necessary hardware to mount two 8" disk
drives, power supply, and fan. Does not include
signal cable V* YourPrice

Dual 8" Sup-Assemb/y Cabinet

Bare cabinet —$7S

Cabinet kit ________ $299

A&T _= ijw

$49.95
$199.95
$249.95

fl" Sub-System— Single s ided. Double density
Kit w/2 Siemens FDIOO-BDs _ $950 $579.00
A & T w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS $995 $595.00
Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801RS __ $1 195 $939.00
A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $7295 $969.00
S" Sub-Systems-Double sided. Double density

Kit w/2 Shugart SA-851RS _ St 495 $119900
A & T w/2 Shugart SA-851RS $1595 $1219.00

DUAL SLIMLINE
SUB-SYSTEMS

List
$75
$249

Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet

Bare cabinet ~_

A&T w/o drives —

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems

Kit w/2 DS/DD drives $7395

A & T w/2 DS/DD drives — $7495

Your Price

$59.95
$164.95

$1060.00
$1099.00

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

SUPER PRICES ON PRINTERS!

High Performance,
New Lower Price!
DTC-380Z

True letter quality Daisywheel printer up to 32
CPS, with a built-in 48K buffer. The 380Z comes
with RS232 serial, parallel Centronics, and
IEEE-488 interfaces built-in
Full one-year factory warranty! u s t Your Price

DTC-380Z $1495 $999.95

Sheet feeder $895 $579.95

Forms Tractor $795 $129.95

Cable (specify) $85 $49.95

EPSON
CALL US FOR
OUR BEST PRICE!

EPSON RX-80 100 CPS w/tractor, graphics
CALL FOR OUR BEST PRICE
EPSON RX-80FT 100 CPS w/FREE! graphics
Friction & tractor feed ___SAVE $150.00
EPSON MX-80FT 80 CPS w/FREE graphics

Friction & tractor feed SAVE $150.00

EPSON FX-80 160 CPS w/FREE graphics

Friction & tractor feed _ SAVE $50.00

EPSON FX-100 160 CPS 15" platten

Friction & tractor feed _____ SAVE $150.00

OKIDATA

PRICES SLASHED!!

160 CPS, true correspondence quality printing,
full graphics, IBM PC compatible (optional),
handles single sheet as well as fan-fold paper,
professional design construction and quality

Okl 92 parallel $599 $429.95

Okl 93 parallel $995 $699.95

2K serial board $120 $99.95

IBM PC ROMs for 92 .;.' $59 $49.95

IBM PC ROMs for 93 $59 $59.95

Extra Ribbon (2) ______$79 $9.95

Tractor for Oki 92 _$89 $54.95

MICROLINE 82, 83, 84

120 CPS (82, 83) 200 CPS (84), industry
standard printers, serial and parallel interfaces,
true lower case descenders, handles single-
sheet as well as fan fold

Oki 82

$499 Now on SALE for $349.95

Oki 83 w/FREE tractor
Okl 84 parallel

Oki 84 serial _____
2K serial board

Extra Ribbons 82/92, 83/93

Tractor for Oki 82

Ribbons for 84

-$775

$1395

$1495

_$750

_$79

IBM PC ROMs for 82 or 83

IBM PC for 84

Commodore interface & Cable

$569.95

$1095.00

$1195.00

$120.00

$9.95

$54.95

$9.95

_ $39.95

_ $89.95

_ $59.95

MANNESMAN-TALLY

Spirit 80 CPS 10 inch
160L 160 CPS 10 inch
180L 760 CPS 15 inch

- $399 $329.95

. $798 $579.95

$1098 $799.95

OPEN SATURDAYS
1 0:OOam— 4:00pm PST

*199 9S

OKIDATA PRINTER

(One hundred ninty-nine dollars and ninty-ftve cents)

THIS IS NOT A MISPRINT!

►80 CPS

► Friction & pin feed

►80 or 132 columns

►Block mode graphics

►Full ASCII character set

►Standard Centronics parallel

We bought several truck loads of these printers

at a one time special price. Hurry and place your

order. We've got lots now but the demand will far

exceed the limited supply. Includes full

manufacturer warranty

LETTER QUALITY
PRINTERS ON SALE!

Diablo 630 40 CPS

Tractor For 630

Starwriter F-10 40 CPS _
Starwriter F-10 55 CPS _

Tractor For F-10 .

Comrex CR-II 5K parallel .
Comrex CR-II 5K serial _
Tractor For CR-II

Keyboard For CR-II

Sheet Feeder For CR-II .
Silver Reed 500 14 CPS

Tractor For 500

Silver Reed 550 18 CPS

Tractor For 500

Juki 6100 18 CPS

Tractor For 6100

NEC 3550 33 CPS _ _

Tractor For 3550 ____

List

$2340

_ $250

$7895

$7995

_ $250

_ $599

. $644

- $120

- $199
_ $259
_ $599
_ $149
_ $699
_ $759
_ $599
_ $149

$2250
_ $265

Your Price

$1699.95
$219.95
$999.95

$1299.95
$219.95
$489.95
$589.95
$99.95
$179.95
$199.95
$499.95
$124.95
$599.95
$129.95
$499.95
$124.95

$1699.95
$229.95

CLOSE OUT PRICES!

ON ALL STAR-MICRONICS PRINTERS!

Gemini 10X and 15X
Delta 10 and 15

Radix 10 and 15
Power Type LQ

CALL US FOR CHEAP PRICES!

{Only Manufacturer's warranty applies):

A-B PRINTER SWITCH

Allows your computer to run either of two
printers. Standard parallel switch box

Printer Switch $749 $99.95

Extra Cable $40 $29.95

PRINTER STANDS
WITH PAPER CATCH

List Your Price

Universal 80 Column Stand . $30 $24.95

Paper Tray For Abv. $30 $24.95

Universal 132 Col Stand $35 $29.95

Paper Tray For Abv. $35 $29.95

Okidata 82/92 Stand $25 $19.95

Paper Tray For Abv. $35 $29.95

Okidata 83/84/92 Stand .____ $35 $29.95

Paper Tray For Abv. $40 $34.95

Universal Floor Stand $725 $79.95

SPECIAL SALE PRICE!

EPSON MX- 100FT
FREE Graftrax-Plus

With FREE! GRAFTRAX-PLUS

1'00 CPS, friction and tractor feed, 15 inch

platten, one year warranty

List Price $749 00 _

SALE PRICED AT

$489

MICROFAZER-
Quadram

The Microfazer stand-alone printer buffers are
available in any configuration of serial or
parallel input, with serial output. All are
expandable up to 64K of memory (about 30
pages of 8 1 / 2 x 11 text). The parallel-to-parallel
version is expandable to 512K copy and pause
feature included
Parallel/Parallel List Your Price

8K $769 $139.95

32K $225 $164.95

128K $445 $269.95

Serial/Parallel

32K

Parallel/Serial

8K _____
32K

Serial/Serial

32K

$799 $169.95

$260 $199.95

$799 $169.95

$260 $199.95

$799 $169.95

$260 $199.95

MICROBUFFER
Practical Peripherals

Stand-alone Mlcrobuffers

Parallel, 32K

Parallel, 64K

Serial, 32K

Serial, 64K

64K add-on board

Mlcrobuffers tor Apple II

Parallel, 16K

Parallel, 32K ,

Serial, 16K

Serial, 32K .

List Your Price

$299 $229.95

$349 $269.95

$299 $229.95

$349 $269.95

$779 $149.00

$259
$299
$259
$299

$189.95
$229.95
$189.95
$229.95

Mlcrobuffers for Epson Printers

Parallel, 16K $759 $129.95

Serial, 8K $759 $129.95

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250

Circle 1 74 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 « B Y T E 505

The Source
For All IBM Compatible Products

SANYO

UPGRADE

KIT

* One Teac 360K Disk Drive

• Software for 360K Drive

• Twice the Storase Capacity

List $399

$239

IDEA
MODEM

• PC Internal 1200 Baud
• Hayes Compatible

* Complete w/software

List $495

$349

EPSON
PRINTER

* FX80
* 160 cps

List $699

$489

The Source!

APPRICORN
PORTS

• Parallel Card or
Serial Card

List $149

$89

MAYNARD
HARD DISK

• 1 Mes Internal

• Controller

• Software Included

List $1495

$998

IBMPC

SYSTEM

W/10MEG

• 256K, 2-360K Disk Drives

• 10 Mes Hard Di sk

• Interface Card & Monitor

Other Conjurations Available
List $4795 $3495

COMPAQ
SYSTEM

JUKI
PRINTER

* Model No. 6100

• Bidirectionally 18 cps

* Proportionally spacing

List $599

$449

• 2 Drives, 360K
• 256K of Ram

List $3495

$2395

PC DUST
COVERS

• Covers Monitor
• Keyboard & Mainframe

List $29

TEAC
DISK DRIVE

* FD55B
* 360K Slimline
• PC Compatible

List $299

$169

64K

MEMORY

EXPANSION

* 1 Year Warranty
• 9 to a Set

List $89

$49

* 16bitcpu • 128KRam

• Two 360K Drives

• Mono Monitor

• Parallel & Serial Ports

$2495 $1/89

^^mmMl llE COMPUTERS

• We Accept MC, Visa, Wire
Transfers, Certified Checks

• COD's Avialible

• All Prices Reflect a Prepaid
Discount

• Shipping Minimum 4.50

• Purchase Orders Accepted

• This Ad Supersedes all Others

Prices Subject to Change

CALL TOLL-FREE (800) 841-0905
■Egj^owestPrices & past Dgiivo.

IBM COMPATIBLE
DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM-55-2, y 2 Heisht (360K) . <

TM-100-2(360K) '"';

TEAC

FD55ASgl.Head(160K). $

FD55B Dbl. Head (360K) .' $

PANASONIC - SHUGAR1

SA455-Panasonic 5

CDC

9409 Dbl. Head (360K) $

S 149

S 169

SHUGART

$ 159

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

ML82A(120cps)

ML92A(160cps)

ML 93A (1 60 cps) 15" carriase .

82 & 92 Tractor Option

92 & 93 Plug* Play

C. ITOH

8510APProwriter

F10-40Starwriter
F-10-55Printmaster

JUKI

6100,18cpsltr.qual

Tractor Feed

MODEMS

HAYES MICRO INC.

SmartModem300

Smart Modem 1200

Internal 1200B

ANCHOR

Mark VII 300 Baud

Mark XI1 1200 Baud ...... ['.

PROMETHEUS

ProCom1200

RIXON

PC21 2A, 1 200 Baud Stand Alone
P212A, 1200IBMPC

U.S. ROBTICS

Password, 1200 Baud .

Access 1 23

NOVATION

MONITORS

AMDEK

300G, 12" Green $ 129

300A, 12" Amber 139

310A, 12" Amber Monochrome 169

Color I + Color Composite ... 299

Color II + RGB w/Cable 409

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

HX1 2, RGB PC Copy $ 479

DISKETTES

PIPELINE

Dbl /Dbl. Reinforced Hub 1 year

warranty $ 19

Flip File Holds 70(smk. plexigiass) . 16

IBM & COMPATIBLE
COMPUTERS

IBM

PC W/64K, 1 Drive (128K) . <197'

PCw/64K,2Drives .. 2 19'

PC XT, 128K 10 Meg Disk.. . "449=
PCjr

119<;

COMPAQ

Compaq 128K, 1 Drive $i 895

Optional Drive 229

EAGLE

PC-2,128K, 2 -320K Drives S2550

PC-9 + J"ou

^ * + 2250

COLUMBIA

1 600-1, 2-Dri ves (360K) ... $2595

1600-4, 12MB Hard Disk ^a 7 s

MPC-XP Portable .'.'.'..'.'. 2395

SANYO

MBC550, 1 -Drive, software $ 789

MBC 555, 2-Drives, more software 1099
MBC550-2 • Z:

MBC555-2 ■' ™ 5

Optional Serial Port 99

TAVA

2-Drives, 128K, 2 Ser. 1 Par. Port, Color
Graphics Card & Hi-Res. Green
Monitor S1895

INTERFACE CARDS FOR
IBM & COMPATIBLES

AST RESEARCH

SixPac+64K Par. & Ser. Software S 269
Mega + 64K exp. to 51 2K Ser. Port 269
MegaPack256K option for Mega 279
l/o + Ser. & Optional Par. Game 1 49

Additional Ports 49

QUADRAM

Color l S 219

Color II 229

Q ua dlink " 2o

Quad Board 1 239

Quad Board II 269

HERCULES

Color Graphics Card < q^to

Color +

PLANTRONICS

Dos 1.1 s

Dos 2.1 ' ' ;

MonochromeMonitororAdaptor 3(

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

Maynard 5 ...

Maynard w/Ser. Port ...... 25

Maynard w/Par. Port ...... 2 g

Sigma Controller 1<;

vista .::::::::::: «

PC PRODUCTS

Rainbow Color Card .... c o A

MAI Card .

AMDEK

DUST COVER

Covers Monitor, Mainframe &
Keyboard

MORE ACCESSORIES

Koala Graphics Tablet.

8087 Co-Processor

KraftJoystick .'

Par. Printer Cable . . .

The Source!

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

ORDER DESK:
(213)970-0177

MAIL ORDER:

Mon.-Fri. 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m
SaturHav o-nn . - —

DoKa

COMPUTER
PRODUCTS,
Inc.

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800)
538-8800

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

(800)
848-8008

VISA

[MasterCard]

TERMS: Minimum order $10.00.
For shipping and handling, include
$2.50 for UPS ground or $3.50 for
UPS Blue (air). For each additional
air pound, add $1 for UPS Blue
shipping and handling. California
residents must include 6% sales
tax; Bay area and LA residents in-
clude 6V2% sales tax. Prices are
subject to change without notice.
We are not responsible for typo-
graphical errors. We reserve the
right to limit quantities and to sub-
stitute manufacturers. All merchan-
dise subject to prior sale.

HOURS: Mon. - Fri. 7:30 to 5:00
Saturdays 10:00 to 3:00

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 988-0697

ALL MERCHANDISE IS

100% GUARANTEED

DoKa

STATIC RAMS

eioi

256 1 4 1450ml

190

siot

256 1 4 |450ml Icmoil

3 90

J 1 02- 1

1024 I 1 14 50ml

.88

2I02L-4

1024 I 1 |450iil ILFI

?102L-Z

1024 I 1 |250mlllP|

1 45

2 45

2112

256 i 4 :450m]

2 95

2114

1024 < 4 |450»sl

8/795

2114-25

1024 I 4 |250ml

8/8 95

21141-4

1024 i 4 1450ns] IIP]

8i9 95

21141-3

1024 i 4 1300ml IIP]

6/1095

21141-2

1024 I 4 1200ml IIP

8/1195

2147

4096 1 1 |55ul

4.90

TMS4044-4

4096 i 1 1450ml

3 45

TMS4044-3

4096 i 1 |300ml

3 95

TMS4044-2

4096 ■ 1 1200ml

445

MK4III

1024 i t [250ml

9 90

TMM201G-ZO0

2041 i |200ml

410

TMM20I6-150

2046 i 8 |150m)

4 90

TMM2DI6-I0O

2048 i 6 IIOOnil

610

HM6I16-4

2048 i 8 |200llll [email

470

HMSII6-3

2048 i 8 II 50ml Icmoil

490

HM6II6-2

2048 I 8 1120011 Icmoil

8 90

MM61 IBLP-4

2048 i 8 |200ml lcmoilll.PI

5.90

HMSI 18LP-3

2046 i 8 |150oi||cmoiMlPl

690

HM61 I6LP-2

2048 I B |120«il IcmoilllPI

995

2-6132

4096 I 8 1300m) lOlllll

33 95

= Low Powr Qitlt ■

Quoti-Stlllc

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS402T

4096 ■ 1 |2S0iil

1.95

UP04I1

4006 i 1 1300ml

295

MM5280

4096 i 1 |300m)

2.95

MM 108

8192 > 1 I200.ll

190

«Nlb298

8192 ■ 1 1250ml

160

4 116-250

16384 I 1 1250ml

4116-200

16384 I 1 [200.il

4116-160

16384 I 1 |I50»I

1.20

2111

16364 i 1 |l50mll5<

4.90

4164-260

65536 I 1 (250ml

4.45

4164-200

65536 I 1 1200ml |5il

5.45

4164-160

65536 i 1 |150u)|5tl
5« = Sl.olo 5 Volt Supply

EPROMS

645

1702

256 i 8 lloil

445

2701

1024 i 8 (450mi

2.49

2760

1024 i 8 |450ml

249

2761

1024 i 6 1450ml 15.1

5.90

2716

2048 i 8 i450oil |5.l

2.95

2716-1

2048 i 8 1350ml 15.1

590

IMS25I6

2048 i 6 |450ml |5il

5 45

TMS27I6

2048 i 8 [450ml

7.90

TMS2632

4096 i 8 [450«| |5il

5 90

2732

4098 i 8 l450.il (5*1

3 95

2732-250

4096 1 8 1250ml 15.1

8 90

2732-200

4096 i 6 1200ml (5*1

10.95

2764

8192 i 8 |450u|[5i|

5.95

2764-260

8192 i 8 1250.il 15.]

13 95

2764-200

8192 i 1 1200ml 15.1

23.95

IMS2564

9192 i 8 |450mM5.|

16.95

MC68764

8192 ■ 8 1450ml 15.1 |24 pis]

38.95

27121

16384 i 8 Coll

19.95

Si = Sl.gll 5 loll Supply

74LS00

.23

74LS92

.54

74LS01

.24

74LS93

.54

74LS02

.24

74LS95

.74

74LS03

.24

74LS96

.88

74LS04

.23

74LS107

.38

74LS05

74LS109

.38

74LS08

.27

74LS112

.38

74LS09

.28

74LS113

.38

74LS10

.24

74LS114

.38

74LS11

.34

74LS122

.44

74LS12

.34

74LS123

.78

74LS13

.44

74LS124

2.85

74LS14

.58

74LS125

.48

74LS15

.34

74LS126

.48

74LS20

.24

74LS132

.58

74LS21

.28

74LS133

.58

74LS22

.24

74LS136

.38

74LS26

.28

74LS137

.98

74LS27

.28

74LS13B

.54

74LS28

.34

74LS139

.54

74LS30

.24

74LS145

1.15

74LS32

.28

74LS147

2.45

74LS33

.54

74LS148

1.30

74LS37

.34

74LS151

.54

74LS38

.34

74LS153

.54

74LS40

.24

74LS154

1.85

74LS42

.48

74LS155

.68

74LS47

.74

74LS156

.68

74LS48

.74

74LS157

.64

74LS49

.74

74LS158

.58

74LS51

74LS160

.68

74LS54

.28

74LS161

.64

74LSS5

.28

74LS162

.68

74LS63

1 20

74LS163

.64

74LS73

.38

74LS164

.68

74LS74

.34

74LS165

.94

74LS75

.38

74LS166

1.90

74LS76

.38

74L.S168

1.70

74LS78

.48

74LS169

1.70

74LS83

.59

74LS170

1.45

74LS8S

74LS173

74LS86

74LS174

74LS90

74LS175

.54

74LS91

74LS1B1

2.10

74LS189 8.90 74LS363 1.30

74LS190 .88 74LS364 190

74LS191 .88 74LS365 .48

74LS192 78 74LS366 .48

74LS193 .78 74LS367 44

74LS194 .68 74LS368 .44

74LS195 .68 74LS373 1.35

74LS196 .78 74LS374 1.35

74LS197 .78 74LS377 1.35

74LS221 .88 74LS378 1.13

74LS240 .94 74LS379 1.30

74LS241 .98 74LS385 1.85

74LS242 .98 74LS386 .44

74LS243 .98 74LS390 1.15

74LS244 1.25 74LS393 1.15

74LS245 1.45 74LS395 1.15

74LS247 .74 74LS399 1.45

74LS248 .98 74LS424 2.90

74LS249 .98 74LS447 .36

74LS251 .58 74LS490 190

74LS253 .58 74LS624 3.95

74LS257 .58 74LS640 2.15

74LS258 .58 74LS645 2.15

74LS259 2.70 74LS668 1.65

74LS260 .58 74LS669 1.85

74LS266 .54 74LS670 1.45

74LS273 1 45 74LS674 9.60

74LS275 3.30 74LS682 3.15

74LS279 .48 74LS683 3.15

74LS280 1.95 74LS684 3.15

74LS283 68 74LS685 3.15

74LS290 .88 74LS688 2.35

74LS293 .88 74LS689 3.15

74LS295 .98 74LS783 23.95

74LS298 .88 81L.S95 1.45

74LS299 1.70 81LS96 1.45

74LS323 3.45 81LS97 1.45

74LS324 1.70 81LS98 1.45

74LS352 1.25 25LS2521 2.75

74LS353 1.25 25LS2569 4.20

6500

1 MHZ

6502 4.90

6504 6.90

6505 8.90

6507 9.90

6520 4 .30

6522 6.90

6532 990

6545 21 .50

6551 10.85

2 MHZ

6502A 6.90

6522A 9 90

6532A 10.95

6545A 26.95

6551 A 10.95

3 MHZ

6502B 9.90

6800

68000 58.95

6800 3.90

6802 7.90

6808 12.90

6809E 18.95

6809 10.95

6810 2.90

6820 4.30

6821 3.20

6828 13.95

6840 11-95

6843 33.95

6844 24.95

6845 13.95

6847 10.95

6850 3.20

6852 15.70

6860 9.90

6862 10.95

6875 6.90

6880 2.20

6883 21-95

68047 23.95

68488 18.95

6800 1MHZ

68B00 9.95

68B02 21.25

68B09E 28.95

68B09 28.95

68B10 6.90

68B21 6.90

68B45 18.95

68B50 5.90

80 Column Apple 11+
80 Column Apple HE

760 Apple 11-4-

Z80 Apple 11+ Kit ...

Z80 Apple ME

Z80 Apple HE Kit ...

16KCard

16K Bare Board

Cooling Fan

Power Supply

Joyetlck

RF Modulator

Disk Drive

Controller Card

508 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 1 1 7 on inquiry card.

BRj|nHnni>ii

: ^ : ^n^HK' 4&jggHMMBHHMHLWSflHMHfil

The Flip Sort PLUS"

The Flip Sort Plus'" adds new dimen-
sions to storage. Designed with similar
elegant lines as the original Rip Sort 1 *,
in a transparent smoked acrylic. Holds
over 100 diskettes and has all the out-
standing features you have come to
expect from the Flip Sort Family.

$24.95

The FLIP SORT™

The new Flip Sort - " has all the fine
qualities of the original Flip SorT, with
some added benefits. Along with a new
design, capacity has been increased
50% to hold 75 diskettes and the price
is more reasonable than ever - $1 9.95

Z-80

2.5 MHZ

ZBO-CPU 3.90

ZBO-CTC 3.95

Z80-DART 1 0.95

Z80-OMA 1 3.95

ZBO-PIO 3.95

Z80-SIO/0 1 1 .95

Z80-SIO/1 1 1 .95

Z80-SIO/2 1 1 .95

Z80-SIO/9 1 1 .95

4.0 MHZ

Z80ACPU 4.29

Z80ACTC 4.90

Z80A-DART 9.95

Z80A-DMA 12.95

Z80APIO 4.29

Z80A-SI0/0 1 2.95

Z80ASIO/1 12.95

Z80A SIO/2 1 2.95

Z80ASIO/9 1 2.95

6.0 MHZ

Z80B-CPU 9.95

Z80BCTC 12.95

Z80B-PIO 12.95

Z80BDART 1 2.95

ZILOG

Z61 32 33.95

Z8671 38.95

DISC CONTROLLERS

1771 15.95

1791 23.95

1793 25.95

1795 48.95

1797 48.95

2791 53.95

2793 53.95

2795 58.95

2797 58.95

6843 33.95

8272 38.95

UP0765 38.95

MB8876 28.95

MB8877 33.95

1691 16.95

2143 17.95

UARTS

AV3-1014 6.90

AY5-1013 3.90

AY3-1015 6.90

PT-1472 9.90

TR1602 3.90

2350 9.90

2651 8.90

TMS6011 5.90

IM6402 7.90

IM6403 8.90

INS8250 9.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.54

8T28 1.84

8T95 88

8T96 88

8T97 88

8T98 88

DM8131 2.90

DP8304 2.24

DS8835 1.94

DS8836 98

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T

.74

7905T

.84

78M05C

.34

7908T

.84

7808T

.74

791 2 T

.84

7812T

.74

7915T

.84

7815T

.74

7924T

.84

7824T

.74

7905K

1.44

7805K

1.34

7912K

1.44

7812K

1.34

7915K

1.44

7815K

1.34

7924K

1.44

7824K

1.34

79L05

.78

78L05

79L12

78L12

79L15

.78

78L15

.68

LM323K

4.90

78H05K

9.90

UA78S40

1.90

78H12K

9.90

C.T - TO-220

. TO-3 L .

TO-92

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION 84

5 POSITION 89

6 POSITION 89

7 POSITION 94

8 POSITION 94

IC SOCKETS

1-99 100_

8 pin ST " .12 .10

14 pin ST .14 .11

16 pin ST .16 .12

18 pin ST .19 .17

20 pin ST .28 .26

22 pin ST .29 .26

24 pin ST .29 .26

28 pin ST .39 .31

40 pin ST .48 .38

64 pin ST 4.20 call
ST = SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW .58 .48

14 pin WW .68 .51

16 pin WW .68 57

18 pin WW .98 .89

20 pin WW 1.04 97

22 pin WW 1.34 1.23

24 pin WW 1.44 1.30

28 pin WW 1.64 1.44

40pinWW 1.94 175

WW = WIREWRAP

16 pin ZIF 5.90

24 pin ZIP 7.90

28 pin ZIF 8.90

ZIF = TEXTOOL (Zero Insertion Force)

CRYSTALS

32.768khz 1 .69

1 .0 mhz 3.69

1.8432 3.69

2.0 2.69

2.0971 52 2.69

2.4576 2.69

3.2768 2.69

3.579535 2.69

4.0 2.69

5.0 2.69

5.0688 2.69

5.185 2.69

5.7143 2.69

6.0 2.69

6.144 2.69

6.5536 2.69

8.0 2.69

1 0.0 2.69

10.738635 2.69

14.31818 2.69

15.0 2.69

16.0 2.69

17.430 2.69

18.0 2.69

18.432 2.69

20.0 2.69

22.1184 2.69

32.0 2.69

RESISTORS

•I. WATT 5% CARBON FILM, ALL STANDARD VALUES
FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEO OHM

50 pc» 1 .25

100 pes 2.00

1000 pes 15.00

5V»" DISKETTES
ATHANA

SSSD 18.95

SSDD 22.95

DSOD 27.95

BULK DISKETTES

5V4" DISKETTES

NO LABEL

SINGLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY
(WITH JACKETS AND HUB RING)

Pack of Ten $ 16.95

Pack of 1 00 $1 49.00

SPRING
SPECIALS

4116
4116

2708
2716
2732
2764
27128

250ns 49C/ea
200ns 890/ea

2.49
2.95
3.95
5.95

128KEPROMS 19.95

8KEPROMS
16KEPROMS
32KEPROMS
64K EPROMS

4164 64K 2 D 5 Y o N nr c 4.45

4164
4164

2114

64K DYNAMIC
200ns

64K DYNAMIC
150ns

5.45
6.45

450ns

8/7.95

QUV-T8/1
EPROM Eraser

$57.95

QUV-T8/1 Economy Model: This is a low
cost EPROM Eraser housed in a plastic en-
closure The UV element and components
are installed in the top lid and you place the
EPROMS in the bottom half No timer or
switch option is included

• Erases up to 8 EPROMS in 15
to 20 minutes.

• 12.000 u Watts at 1" distance.

• 90- Day Warranty

DoKa

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95050

Circle 1 1 7 on inquiry card.

IUNE I984

I Y T E 509

T Z^-COMPUTER
^\/PRODUCTS|

64K RAMS

APPLE COMPATIBLE

DISK
CONTROLLER

Set of 9
$50.00

Only

S4Q95

IBM PC MULTICARD

"MULTICARD" multifunction card for the IBM PC
& XT expandable to 256K. Thousands of this
popular card have already been shipped by ACP.

• 64-256K • Disk Emulator Software
Parallel Port • Printer Spooler Software

• Serial Port • Clock/Calendar

• 1 Year Warranty • Clock Software

$ 229 00 w/64K $ 229 00

S-10064Kc M osRAMCARD

Unbelievable
Price!

299

Assembled and Tested

• ACP has sold over 1000 of these IEEE compatible,
low-priced, high-reliability 64K Static RAM Cards
Single 5-Volt operation.

SIEMEN'S SALE

You can now purchase Shugart
compatible 8" Disk Drives below your

existing factory direct pricing ;
These Prices are the lowest ever published

•Siemens SSOD FDD100-8. . $169.00

Also, with purchase of Disk Drives

you can buy the Vista V-1000 Dual Case

with Power Supply and Cable

for only $375.00 Regular Price $495.00

Offer Limited! Factory Warranty 90 Days!
Shipped Immediately from Stock 1 'OEM Quantities

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

C0EX 80-FT

v* 9x7 Dot Matrix, 80 CPS, Bi-Directional

Printing
*■" 2K Buffered Memory

80. 96, 132 Columns. Graphics and

Block Printing
v Selectable Char Pitch. Line Spacing

and Feed
C0EX Interlace Card to Apple $49.95

!JM»M i il'M<MI»Mifl'MJ

ACP HAS DISK DRIVES

APPLE II COMPATIBLE

Thin APPLE COMPATIBLE

I Mill DISK DRIVES

Line

Drive

$1 ggoo

VISTA Soio 5VV Std $199.0

CUMANA 5W Std 219.C

RANA Elite 1 249.C

Elite 2 399.0

Elite 3 499.«

Elite Controller 82.0

SUPER 5 Alps A40 Thineline 199.C

TEAC T40 Thineline 239.C

TEAC T80 Doublesided 329.C

Controller 58.C

TAND0N 100-2

PC Compatible • Double Sided

,4\ $ 229 00

^o'tG. 9 TM1 00-1 $1 79.00

TOSHIBA Half-High

PC Compatible • Double Sided

$ 17 goo

OTHER DRIVES WE STOCK

E FD55B .
■ SEAGATE 10M

BUSINESS

ACP PRICE

APPLIED SOFTWARE Versaform $299.00

Versaform Hard Disk 399.00

ARTSCI Magic Window II 95.00

Magic Combo 149.00

ASHTON-TATE cJBASE II (CP/M) 385.00

Friday (CP'M) 198.00

BPI (GL. AR. AP, Pay, Inv) «. 299.00

BRODERBUND Bank Street Writer 49.00

BUSINESS SOLUTIONS The Incred Jack 149.00
CONTINENTAL (GL. AR, AP, Pay) ea. 189.00

Home Accountant 49.00

DATAMOST Real Estate inv . 99.00

DOW JONES Market Manager 249.00

Market Analyzer 289.00

Market Microscope 549.00

EAGLE Money Decisions 149.00

FOX & GELLER Qickcode 199.00

d Utility 69.00

d Graph 199.00

HAYDEN Pie Writer 99.00

Compiler Plus 79.00

Basic Compiler 45.95

HOWARDSOFT Tax Preparer 149.00

Real Estate Analyzer 139.00

KENSINGTON Format II 99.00

LIGHTNING Mastertype 35.00

LIVING VIDEOTEXT Think Tank 135.00

MICROPRO Wordstar 249.00

Mailmerge or Spellstar 139.00

Wordstar Prot. 4 Pak 449.00

Into Pak or InloStar Call

MICROSOFT Multiplan 179.00

Multitool Financial 79.00

Multitool Budget 119.00

MEGAHAUS Megawnter 49.00

PEACHTREE Series 40 (GL, AR. AP) 379.00

Series 9 (Text, Spell, Mail) 399.00

PERFECT SOFTWARE Call

QUARK Word Juggler (lie) 199.00

Lexicheck (lie) 99.00

Call for Apple III
SIERRA ON-LINE

Screenwriter II 99.00

Screenwriter Professional 149.00

General Manager II 169.00

Dictionary 79.00

SOFTWARE PUBLISHING PFS'File 89.00

PFS'Graph or PFS/Report 89.00

STATE OF THE ART Call

STONEWARE DB Master 4.0 249.00

BB Utility 1 or 2 79.00

SYSTEMS PLUS Acct Plus (GL, AP, AR) Set 599.00

VISICORP Vtsicalc 3.3 179.00

Visicalc Enhanced 199.00

Visifile or Visidex 179.00

HOME & EDUCATION

BRODERBUND Choplifter $28.00

Drol or Loderunner 28.00

Arcade Machine 44.00

Apple Panic 24.00

BUDGECO Raster Blaster 24.00

Pinball Construction Set 29.00

COUNTERPOINT SOFTWARE

Easy Games for Young Children 26.00

DATAMOST Aztec 29.00

Pig Pen or Shark Attack 23.00

DATASOFT Zaxxon 31.00

EDU-WARE Compumath 37.00

Algebra I. II or III 30.00

Compuread or Compuspell 23.00

EINSTEIN Memory Trainer 73.00

ELECT. ARTS Music Construction Call

HARCOURT Computer SAT Call

HAYDEN Sargon II 29.00

INFOCOM Zork I, II or III 29.00

Deadline 36.00

KOALA Modules (8 available) Call

LEARNING COMPANY

Juggles Rainbow 36.00

Bumble Games 48.00

Gertrude's Secrets 59.00

LAS Crossword Magic 41 .00

MICROFUN Miner 2049er Call

MICROLAB Call

MICROSOFT Decathlon 25.00

Typing Tutor II 19.00

MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense 74.95

ORIGIN Exodus; Ultima III 41.95

PENGUIN The Quest 16.00

SENSIBLE Sensible Speller 99.00

SIERRA/ON-LINE Frogger 28.00

SIRTECH Legacy of Llylgamya 29.00

Knight of Diamonds 29.00

SOUTHEASTERN Data Capture 4.0 54.95

SPINNAKER Alphabet Zoo 20.00

Delta Drawing ... 35.00

Fraction Fever 23.00

Kindercomp 21 .00

Facemaker 28.00

SUBLOGIC Flight Simulator or Pinball 26.00

SUNDEX-No 1 Rated Home Finance

CPA Personal Accountant 74.95

CPA Personal Investor 74.95

Personal Payables 42.95

TERRAPIN Logo $99.00

TRANSEND Transend I 75.00

VIRTUAL Micro Cookbook 29.00

UTILITIES/SYSTEM

BEAGLE Apple Mechanic $23.00

Apple Plot or Pronto DOS 26.00

Beagle Basic 26.00

DOS Boss 17.00

Double Take or Utility City 26.00

CENTRAL POINT Filer 16.00

Copy II Plus 31.00

LOCKSMITH 79.00

MICROSOFT A.L.D.S 85.00

Cobol 80 575.00

Fortran 80 155.00

PENQUIN CGS System 79.00

PHOENIX Zoom Graphix 31.00

SOUTHWEST Merlin 49.95

Send for Complete Catalog of Software

Apple Compatible

Printer Interface $ A Q95

w Apple to Epson Cable 49

Apple He Compatible

80 Column
Card W/64K

5 99

ricippkz computer

pw* Authorized Dealer

Complete Apple
Support Facility

Complete Apple

Service Center

We service moat ■■
Floppy Disk Drives '^T "" ACP

-■■^■S' PRICE

Apple lie w 128K. 80 columns $1195.00

Apple He Starter System 1395.00

Includes: Apple lie W/64K, 80 Column Card, Moni-
tor It & Disk II w 'Controller

Disk II w Controller 399.00

Disk II 329.00

Monitor II Green tilt 179.00

Super Serial Card 189.00

80 Column Text Card w/64K 169.00

Imagewiter Dot Matrix Printer 549.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

le Comoatible Hardware

APPLE COOLING FAN

VISTA "SOLO"

Apple II He
Compatible
Disk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

Only

$ 199 95

Controller $49.95

Just plug in and run.

Apple II 16K
RAM CARD

Compatible with
Z80 Softcard . PASCAL CP/M"

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

new low %A Q95

ACP PRICE t5l

Also from COEX. NEW EPSON

Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $49.95

VISTA A800

8" Disk Controller

for Apple £99

VISTA "DISKMASTER"

IBM Compatible

$ 169 95

3", 5", 8" and
V1200 Compatible

MONITORS

•UKXAIM

MODEL ACP PRICE

210 RGB Composite, Sound (Apple) $329.00

400 RGB Vision I Med. res. (Apple, IBM. etc.) 329.00

410 RGB Med res. (Avail. Mar.) 429.00

415 RGB Vision III Hi Res. (Apple W/l/0, IBM) .559.00
420 RGB III Hi Res. (IBM Cabinet) 559.00

121 TTL Green 12" (IBM Cabinet) 179.00

122 TTL Amber 12" (IBM Cabinet) 189.00

100/105 Green/Amber 139.00/149.00

CLEARANCE SALE

(Quantities Limited)

QTY LIST ACP

120 Apple III Switching Power Supplies $59.95

13 Zenith Z89X Computer 2199 1149.00

26 Zenith Z90-0 Computer 2499 1299.00

22 Zenith Z37 Disk Drive 1699 899.00

12 Zenith ZB7 Disk Drive 999 549.00

1 Zenith Z67 Hard Disk 5995 3199.00
•All Zenith New In original boxes with 90
day Factory Warranty from nearest dealer.

2 Tl 84OR0 w'friction 995 579.00

4 Tl 840R0 w/tractor 1045 599.00

2 Tl 840R0 Package Opt'triction 1265 699.00

5 Tl 840R0 Package Opt/tractor 1315 749.00
7 Tl 850 Serial Printer 449.00
7 Tl Professional Multiplan 350 179.00

20 Tl Prof 64K exp to 192K Ramcard 149.00

1 Fortune System 10 7995 2995.00

1 Fortune System 20 10990 3995.00

3 Fortune 256K Ramcard 1 095 599.00
35 Olivetti M20 Computer 2495 995.00

200 General Terminals CTC RS232 269.00

40 Zentec 8003/9003 Terminals 249.00

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

Mail Order: P Bon 17329 Irvine. CA 92713

Retail: 1310B E. Edinger, Santa Ana. CA 92705

(714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble. San Jose. CA 95131

[4081 946-7010

LIST

ACP

ALS CP/M 3.0 Plus Card

399.00

1299.00

COMPUTER ACCESSORIES

Power Control Center P12

99.00

COEX 16K Ram Card

99 00

49.95

Parallel Printercard wCable 99.00

49.95

Apple II Prototype Card

29.00

20.00

Apple 1 Extender Card

29 00

20.00

64K Extended 80 Column

199.00

99.95

CORVUS Hard Disk Omninet

Call

EASTSIDE Wildcard (1 1 + w 64)

89.00

Wildcard 2 (lie)

119.00

Wildcard Plus (64K in

10 sec)

149.00

FINGERPRINT Epson Enhancer

49.00

GIBSON Light Pen

249.00

IS PKASO Interface (ll/lle)

199.00

139.00

PKASO Interface (III)

199.00

159.00

KENSINGTON System Saver

8995

69.95

PC Saver

49 95

39.95

KEYTRONICS KB200 II 4 Keytx

298 00

225.00

KOALA Graphics Pad

125.00

95.00

KRAFT Joystick

65.00

48.00

Game Paddles

50.00

39.00

MCT Speed Demon

29500

249.00

MPC 12BK Bubble Memory

875.00

699.00

M&R Sup'r Mod II RF Modulator

69.00

49.00

Sup'r Fan

50.00

38.00

MICROPRO 6MHz Applicard + Word

Call

MICROSOFT Z-80 Softcard

395.00

249.00

Z-80 Softcard Plus

645.00

479.00

Softcard Premium Pak (II + )

695.00

499.00

Softcard Premium Pak (lie)

495.00

395.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction

239 00

169.00

Music System

395.00

335.00

A/D Plus D/A

350.00

299.00

MICROTEK Dumpling But W/64K

349.00

265.00

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler Plus

175.00

129.00

16K Bufferboard

175.00

129.00

Grappler Buffered W/16K

24500

199.00

PCPI Applicard W/128K, 6MHz

595.00

499.00

8088 Coprocessor

595.00

499.00

Applicard w128K, 4MHz

495 00

429.00

PERISOFT (All w/1 Year Warranty)

Pnnterlink Intell. Printer I/O

99.00

79.00

Messenger Univ. Serial WO

135.00

109.00

Timelink Realtime Clock

1 10.00

89.00

Graflink Graphics l/o

175.00

139.00

Buflerlmk W/16K Buffer

169.00

159.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Microbuffer 16K (Epson Parallel) 159.00

Call

Microbuffer 32K (Epson Parallel) 199.00

Call

Microbuffer t6K (Epson Serial)

179.00

Call

Microbuffer 32K (Epson Senal)

219.00

Call

Microbuffer In-line 64K (Parallel) 349.00

279.00

Microbuffer In-line 64K (Serial)

349.00

279.00

PROMETHEUS Versacard 4 in 1

199.00

166.00

QUADRAM Quadlink

680.00

499.00

Microfazer 16K (Parallel)

189 00

169.00

Microfazer 16K (Serial)

220.00

195.00

Microfazer 32K (Parallel)

225.00

199.00

SATURN-TITAN

32K Ramcard

219.00

189.00

64K Ramcard

349.00

289.00

128K Ramcard

499 00

399.00

Accelerator II Card

599.00

449.00

Neptune 64K i SO

199.00

Neptune 128K * 80

299.00

Neptune 192K I 80

389.00

STREET Echo II (Apple)

149.00

99.00

Echo II Serial (In-line)

249.00

199.00

SVNETIX Sprite I

149.00

129.00

Sprite II

Z49.00

224.00

Supersprite

395.00

359.00

Rashcard 144K

449 00

389.00

Flashcard 288K

629.00

549.00

TG PRODUCTS

Joystick

59.95

49.95

Select-a-port

59 95

49.95

Trackball

64.95

54.95

Joystick w/Toggle lie

64.95

54.95

VIDEX Videolerm (80)

345.00

199.00

Ultraierm (132)

379.00

2/9.00

Enhancer II

149.00

99.00

VISTA COMPUTER

A800 6" Disk Controller

379.00

299.00

A500 SW Disk Controller

99.00

49.95

VI 200 Amlyn 6 2Mb

1549.00

1099.00

VOTRAX Type NTalk

259.00

199.00

Personal System

395.00

329.00

■""■:W:W'«

ANDROBOT

LIST

ACP

Topo w'Speech 1

1 595.00

Call

And ro wagon

95.00

Call

Toposoft (II, lie)

100.00

Call

Topoteach (II, lie)

159.00

Call

Topologo

Call

F.R.E.D. (Educational Robot)

349.00

FRED. Soft (II. lie)

79.00

CAM

RB5X

RB5X Robot w/8K

1795.00

Call

16K Memory Add-in

125.00

Call

Robot Arm Option

895 00

Call

Voice Option

195 00

Call

Power Pack

94.00

Call

Robol Control Language (II. lie

395.00

Call

ZENITH HERO I

249500

Call

Apple" Apple Trademark of Apple Computer
IBM'" IBM Trademark of International Business
Machines

TERMS: We accept VISA. MC. MO. Cashiers and Peroral checks.
School and Company POs We do ncrl charge your card until we snip
Personal checks require drivers license and credit card # No Surcharge
AtkMonWSAMMC COD sowi 1500 require20%depositwren order
Add 3°i shipping and handling tor UPS We offer sameday shipment
Pnces subject to change withoul nonce We reserve Ihe right to sub-
stitute manufacture' We are not responsible tor typographical errors
Retail Sale Prtew Iter Vwr

510 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

ADlrANCED

~ -COMPUTER

PRODUCTS

Serving Computer Professionals Since 1976

HARDWARE

AST Sixpakplus w OK(SPC) $229-00

Megaplus II wOK(SC) 229.00

I'O Plus II (CS) 115.00

Game/Serial Parallel Options 35.00

64K Memory Upgrade 50.00

CHALKBOARD Call

COEX IBM PC Extender Card 29.00

IBM PC Prototype Card 36.00

DAVONG Hard Disk Drives Call

KENSINGTON PC Saver 39.00

KEYBOARD IBM PC Compatible 149.00

KEYTRONICS WP Keyboard KB5150 199.00

KOALA 99.00

KRAFT or TG

IBM PC Joystick 49.00

Game Paddles 39.00

MICROSOFT Mouse 169.00

M&R PC XT Exp Chassis (6 slots) 439.00

MOUSE SYS Mouse tor PC 239.00

PERSYST Time Spectrum * 64K 269.00

PTI Back-up Power 200400W Call

QUADRAM Quadboard II w OK 229.00

Quadlink (Apple Prog.) 499.00

Quaddisk (up to 72Mb) Call

Microlazer MP64 w 64K .... 199.00

VISTA Turbocard w OK Call

Maxicard W/64K (up to 576K). . .229.00

PC Master (1 I'O) 329.00

Diskmaster (Floppy Com ) 169.00

Dynatrame Hard Disk Call

PC Clock I/O 129.00

\Ji

DISKETTES

I ■ I

DYSAN 5"4- SS DD

10'$55

$36

DYSAN 5/ DS DD

10 65

IBM 5".' SS DD

10/60

•J

IBM S'V DS DD

10/65

VERBATIM 525-01 SS DD

10/45

VERBATIM 550-01 DS DD

10/55

MAXELL MD1 SS DD

10/50

MAXELL MD2 DS DD

10/60

Flip Storage Box 5W (80 disks)

BULK SPECIAL SS

10/25

With Sleeve and Box 1

30/195

149

IBM ACCESSORIES

COMPUCABLE

Keyboard'dive dust covers $16.00

Computer keyboard vinyl cover 9.00

CURTIS PC Pedeslal 66.00

PGS Adapter 11.00

Vertical PC Stand 20.00

Mono Extension Cable . . 45.00

Keyboard Ext Cable (3-9) 35.00

EDP PROTECTION DEVICES
The Lemon Peach 43.00/68.00

The Orange'Ume 122.00/76.00

GILTRONIX SWITCH BOXES

2 Way 8 Lines 90.00

4 Way 8 Lines 179.00

2 Way Centronics 199.00

RIBBONS Each Dozen

Epson MX-80 5.75 59.00

Epson MX-100 10.95 120.00

Star Gemini 1015 2.50 26.00

Okidata 80/8283 3.95 44.00

Okidata 84'92/93 4.95 55.00

NEC 3550 11.95 135.00

MODEMS

SOFTWARE

dBASE II Friday

$ 389°7 $ 179 00

Condor

*389 00

SuperCalc I II III

s 79 7 $ 159°7 $ 249 00

Multiplan Vers. 1.1

$ 179 00

Microsoft Mouse/Word
$35900

PRINTERS/MONITORS

BROTHER HR-25 (23cps daisy)

Call

DYNAX DX- 15 (daisy. 2-color) .

. 529.00

DAISYWRITER 2000 (17cps) . .

1049.00

FX-80FX100

. . . . Call

NEC Spinwnter 3550

1875.00

OKIDATA Model 82 83

Model 84P/84S

919.00/989.00

Model 92P/92S

495.00/595.00

Model 93P93S

769.00899.00

SILVER REED EXP550 (17cps)

649.00

STAR Gemini 10X (120cps)

309.00

Gemini 15X (120cps)

429.00

Delta 10 15 (160cps)

Call

TTX Model 1014 (12cps)

529.00

TRANSTAR 130P (16cps daisy)

699.00

315 Color Printing.

519.00

AMDEK Video 300G.A

145.00/155.00

Video 310A amber (IBM)

159.00

Color I (composite)

299.00

Color I Plus (earphn nonglare

329.00

Color II RGB (IBM) analog .

449.00

Color II Plus

479.00

Color III RGB (IBM) ...

399.00

Color IV RGB (IBM) analog

779.00

ZENITH ZVM-121 12" green ...
ZVM-134 12" RGB color

99.00

399.00

Wordstar 3.3

*269 00

Micropro Pro Pak

$ 379 00

Rbase II
$32900

T. K. Solver!

$31 9 00

PFS File/Graph

$ 95°7 $ 95 00

Context MBA

^CallJ^

Lotus 1-2-3 Vers. 1 A

Call!

Copy ll/PC

Sideways

Volkswriter

Home Account

Peachtree

Crosstalk

Digital Research

Send for Free

Catalog

96 Pages of

Selected Values

TOLL

free 800-854-8230

• COLOR SPECIAL •

THE COLOR GRAPHICS CARD

(same designer as Colorplus Card)

SQCQ00 BREAKTHRU! $ORQ00
<-U? 1 year Warranty £. \J <J

MULTICARDH™(S) $ 199

(INTRODUCTORY OFFER) 1 I

Advanced Computer Product's best selling multifunction card for the
IBM PC & XT (plus compatibles) now has been improved with expan-
sion capability to a full 384K and at no charge an additional game port.
You also get Print Spooler and Disk Emulation Software plus a full
year SWAP-OUT Warranty at no extra charge. Why pay more when
you can get the same function and performance as Quadboard 11"
and AST Sixpak Plus'" for substantially less money. You compare!
Try it at no obligation. 10 day no questions asked return privilege.

100

FUNCTION

Multicard II

Quadboard II

Sixpak Plus

Memory

Parallel/Serial

Clock/Calendar

Game Port

Software

Warranty

to 384K
Yes

to 384 K
Yes

to 384K
Yes

Yes

1 Year

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes

No ($50 list Opt.)

Yes

1 Year

ACP Price
with OK

199.00

229.00

EXPANSION MEMORY

• 64K Upgrade (Set of 9 64K rams) . . $ 50 00

• 256K RAM's (256K x 1) ^9^

• 16K RAM's (16K x 1) 107*9"

• 8087 CPU (Arithmetic Processor) $ 199 00

IU/ A I (Serial, Parallel, Clock/Calendar) . . . s 129 00

The most popular expansion card for the short slot of your IBM XT. All
these functions on one card optimized to fit in one slot. 1 year warranty.

COLOR/GRAPHICS/COLOR/GRAPHICS

Plantronics COLORPLUS'"

1429 00

• Amdek MAI

•479"

Hercules graphics card

. . . s 375°°

• Paradise MULTIDISPLAY ,

i 48g «i

Quadrant QUADCOLOR l&ll ...

Call

• C0N0GRAPHIC CARD

'895 1 "

Scanoptik C0L0RGRAPHICS .

s 26 go.

• MA Sys PEACOCK

s 349"

. . Call
$475.00

BIZCOMP Model 2t20 (Internal)

HAYES Smartmodem 1200

Smartmodem 1200B

(w Smarlcom II) 445.00

Smartmodem 300 199/00

Smarlmodem II 99.00

Smartmodem IBM Cable 25.00

S^VATION Access 1 -2-3 Call

*IBM PC Mounting Hardware for Vi highs. .
Vista "Diskmaster" 5'/V' & 8" Diskcontroller

169 00

Circle 1 5 on inquiry card

TERMS: We accept VISA, MC. M0. Cashiers and Personal checks, School
and Company PCs We do nol charge your card until we ship Personal
checks require drivers license and credit card # No Surcharge Added on
VISA or MC. COD's over £500 require 20% deposit with order Add 3%
shipping and handling for UPS We otter sameday shipment Prices subject
to change without notice. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer
We are not responsible for typographical errors Retail Sale Prices May
Vary IBM ■ trademark of International Business Machines Quadboard II *
trademark of Quadram Corp. Sixpak Plus" trademark of AST Research Inc

MAIL ORDER: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 1310 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 i
(714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131
(408) 946-7010

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

E STOCK CABLES • RIBBONS • DISKETTES • SPARE PARTS

IBM PC COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVES

Tandon TM-100-1 Single Sided (160K) ... 1 79 00

Tandon TM-100-2 Double Sided (320K). . . . 229°°

Control Data 9409 Double Sided (320K) . . . 259

TEAC* 55B '/ 2 high Double Sided (320K) ... 1 99°°

Toshiba' '/, high Double Sided (320K) 1 79

495

LOWER PRICES-BETTER SERVIC

WYSE50

Emulates TeleVideo 910/920/025, ADDS
Viewpoint, and Hazeltlne 1300.

• 14" Green Screen

• 132/80 Column Display

• 16 Function Keys (smm.3***)

BFWY850 OUR

List Price: .„,..
$695.00 rlllbt

omouPro I

Dual QUME 6" Floppy

Drive Subsystem With

S-100 DMA Controller

and CP/M 816 M H!

2.4 Mbytes of On-Line Storage!

SALE ^ . ^^_

price $1495

SAVE OVER $1500 !!

BFSPP02 (Shipping weight 55 lbs.)

RSfl

U.S.
ROBOTICS >

Aufo Dial/
Answer

g£^ 1200

Doud

Modem

PASSWORD

BFUSRPASSWORD List Price: $449.00

SALE
PRICE

(Sh. wt. 3 lbs.)

Buy From T he World's Larges t Sup plier of S-100 Boards!

|qm P uPro a | CPU BOARDS HjjM IEEE/696 S-100 PRODUCTS

Part Number

Description

Ult Price OUR PRICE

BF8BT51068 CPU 68K A&T 8MHz $695.00 $488.95

BFGBT51568 CPU 68K CSC 10MHz $850.00 $76S.OO

BFGBT51086 Co- Processor w/8086 only A&T $750.00 $494.95

BFGBT51588 Co-Processor w/8086 only CSC $850.00 $898.95

BFGBT51067 CPU 8086/8087 A&T $1050.00 $ 939.00

BFGBT51567 CPU 8086/8087 CSC $1150.00 $1885.88

BF6BT5108B CPU 8085/88 A&T $ 495.00 $ 348.95

BFGBT515B8 CPU 8085/88 CSC $595.00 $497.87

BFGBT51060 3/6MHz CPU-Z A&T $325.00 $228.95

BFGBT51568 3/6MHz CPU-Z CSC $ 425.00 $ 347.87

DISK CONTROLLER BOARDS

BFPDB171ACPM

BFGBT54018
BFGBT41000

BFGBT41050

BFGBT54025
BFGBT54030

DISK 1 (A&T) w/CP/M® 2.2
When purchased with two 8'

DISK 1 Floppy controller (A&T)

CP/M® 2.2 for Z80/8085

w/manuals & BIOS, 8" S/D Disk

CP/M-86® tor CPU 8085/88

& CPU 8086/87 CPUs

w/manuals, BIOS 8" S/D Disk

DISK 2 8" hard disk controller

w/CP/M® 2.2 (A&T)

DISK 3 ST-506 type 5Va" hard

disk controller w/CP/M-80® &

CP/M-86® (A&T)

I/O BOARDS

$670.00 $489.00
disk drlvaa: $450.00

$495.00

$795.00

$425.00
$148.95

$248.00

$558.95
$558.95

BFSDS38895

BFS0S38092

BFSDS38007

BFS0S3808B

BF8DS38089

BFSDS38007

BFS0S38878

BFS0S38882

BFSDS38081

BFSDS38896

BFSDS38883

BFSDS38894

BFSDS38099

BFPDBVF339145*

BFP0BVF339146*

BFPDBVF339147*

BFP0BVF339148*

BFS0S38898

BFPDBVF239141*

BFPDBVF239142*

BFPDBVF239143*

BFPDBVF239144*

SBD-300 4MHz Z80A CPU A&T $741.00 $818.00

SBD-300 6MHz Z80B CPU A&T $ 825.00 $ 889.88

Z80 Starter System A&T (Not IEEE/696) $ 450.00 $ 399.80

ExpandoRAM IV 256K A&T $1145.00 $975.00

ExpandoRAM IV 256K w/EDC A&T $1990.00 $1675.00

ExpandoRAM 111/696 256K $ 825.00 $ 749.00

PROM-100 w/sottware A&T $285.00 $219.00

RAM Disk 256K A&T $ 875.00 S 775.00

ROM Disc 128K A&T $ 350.00 $ 319.00

I/0-8 4-Port Async Ser. A&T $ 600.00 $ 549.00

I/0-8 8-Port Async Ser. A&T $ 695.00 $ 589.80

I/0-8 4 Sync, 4 Async, Serial I/O A&T $ 795.00 S 889.80

Versafloppy III $ 895.00 $ 759.00

w/5'A" unbanked CP/M® 3.0 $1083.00 $888.00

w/8" unbanked CP/M® 3.0 $1083.00 $ 888.00

w/5'/4" banked CP/M® 3.0 $1083.00 $888.00

w/8" banked CP/M® 3.0 $1083.00 $888.00

Versatloppy II/696 (A&T) $ 400.00 $ 344.00

w/5'A" unbanked CP/M® 3.0 $ 588.00 $ 424.00

w/8" unbanked CP/M® 3.0 $ 588.00 S 424.00

w/5%" banked CP/M® 3.0 $ 588.00 $ 424.00

w/8" banked CP/M® 3.0 $ 588.00 $ 424.00

^ ADVANCED
DIGITAL

CORPORATION

CP/M-Plus™ (3.0) configured for the SBC-300

Z60 SINGLE
BOARD COMPUTERS

BFADCSUP8128

$995.00

$849.00

BFGBT56010 System Support 1 Multifunction $450.00

I/O (A&T)

BFGBT58010/56531 SS1 w/8231 Math Chip A&T $645.00

8FGBT5601 0/58320 SS1 w/8232 Math Chip A&T $645.00

BFGBT53030 Interfacer 3 - 8 port serial (A&T) $699.00

BFBBT53040 Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial, 1 Centron- $450.00

ics Parallel, 1 Parallel (A&T)

$318.95

$578.00
$570.00
$488.95
$318.95

$695.00
$750.00
$750.00

$595.00
$695.00
$895.00

8/16 BIT MEMORY BOARDS

BFGBT52G16
BFGBT52021
BFGBT52022
BFGBT52012

RAM 16 12MHz 32K Static A&T $ 550.00

RAM 21 12 MHz 128K Static A&T $ 995.00

RAM 22 12MHz 256K Static A&T $1750.00

M-Drive/H 51 2K RAM Disk A&T $1475.00

Monulictured by Vector Electronic Co.
under license from CompuPro

P&M

% 458.95
$ 895.00
$1228.95
$ 894.25

Super Six 6MHz 128K Master w/1 ADC

PS1 RS232 Serial Adapter
BFABCSPRSLV8128 Super Slave 6MHz 128K
BFADCSBC15 Super Quad for 5 V drives
BFADCSBC18 Super Quad for 8" drives

Software & I/O Port Adopters For Above CPUs

BFADCPS1 PS/Net1 RS232 Serial Adapter $ 35.08

BFADCCPSP Centronics Parallel Port Adapter $ 35.00

BFADCCPM22*f Advanced Digital CP/M® 2.2 $150.00

BFADCCPM30*t Advanced Digital CP/M Plus" (3.0) $350.00

BFADCTD0S4U*tTurboDos® 1, 2, or 4 Multi-user $550.00
•Replace * with Q to specify Super Quad; S for Super Six

t Replace t with 8 for 8" IBM® 3740 format 48 for 5W 48 TPI format or 96 for 5%" 96 TPI
format

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

BFVCT8600GFB Interfacer 1, 2-Serial (A&T) $295.00

BFVCT8800GF2B Interfacer 2, 3-Par„ 1-Ser. (A&T) $325.00

BFVCT8800GR17B RAM 17 64K 10MHz $450.00

Static RAM (A&T)

CompuPro is a registered trademark of CompuPro

$219.00
$239.00
$389.00

BFADCH0C10015
BFABCHDC10018
BFABCHDCINSTl

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

ST506 5'A" Winchester Cont
8" Winchester Cont.
Install program for use with non-ADC
CPU board (Supplied on 8" CP/M®
compatible disk)

$500.00
$500.00

$395.00
$395.00
$ 10.00

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (616) 709-51 1 1

PRINTERS

§iE@r

*•

■ . nisk for IBM PC

Pirt Number

Description

Ll»t Price Our Pries I

BFSTRGEMIOX 120 cps, 80 col. (20 lbs I $399.00 $289.00

BFSTR6EMT5X 120 Cps, 132 col. (26 lbs.) $649.00 $309.00

BFSTRSEDINTX Serial Interface for 1 0X and 15X $59.00

BFSTBSF.BINTX4K Same as above with 4K Buffer $119.00

BF8TRDELTA10 160 cps, 80 col. (20 lbs) $649.00 $489.00

BFSTBDELTA15 160 cps, 132 col. (20 lbs.) $799.00 $699.00

BFSTRPOWERTYPE 1 8 cps Letter Quality (25 lbs.) $449.00

MANNESMAN-TALLY

Letter Quality Dot Matrix Printers

BFTALMT160L 160 cps, 80 col (21 lbs.)

BFTALMT180L 160 cps, 132 col. (28 lbs.)

BFTALMTBIB1B0 Replacement Ribbon lor MT160L

BFTALMTRIB180 Replacement Ribbon for MT180L

$579
$799

$15.75

$17.80

PRINTER CABLES

BFPGC36CP72CP Centronics Male to Male 6'
BFP6C25DP72CP IBM PC" to Centronics Parallel 6'
BFP6C25IP6P 6' 9 conductor shielded RS-232

mmPRACTiCAL PRINTER
^peripherals DUFFERS

$24.95
934.95
SI 9.95

MICRODUFFER - Stand Alone Duffer

BFPRPMB1SB4 64 K Serial $34900 $269.00

BFPBPMB1PB4 64 K Parallel $349 00 $289.00

BFPBPMEBI64 64 K Expansion Module $179.00 $14500

MICRODUFFER 11+ For Apple ll/lle

16K, Expandable to 64K. Extensive Graphics.
Serial & Parallel Ports.

BFPBPMB2PLUS16S w/Serial Cable $25900 $189.00

BFPBPMB2PLUS1BP w/Parallel Cable $25900 $189.00

BFPRPBRAPHICARO Graphics Only Card $ 99 00 $ 85.B0

BFPRPPRINTERFACE Centronics Parallel I/O Card $ 75.00 $ 59.00

DUFFERS FOR EPSON PRINTERS

Compatible with EPSON MX, FX, RX Series'
and IBM Printers

BFPRPMB58
BFPRPMBP16

Serial BK buffer
Parallel 16K buffer

$159.00 $129.00
$159.00 $129.00

SANYO VIDEO MONITORS

12 "80x24 18MHz

Part Number

Description

List Price Sale Price

BFSY0DM8012CX
BFSV0DMB012CX
BFSY0DMB112CX

BFSY0DM9112CK
BFSYBDM82I2CX
BFSY0DM92I2CX

Black & White Display
B&W w/Audio
Green P31 Display
Green P31 w/Audio
Amber Display
Amber w/Audio

$240.00 $149.00
$26000 $165.00
$240.00 $149.00
$26000
$240.00

$165.0
$149.0
$260.00 $165.00

13" RGD COLOR w/AUDIO

BFSYB0M6500 Medium Res. 350x350 lines $49500 $349.00

BFSY00M7500 High Res H480xU240 dots $725.00 $499.00

BFSY0DM8500 Ultra High H690 x V240 dots $1 085.00 $799.00

(Shipping Weights on above monitors: 12": 24 lbs ea / 13" color: 30 lbs. ea)

taster than XT )

$1395

EXTERNAL 15M Byte

same.

.jsssssasw--

W::%i

%w^^^M

(JD- MODEMS

1200 Doud, Auto Dial/ Auto Answer

Part Number Description

List Price Our Price

BFUSRA0IAL212A 1200 baud with LEDs $599.00 $450.95

BFUSRSI00 1200 Baud S-1 00 Card $449.00 $395.00

TELPAC COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

BFUSBTELPAC5A Software on Apple 5'/." Format
BFUSRTELPAC8 Software on 8" SSSD CP/M» Disk

D.C HAYES

BF0CH0400P
BFDCH0200P
BFDCH0100P
BFDCH0000P
BFDCH1200B

1 200 Baud Smartmodem
300 Baud Smartmodem
MicroModem 100
MicroModem II
IBM-PC" Modem Card with
Software included

$695.00
$279.00
$399 00
$379.00
$695.00

$479.95
$229.00
$296.00
$299.00
$479.00

RIXON

1200 Baud Direct Connect w/10 Number Memory

$399.00
$399.00
$ 89.00
$449.00

FLIP N' FILE
50 Capacity

Stores 50 5'A" Diskettes
(Sh. Wt 9 lbs.)

BFINC03513139

$29.95 ■

5 1 A" Double Density |
Soft Sector, 40 Track

Use with IBM, Sanyo, Apple and Most Personal Computers

PRICE
1 Box 2 or More Boxes

Part Number Manufacturer Sides

BFDLT51401 ULTRA

BFDLT52401 ULTRA

$19.95 $18.95
S32.00 $30.00

BFMLXMB1M MAXELL 1 $26.00 $24.00

BFMLXMB2BM MAXELL 2 $39.00 $37.00

$34.00
$41.00

$32.00
$39.00

BFDSN1041D DYSAN 1

BFDSN1042D DYSAN 2

CALL FOR HARD SECTOR S 77 TRACK DISKS NOT LISTED NERE

8" Double Density, Soft Sector

8FMXLFD112SM1200 MAXELL 1 $44.00 $38.00
BFMXLFD2XDM1200 MAXELL 2 $51.00 $47.00

BFRIXR2I2A 1200 Baud Stand-Alone Unit $495.00

BFBIXPC212A 1200 IBM PC™ Modem(2 lbs.) $495.00

BFBIXPCC0M1 IBM PC" Modem Software (1 lb.)

BFP0BRIXIBM IBM Modem & Software Together (3 lbs.)

MURA

BFMUBMMIB0 300 Baud Modem (2 lbs)
$99.95 S79.00
Circle 267 on inquiry card

PRIORITY

9161 Deering Ave
ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (818) 709-51 1 1

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC, Check Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6%% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID WIDER $lf 00. Include MINIMUM SHIP-
PING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs plus40t for each additional pound. Orders over 70 lbs sent freight collect. Just in case, include your phone number Prices
subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through June, 1 984. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, no rainchecks, no refunds or exchanges on
sale merchandise. Credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We are not responsible for typographical errors.

ELECTRONICS

Chatsworth, CA 91311-5887

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (818) 709-51 1 1

MS-DOS™ Computer with Monitor, Printer, and Software

Hardware

SANYO MDC555

• 16 Bit 8088 CPU •

• Socketed for Optional 8087 MPU •

• 128K of RAM expandable to 256K

• Centronics Printer Port

• 2 Single Sided Disk Drives •
(160K Bytes Each) •

• 10 Programmable Function Keys •

• Speaker and Joystick Port •

• Video and printer cables included

• AMBER or GREEN Screen Monitor

• GEMINI 10X Dot Matrix Printer

List Price: $2034.00

(Shipping weights on above items:
3 boxes: 30 lbs, 30 lbs., and 20 lbs.)

Software

MS-DOS™ Operating system
SANYO BASIC

MicroPro Software:

WordStar* • ReportStar®
SpellStar® • InfoStar*
CalcStar® • MailMerge®
DataStar*

$1495

Runs Many Off-Tho-Sholf
Programs for IBM-PC"

BFPDB555SP1 w/Green Screen
BFPDB555SP3 w/Amber Screen

RGB Color Monitors and Letter Quality Printers
may be substituted at additional cost

S I G *J A

SOLA

Short- Circuit
SOLA'S Price-

Increase!

WE MAINTAIN OUR LOW PRICES THROUGH SOLA'S PRICE INCREASE!

MINICOMPUTER REGULATORS

• Constant Voltage • EMI/RFI Filtering
• Total AC Isolation • Better Than Dedicated AC Power!

UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SYSTEM!

• All The Features as a Minicomputer Regulator!
• AC Power Delivered When Power Fails!

Part Numbtr

Shipping Walgnt

It Dating

LIU Price

SALE PRICE

Snipping Wt VA Rating

SALE PRICE

BFSU260050750300 95 lbs. 750VA / 1 min. $1862.00 $1497.00
BFSU2800504B0301 1 25 lbs. 400VA / 20 min. $1665.00 $1406.00

THE CLEAN POWER SOLUTION!

BFSU63I3070
BFSLA6313114
BFSLA8313125
BFSLA6313150
BFSLA6313175
BFSUB313Z10
BFSU63U220

10 lbs
80 lbs.
31 lbs
47 lbs.
60 lbs
75 lbs
108 lbs

70 VA
140 VA
250 VA
500 VA
750 VA
1000 VA
2000 VA

$ 16940

S 25944

$ 30918

S 428 84

$ 546 08
S 632 56

$ 1075 54

$149.00
$219.00
$261.00
$362.00
$461.00
$534.00
$895.00

NOW! The Affordable UPS
For Your Personal Computer!

o — — f $359.00

Drives For Atori & Apple

iNDUS

200 Watts For 5 Minutes of Unlnterruptanle Power With

AC Surge and EMI/RFI Filtering Built-in II
Perfect for Morrow Micro Decision, IBM PC 7 ", Apple lie,

and many, many more!
BFPTIPC200 (Sh. wt 21 lbs.) $359.00

NOT FOR USE WITH
LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES!

Software Included!

• Word Processor • Data Manager
• Spreadsheet • DOS

For ATARI For APPLE II & III

Provides 400% Increase Compatible With APPLE II,
In Data Transfer Speed! lie, and APPLE III

BFIND6TATARI List Price $449.00 BFINDBTAPPLE List Price: $399 00

(Shipping wt 13 lbs.) (Shipping wt 13 lbs.)

Each INDUS Disk Drive comes with a carrying case that easily
converts to a protective case for 80 diskettes, using the
provided partitions! circle 267 on inquiry card.

CTCDDCZORl ZDE

Apple-Compatible Add-On

• 163K i 40 Tracks
• Apple II, II+ and
lie compatible

BFCRDC111

List Price: $279.00

Includes One-Year Over-The-
Counter Replacement Warranty!

CONCORDE APPLE II COMPATIBLE
5 1 /*" FLOPPY CONTROLLER

$179

• PRO-DOS Compatible

• Controls Up To 4 Drives

• Single or Double-Sided

• Will Support Up To 1.3M
Bytes of Storage!

BFCKDC13Q List Price $89.00

Apple II, 11+ & Me compatible

(Shipping weight t lb-)

ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (816) 709-51 1 1

DRIVES & ENCLOSURES

5 V*" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

IFTXDTM1001

Tandon Full Height SS 48TPI

9179.00

BFraomoot

Tandon full Height DS 48TPI

$219.00

BFTNBTM1014

TanOon Full Height DS 96TPI

(920.00

" Floppy Disk Drives

BFJKWOtll

Shugart Full Height SS (18 lbs.)

9340.00

8FSHUS51R

Shugart Full Height DS (18 lbs.)

9470.00

IFtlEFDOIOM

Siemens Full Height SS (18 lbs.)

9120.00

BFQUETBHMi

Qume Full Height DS (18 lbs.)

$400.00

BFWTUIMIII

Mitsubishi Full Height DS (18 lbs.)

$975.00

BF1HDTM4II

Tandon 14-Height SS (9 lbs.)

(325.00

BFTNDTMMU

Tandon 'A-Height DS (9 lbs.)

$300.00

SV*" Disk Drive Cabinets

0FJMBIC5
(FJMR2C5
BFJMUC5C

Single Drive Cabinet (5 lbs)

Dual Drive Cabinet (9 lbs.)

Dual w/lnternal Data Cable (9 lbs.)

$ 79.00
$ 90.00
$115.00

Effl

InlcrmilniiHil

Instrumentation

ImnrfUirulid

Dual 8" Disk Enclosures

All of these rugged enclosures feature forced, filtered air cooling, hefty
power supply with the heat producing elements mounted to outside for
cool reliable operation The rear panels are punched for the appropriate
data cables

F0EQQ2. Economical design for two standard size 8" floppies. Hinged hd
for easy drive access Power supply 5V(S4A, -5V@.8A. +24@3A.
OTLDOZ. Cabinet for two ''z-height 8" drives or 1 full height 8" floppy or
Winchester Includes Shugart type AC power cable.

fart Number

Description

Llit Prlca SALE Price

BFP0BIIITN01 w/2 TNDTM8481 Drives
BFPDBIIITND2 w/2 TNOTM8482 Drives

$ 870.0

S1039.C

5V4" Hard Disk

BFTNDTM50I Tandon 6 Mb (9 lbs.)
BFTNDTM502 Tandon 12 Mb (9 lbs.
8FTN0TM5Q3 Tandon 19 Mb (9 lbs)

DUAL 5'A" HARD DISK DRIVE CABINET

Ail ol the necessary power for two TANDON TM500 series or equivalent
hard disk drives Just imagine, you can have 1 0OMbytes of storage using
two of the Micropolts 5V4" Winchester disk drives and this cabinet' Power
supply +5V@6Aand+i2V@6A The rear panel is punched for two 20,
two 34, and one 50 pin header connector Fan cooled.
BFIIIH05002 Dual Hard Disk Enclosure (Sh. Wt 20 lbs) $3B0.00
BFIMHD5001 Single Hard Disk Enclosure (Sh. Wt. 15 lbs.) (240.00

BUY CABINET WITH DRIVES AND SAVE!

0FP0B50IH05 w/2 TM501 Drives $1500.00

6FPDB502H05 w/2 TM502 Drives $1900.00

BFPOI503HD5 w/2 TM5C3 Drives 92149.00

Dill drives will be shipped separately from cabinets
Don't forget to Include shipping tor each disk drive cabinet.

BFIIIFDE002 FDE002 Dual Enc 135 lbs I $359 95 9325.00

BFIM0TIOO25HU DTL002 Dual Thin Line (12 lbs I $22500 9176.00
BFIIIDTLMP1KIT MPI Vj-Height OTL adapter kil $ 24.95

BFIIICBLS0N3O4FM Shugart to Qume AC Cable $ 4.05

BUY CABINETS WITH DRIVES AND SAVE!
Combinations with FDE002

BFP0BHIFDE2S2 w/2 SHU801F! Drives $ 0B0.00

BFP0BIIIF0t29l2 w/2 MFM289463BS Drives $1040.00

BFPOBIIIFDE202 w/2 0METRAK842 Drives $1180.00

BFPD0IIIFDE2B5I w/2 SHUB51R Drives St 239 00

BFFH8IIISIE W/2FDD1008 Drives $ 499.00

Combinations with DTL002

BUY DRIVE AND CABINET TOGETHER AND SAVE!

DUAL SIEMENS

FDD1 008'$ with

IIIFDE002 Cabinet

$499.00

SAVE $84.00!!

BFPDBIIISIE

(Drives are shipped separate from cabinet. Package shipped in 3 containers.)

SIEMENS

FDD1008
8" Drive
Single Sided
Double Density

$129.00

Each

BFSIEFDDI 008 ( Be sure to include $7.00 per drive for shipping)

ADD-ON DRIVE
FOR IBM PC ™

landon JR1

TM 1002-1 Full

Height 5'A" 40 Track

48 TPI Drive

DOUBLE SIDEDI

$219

BFTNDTM1002

(Sh, wt. 4 lbs.)

5'A" Floppy Cabinet

Holds 2 Half or 1 Full

Height drive with

Power Supply

BFJMR2SV5

(Sh. wt 7 lbs.)

M^U DIGITAL
MULTIMETERS

Autotanging

SERIES 70

3% Digit
Analog Bar Graph

• Full 3200 count instead ol the

normal 2000
' ULTRA-Fast analog bar graph
i Instant autoranging power-up

self test, and power-down step

mode
' Beeper included in the 75 & 77
i True touch and hold on the 77

BFFLU73 7% accuracy, autoranging DMM (2 lbs.) $85.00
BFFLU75 5% accuracy auto/manual w/beeper (2 lbs.) $99.00
BFFLU77 3% w/touch & Hold and Holster (2 lbs.) $120.00
BFFLUC70 Custom Holster (included W/FLU77) $ 9.00

BFFLUC71 Soft Vinyl Case S 9.00

3 YEAR WARRANTY!

DELAYED SWEEP

w/TRIGGER VIEW

100MHz 60MHz

3rd & 4th TRACE 3rd TRACE

BFHITV1050F DFHITW50F

HITACHI

Hitachi Denshi.Ltd

-'*?&*

'HSU*

NEW! LOW PROFILE

DUAL CHANNEL

40MHz 20MHz

DUAL TRACE DUAL TRACE

$1295 $995 $695 $549

List S1595 00 131 lbs I

PRIORITY

9161 Deering Ave.

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

ELECTRONICS

Chatsworth, CA 91311-5887

CA, AK, HI CALL (618) 709-51 1 1

% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER$1500 Include MINIMUM SHI

ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 -

Terms. US VISA, MC. SAC. Check. Money Order, US ininds Only. CA residents add 6V
PING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus40e (or each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, include your phone number Prices
subject to change without notice We will do our best tomaintain prices through June, 1 984. Credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight. We are not responsible
for typographical errors. Sale prices for prepaid orders only.

ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (616) 709-51 1 1

CaUFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE

Plastic library

case supplied

with all diskettes

purchased from

^California Digital.

DISKETTES * '16.50

FIVE INCH SINGLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

Tersecio' Each box 10Boxes 100 Boxes

I cap. digital!, E

SCOTCH

VERBATIM

MEMOREX

MAXELL

DYSAN

19.95

MMM-744/l'o 26 50
MMM-744/16 »W»»*w

VRB-525/01 __ __
VRB-525/10 26.50

VRB-525/16 mm " ■ ^

MRX-3481

MRX-34B3

MRX-348S

MXL-HD1 _ _ . _ rt

MXL-MH1/10 26.50

MXL-MH1M6 ""■»"*

26.50

18.50
24.50
25.25
22.25
24.50
33.00

16.50
21.75
23.50
18.75
23.25
30.50

DYS-105/10

FIVE INCH DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

MMM.745.Hi
VRB-550/01

I CAL digitalis:
SCOTCH
VERBATIM
MEMOREX
MAXELL

24.95

VRB-55OM0 3Q QC
VRB-550/16 **^"^»*

35.00

MRX3491
MRX-3493
MRX-3495
MXL-MD2

MXL-MD2M6
MXL-MD2/96

| MAXELL/ 96 Ki 45.00

DYS-104>2D

DYSAN /96

DYS-204/2O
N'A

N/A

49.95

22.75
37.95
37.95
31.25
37.95
43.00
40.50
47.95

20.50
31.25
32.75
26.25
34.75
41.25
35.50
45.75

EIGHT INCH SINGLE SIDED SINGLE DENSITY

SCOTCH mmm-740/o 29.50

MEMOREX mrx3062 27.75

VERBATIM vrb 3a/9ooo 31.50

DYSAN DYs-3740/1 35.75

27.50
26.60
29.50
32.75

23.80
22.25
25.60
29.75

EIGHT INCH SINGLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

SCOTCH MMM- 741/0

MEMOREX MRX-3090
VERBATIM VRB-34/S0O0
DYSAN DYS-3740/1D

MAXELL MXL-FDi

37.75
35.50
35.25
40.75
45.50

EIGHT INCH DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

SCOTCH MMM 743/0

MEMOREX MRX-3102
VERBATIM VRB-34/4001
DYSAN DYS-3740/2D

MAXELL MXL-FD2

23"

COMPOSITE
MONITOR

$ 159

purchase a 23 high resoluli
monitor a I a reasonable price
These umis accept slanda
composii uiOeo signa'

Telex 753607

MITSUBISHI
96TPU4853

California Digital has purchased over one thousand factory new
Mitsubishi M4853 5W' disk drives from the Eagle Computer
Company. The drives are half height double sided 96 track per
inch. The M4853 interfaces the same as the Shugart SA465.
We are currently offering these drives at only $1 79.00. This is far
below distributor cost. Offer is subject to remaining inventory on
hand at time of order. MIT-4853

MEMORY. ,

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 150ns.

2764 EPROM

.9i

350ns.

6.95

2732 EPROM

4.95

450ns.

M3b

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns-

BLOWOUT

SALE

*129

4164 SUSSS? 150ns

'5.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4164 150ns. 64K 12B refresh
41256150ns. 256K
OPB409 dynamic controller

2708 450ns. 1K* 8
2716 450ns. 2K * 8
2716TMS 450ns. Tn-voltage
2732 450ns 4K * 8
2732 350ns. 4K « 8
2532 450ns. 4K x 8
2764 350ns. 8K x 8
27128 350ns. 16K xB

ICM- 402 7250

1 99

1.85

ICH-41 16150

1.75

1.65

ICM-4 116200

1.75

1.65

1.45

ICM-4164150

5.95

5.85

5.55

1CM-41256150

Available

ICT-8409

3900

3500

29.00

EPROMS

ICE-2708

4.75

4.55

4.50

4.25

7.95

7.65

4.50

3.75

ICE-2732350

8-50

8.00

ICE-2532

10.50

9.90

6.95

6.9S

ICE-27128

18.95

STATIC MEMORY

21L02200OS. IKsISlic ICM-21L02200

21L02 450r>s. IK static ICM-21L0245O

21 12 450ns. 2K static ICH-21 12450

2114 300ns, 1Kx 4 ICM-21 14300

4044TMS 450ns 4K * 1 ICM-4044450

5257 300ns. 4K x 1 ICM-5257300

61 16 P4 200ns. 2K X 8 ICM-6116200

6116 P3 150ns. 2K « 8 ICM-6116150
6167/2157 100ns. 16K x 1 (20 pm) ICM-6167100

CONNECTORS

DB25P

MU.

S-100Gold

GOLD 5-100 EDGE CARD CONNECTORS

catalog each 10-99 100+

ImsaiS/t 250 CNE-IMS 295 2.50 2 19

SutUnaHi/Rei cne hioo a 19 3B5 347
S-IOOWireW CNfc W10 395 3 50 3.19
Altair 140 B/l CNE-lfXIA 4 95 4 60 4 19
.156- CENTER EDGE CARD CONNECTORS

22/A4 Eyelet CNE-44E 2.50 2 15 195

J3/?:--M()lo S-1CNF72S 660 6 15 5 75

if.^DGs'l CNE-72S 5.95 5 50 5 19

Other connectors available upon request

RIBBON CONNECTORS

DBJv.Hit.Hlio CND-r25P 5 65 5 35 4 15
DB25Slemale CND-r25S 5 95 5 5f "

i7J036i>""
57-30360! ma

CNC-r36P 7 95 5 75 !

iCNC-r36S 795 6 75 :

CNI-DE20 A 35 3 30 ;

CNI-OS20 2.75 1 85

CNI DE.'6 4 95 3 50 :

CNI-OS.7b 3 50 2.40 ;

CNIQE34 4 95 4 50 1

CMIDS34 4 50 3 95 :

CNI-DE50 5 95 5 60 -

CNI-DS50 A 95 4 60 ;

DTYPE raising

DE9Pmale CND-9P

DESS l. ..male CIMD-9S
OE hood CND-9H

DA15Pmale CND 15P 2.35 2 10
DA15Slemale CND 15S 325 3 10
DAl5hood CND-15H 1.60 133
DB25Pmale CND-25P 1.95 1 75
DB25Sr-'irif,le CND-25S 2 95 2 55
DB25hcod CND25H 135 115
DC37P male CND-37P
DC3?S female CND-37S
DC37 hood CND-37H
DD50Pmale CNO-50P
DD50hood CND 50H
Hardware 2/set CND2HS «9 6y

AMPHENOL / CENTRONICS TYPE
57-30360 36'P CNC-36P 7 95 6 35 3
IEEE4B8 CQorCND-24P 7 95 6 35 5

DISK DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS
8 6pm0C CNP-60C 1 95 1 29
8 3ACSQI/S CNP-3SS 1.69 109
8 3 AC Dbl/S CNP3DS 1.69 109
5*»" JpmDC CNP-4DC 1.79 1 19
3pinDINrecpt CNP-D3P 2 59 199 1

each 10 99 100 +

2 25 2

4.20 3 95 3 65

5 95 5 75 5 50

2.25 1 95 1 65

5 50 S 10 4 75

2 60 2 40 2 10

VISA

Shipping: First five pounds $3.00, each additional pound S.50.
Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded.
California residents add 6 1 /A sales tax. • COD s discouraged.
Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-
tions and companies with a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.
Retail location: 17700 Figueroa Street. Carson CA. 90248.

California Digital has recently participated in- 1

Ihe purchase of several thousand Siemens' ______

FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives These unils are electronically and physically
similiar to that of the Shugart 801R. All units are new and shipped in factory
sealed boxes Manual and power connectors supplied free upon request Your
choice 1 1 5 Volt 60 Hz. or 230 Volt. 50Hz

NOTE! f-uropean I

Frankloh Germany Arrangements ca

in Frankfort reducing import Outy and km

REMEX

■Wliiji

DOUBLE £

SIDED

California Digital has ius! purchased a large quantity of Remex RFD-1000
Eight inch double sided disk drives Remex is the only double sided disk
drive that has an double gimbal mounted head assembly that guaranties lower
head tracking. This drive is mechanically solid Remex has always been
known for producing premiere products for the floppy disk market The Remex
company is a subsidiary of the Ex-cello Corporation , a Fortune 500 Company

Eight Inch Single Sided Drives

One Two Ten

SHUGART 801 R 385 375 365

SIEMENS FDD 100-8 129 125 119

TANDON 848E-1 Half Height 369 359 349

Eight Inch Double Sided Drives

SHUGART SA851R
0UME842 "QUMETRACK8"
TANDON 848E-2 Half Height
REMEX RFD-4000
MITSUBISHI M2894-63
MITSUBISHI M2896-63 Half Ht.

495 485 475

459 459 449

459 447 435

219 219 209

447 439 433

459 449 409

Five Inch Single Sided Drives

TEAC FD-55A half height 159 149 139

SHUGART SA400L 199 189 185

SHUGART SA200 % Height 159 149 139

TANDON TM100-1 189 179 175

Five Inch Double Sided Drives

TEAC FD55B half height 179 169 165

CONTROL DATA 9409 IBM/PC 229 219 215

SHUGART SA450 319 309 299

SHUGART SA455 Half Height 259 249 239

PANASONIC JA551/2N (SA455) 169 159 155

SHUGART SA465 Half Ht. 96TPI 289 279 269

TANDON TM50-2 Half Height 215 209 199

TANDON TM55-4 half Ht. 96TPI 329 319 309

TANDON 100-2 279 269 259

TANDON 101-4 96TPI 80 Track 369 355 350

MITSUBISHI 4851 Half Height 259 249 245

MITSUBISHI 4853 V* Ht. 96TPI 179 175 169

MITSUBISHI 4854 % Ht., 8" elec. 465 449 439

QUME 142 Half Height 239 229 219

Three Inch Disk Drives
SHUGART SA300 with diskette 229 219 209

Five Inch Winchester Hard Disk Drives
FUJITSU M2235AS 27 M, Bytes 999 959 889
RODINE RO-208 53M/Byte 158914931427
SHUGART 7ir 13 MByte VzHt 795 765 725
TANDON 503 19M/3yte 715 775 755

Upon request, all drives are supplied
with power connectors and manual

ENCLOSURES

California Digital manufactures an asortmeni of slock and custom disk drive
enclosures It Ihe volume is justified we will custom design an enclosure for
your application The following stock dtsk drive enclosures are available.
All include power supplies the 8 enclosures are supplied with exhausl fans.

full

Horizontal mount two 8
height drives S279 00

Vertical mount two full height 8
disk drives S299.00

Horizontal mount one full height
or two half height 8 disk
drives $239.00

Vertical mount two full height 5' J
disk drives $139.00

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)217-0500

CaUFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance. California 90503

ORAGON

s world famous Dragon computer is
now available in the United States- Manufac-
tured by the Tano Corporation under license of the
British Broadcasting Company. The Dragon comes complete
with 64K Byte of memory, serial modem port along with a Centronics printer
interface. This unique microcomputer features Motorola's advanced 6809E
microprocessor and comes standard with Microsoft Color Basic, data base
manager, and a complete word processing package. The computer outputs
color composite video along with R.F. video that allows the unit to be used in
conjunction with any color television. The Dragon is fully compatible with the
Radio Shack Color Computer. This is the Ideal low cost computer to be
used with any dial up information system such as the Source. Western
Union's EasyLink or any other time share service.

California Digital has agreed to act as exclusive agent for North America in
an effort to assist The Tano Corporation in reducing their overstock. For a
limited time California Digital can offer the Dragon computer for only $139.

Your Choice

Second Drive or Monitor.

SANYO'

IBM COMPATIBLE

89$

Sanyo Electronics has just released the long awaiteu IBM/PC
look-a-like, the MBC-550. This is a complete microcomputer that I
includes 128K/byte of memory, a SW 160K/byte disk drive up-
gradeable to 320K/byte drives. Also includes both color compos-
ite and RGB graphics interface, low profile keyboard, and parallel
printer port. Extensive software such as Sanyo Basic, disk utilities,
Wordstar word processing software, Calcstar spread sheet &
Easy Writer I. MS-DOS is supplied with the Sanyo computer. Most
programs written for the IBM/PC will operate on the MBC-550.
Along with all this California Digital offers "FREE" your choice of
either a second disk drive, or a high resolution green or amber
screen monitor. All at the super low price of only $895.

PRINTERS

'277

Star Gemini

MATRIX PRINTERS

SlarGemini-10X 120 cl

Star Gemini-i5X, lOOcfiar /sec 15 paper

Star Gemini Delia 10. 160Char'sec

Star Coex SOFT friction & tractor

Toshiba PI 350, 192 char/sec letter quality

Okidata H2A serial & parallel 9' !" paper

Okidala 92A parallel interface. 160 char/sec

Ofciflata 83A & parallel 15 paper

Okidata 84A & parallel 1 5 paper

Okidata 2350 (new) 350 cnar7sec

Epson RX-8010 120 Chat/sec

Epson FX80. 10" 160 chat /sec with graph tr ax

Epson FX 100 15 1 60 chat /sec with graphtra*

Epson MXIOOwuhgraphlrax. IS" paper

NEC8023A parallel 91 i paper, graphics

Anacle« 9!")tl1B high .|i«,l with graphics
Annd.i> WiZOB ?<J0 char/sec par'l & serial.
Quantei 7030 corespondence qua lily 180 char/sec
Prownter 8510parallel9'! papier
Prowritee'l. parallel 15 paper. graphics
Dataproducts B-600-3, band printer 600 L.PM
Pnnlronix P300 high speed pnnler 300 lines per minut
Prinironix P600 ultra high speed 600 lines per minute

STBG10X

STH-G15X

STR-DlO

VST CBOFT

TOS-1350

OKI-B2A

OKI-92A

OKI-83A

OKI-B4A

OKI -2350

EPSRX80

EPS-FX80

EPSFX100

EPS-MX100

NEC-8023A

ADX-9501B

ADX-9620B

OTX-7030

PRO-8S10P

PR02P

DPSB600

PTX-P300

PTXP600

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC7710 55 char; second, serial interface
NGC7730 55 char/sec. pari interface
NLXi.'.VI popular printer designed lor the IBM/PC
NEC205U <1,">ignnd im IRM-'PC 20 char/sec pan
Silver Heed EXP500. 14r_-har/sec pari interlace
Silver Reed EXPS50 1 7 Char/sec par i interface
Diablo 630 40 char/sec senai

rX-iMu hl'O piopornonal spacing, hrjrr S verl tab 20cr,
Juki 6100. t a char /set graphic mode
Brother HR 1 A daisy wheel, parallel interlace
Brother HR 1 A serial interface
Starwritei F 10 serial, 40 Chat/Sec
Slarwnter Fio parallel. 40 char 'sec
ComrexCRI word processing printer serial ml r
Comrex CR2. SkbuHvr. inoporiirjii.il spacing, pari

NEC- 77 10
NEC -7730
NEC-3550
NEC-2050
SROEXP500
SRD EXP5S0
DBL-630
; DBL 620
JUK-6100
8TH-HR1P
BTH-HR1S
PRO-FlOS
PROF 1 0P
CRX-CRlS
CRX-CR2P

279 00
389 00
399 00
195 00
1495 00
34700
427 00
567 00
997 00
1995 00
317 00
529.00
719 00
589 00
389 00
1029 00
1129 00
1539 00

6985 00
4250 00
579500

1979 00
1 799 00
99500
459 00
659 00
1765 00
879 00
495 00
69500
695 00
1125 00
1125 00
729 00
49500

MONITORS

BMC I2A green phosphor 15MH^ composit video BMC-12A 7900

BMC 12' high resolution 20MH* BMC-12EN 134.00

Zenith ZVM122 Amber Phosphor 12 40/80 column switch ZTH-122 99 00

Zenith ZVM1 23 green phosphor 12 40/80 column switch 2TH-Z123 99 00

NEC JH1201 green phosphor 1BMH* compos! video. NEC-JB1201 16900

NEC: JUVfiu commp-rciLiI cir.sde (...irnposit NEC-JB1260 129.00

USI Amber screen 12 composi! monitor USI-12A 99 00

Molorotfl23 open I r ame blk/ while compos it video MOTBW23 15900

Ntototola 12' open Irame requires hon sync and power MOT-BW12 69 00

Conrac 9 open frame requires horz sync & 12v supply CON-BW9 59.00

COLOR

BMC AU91 91 U Color composit video with sound BMC-9191 249 00

8MC 91 91 M RGB designedly use with rhe IBM computer BMC 9191 M 399 00

NEC JC 1 203DM. RGB color monitor NEC-1203 699 00

NEC JC1201 color composit NEC-JC1201 339 00

Zeriilh ZVMl 34 RGB color suitable lor IBM PC ZTH-Z134 379 00

Comretr color composi! with sound COM 6500 329 00

Amdek. Color 1 , composi! video AMK 1 00 329 00

MODEMS

DIRECT CONNECT

$75

Hayes Smart Modem 1200 baud, aulo answer, aulodial HYS-212AD

Hj/i", !:->ClOB'o' us.-- ■/.:"! lh>? IBM PI.:, I 2 00 baud HYS-I200B
Hayes Smanmodem. 300 baud only autoanswer autodial HYS-103AD

Hayes Micromodem II 103 Apple direct connect HYS-MM2

Haye-; Micromodem 100 S 100 auto answer, aula dial HYS-100

Hayes Chronograph, time & dale HYS-CHR232

US Robotics 21 1 1 A .IC-0 i;-00l.:,i ,! .-i.j'o.toi/aiiswer USR-212A

U S HoluHir:;- P;i: : ,:-,w[,rr1 300/ 1200 baud USR-PW212

Penril 300/1200 auto d1al.aur.olo9 PEN- 1 2AD

Universal Dais 103LP. line power answer & originate UDS-103LP

Universal Da: , 103LPJ Autoanswer UDS-103LPJ

Universal Dala 202 1200baud nail duplex only UDS-202LP

Universal Dala 212LP full 1200 baud duplex line power UDS-212LP

Novation J Cal. direct connect, auto answer NOV-JCAT

Nova'inn C,H rtaiuslir. conned NOV-CAT

Novation Smartest 103 autoanswer autodial NOV-SC103

Novalion SmanCat 1Q3/2I2. 1200 baud aulodial NOV-SC212
Signalman Mark 1 . direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MK1

■ ■<-'<.■ uO
169 00
219 00
21900
359 00
115 00
1 59.00
21900
529 00

TERMINALS

California Digital has recently purchased
an OEM liquidation, of new Hazeltine
1420 video terminals. These units fea-
ture direct cursor addressing, full 62 key
keyboard with numeric cluster, RS-232C
with baud rates selectable to 9600, Self
diagnostics and escape sequences tunc-'
tion mode make this terminal an excel-
lent value at only $299.00. HZL-1420

Hazeltine 1420 Video Display Terminal

Freedom 100 split screen, detatchable keyboi

Gume 1 02 green phosphor terminal

Visual SO Green screen

Ampex Dialogue 125 green screen

Ampex Dialouge t7Samber s<

Wyse50, 14 green phosphor

Wyse 100, horz S vert split screen, metal enclosure

Wyse 300. Eighl color display, split screen

Televideo 910 Plus, block mode

Televideo 925 detatchable keyboard. 22 function keys

Televideo 950. graphic char split screen. 22 lunc

Televideo 970, 14 green screen 132 column. European

Zenith 29 terminal. VT52 compatible detachable keyboard

opage, tunc keys

WYS-SO

WYS-100

WYS-300

TVI-910P

TVI-925

TVI-950

299 00
495.00
539 00

795 00
159 00
575 00
759.00

Apple ll/e, 64K computer only
Apple ll/e starter kit, monitor, disk. 80 col. card
Advanced Bus tess Tech 13KeyPad
Calif Compute 1 7710AAsync. Serial Interface
Calif. Computer 7710B same but for modem
Calif Computer 71 14A 12K PROM module
Calif Computer 7720A parallel interface
Calif Computer 7724A Calandar /clock modual
Calif. Computer 7729A Centronics interface
Calif. Computer 7740A programmable timer
California Digital 16K card for standard Apple II
Hayes Micromodem II for Apple II
Kensington Micro. System saver fan
Microsoft Softcard with CP/M; Z-80
Mountain Computer The Clock"
Mountain Computer AD/OA 1 6 input, 8bit
Mountain Computer ROM Plus with keybd. filter
Mountain Computer ROM writer/socket socket
Orange Micro "GRAPPLER" parallel interface
Sorrento Valley 8 controller double side D/D
TE'AC 5' ,.r disk drive for Apple II
Vista Vision 80; 80 column card for std Apple II
Vista 8 disk controller double side D/D

APL-2E

APL-2ESK

ABT-13B

CCS-7710

CCS-7710B

CCS-7114

CCS- 7720

CCS- 7724

CCS-7729

CCS-7740

CAL-A16

HYS-MM2

KEN-SFl

MSF-SFTCD

MTN-TCLK

MTN-ADDA

MTN-RMF

MTN-ROMW

OMS-G2

SVA223

TEA-A2

VSA-VIS80

VSA-A800

ASCII
KEYBOARD

Cah'omia Digital has purchased
■ 3000 of these Microswilch

keyboards from the General Dyi

ides 8 function keys and 14
3atonlyS49 MIC-93GD 5

we aiso nave available a matching Genera

Non

keyboard an
panel StO
5fl S24 95 Malchmg 1 5 key

System I includes 64K byte
of memory one 320K byte
double sided disk drive, and
keyboard. Monitor and monitor inter-
face available. System II includes 256K byte of
memory two 320K byte disk drives, Sakata color monitor, Peacock
color card with printer port all for only $2899.

S- 100 BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

Octagon Dual CPU 8088 ?ao S controller QCT-88Z8U 79S 00

ij.jaBOL:B(J8o'H087!7iiciocomp I6bit liBT-8687 495 00

Godbouf dual processor 8065/8088 6/16 GB1-8588 359 00

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

Insight EQ-4 128K 4 serial nolS-100 INS-E04 595 00

Advanced Digital Floppy &64K AMD-Z80 750 00

Teielek System master 765 floppy 64K TEL- SMI 895 00

TeleteW FDC-1 single board no memory TEL-FDC1 675.00

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

Goflboutzao ?A Bit extended add GBT-ZSO 250 00

California Computer Z80 microprocessor CC5-2B10 275 00

TarQeli Z80 with two RS232 ports TAH-Z80 339 00

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

Godrjout Disk 1 . double density GBT-DSK1 395 00

California Computer 2422A with CPM CCS-2422 339 00

Morro* Disk Jockey II witn CPM 2 2 MDS-DJ2 350 00

Morrow Disk. jocktv I *Hh CPM sgl Den.MDS-DJl 225 DO

l'.ioel; Ele( tri.;r:i;.-, douDle density TAR-DDC 419 00

'.nri.:-| Uk, I' ^!,.-;-.:i^iedHiisity TAH-SOC 279 00

fulcrum DMA OmniOisk I lo hard disk FCM-001 389 00

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

Digital Research CP.-M 3 0. 8 sgl den DHC-CpM30 249 00

GoweiitCPMZ 2 tor Disk 1 GBT-CpM22 159.00

|.:,".1D 'I.- CPM86 tor 8088 and 8086 GBT -CpMES 2irb Of)

TafbeHE(ectiOHiCsCPM2 2 TAR-CDM22 159 00

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS

Otfasen tutu disk comroiier wufi E/C 0CT-HD1 475 00

6Mtaat0rCfc2,8"&14" Hard disk GB1-DSK2 5B9 00
GodbOutOiSk3. tor 5'«" Winchesters GB1-0SK3

Morrow Designs controller for 5 ? . Win MDS-W506 495 00

Western Digital new WD- 1001 lnolS-1Q0l WDI-1001 495 00

EPROM BOARDS

inner Access tPHUMBrl |imi.|.',rns 27!?3 .AC I 1 ! 00 465.00

Digital Research PROM board 32K DGR-P32 1T900

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

Godbou! Ram 16 64K 16 Oil dala trans GBT-RI6 45<

GodboutRam 17 6-sk B t»n j-J Di:adi1it-ss GBT-R17 35S

GodboulRam21 i;.'3Ki)ytt8- : 'tin,mfci GBT-R21 85;

Fulcrum OmniRam 8/16 transfer bank FCM-RB16 39!

California Cbmputer 21 16. 8 bit only CCS-21 16 24E

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

California Digital 256K exoand to ! Meg CAL-D2S6 495 00

California Comp. ?066. 64K Dank select CCS-206E 295 00

INTERFACE BOARDS

GodBout Intetfacer I 2senalports GBT-I33A 23!

Godboul Interlacer II 1 serial 3 par I ports GST- 1 50A 26{_.

.. ;::...' ■ Mftaca III wilti 5 serial ports GBT-135A 495.00

Gr'dLivii.: inierau .m:i- i ser„j ; ■ :,h: 1j8A 585 00 ;

Gnilinil .■■ilerf,i,-ei IV .', :,Krial 2 parallel GBT-187A 329.00 I

I ,i.i!i. H.0Tt.n. , .'i :■■,■".'■': -i'-.ty.;i !-., CCi-.""!:'! .'."'i 00

.'■■■■■!■:,. ■i^i-.-r: '.-'"J 1' serial 2 par I CCS-2719 295 00
. :,' ■■::., C.i-lv ■ ■■:.--■:,:■

Calitornia Computer 2830 6 port serial CCS-2S30 42E

Morro* Designs Multiboard 3 S;'?P MDS-MTL1 319 oo |

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

Hayes S-100 Micromodem 300 baud HYS-M100 325 00 I

QT Computer clock caiendat. battery OTC-CCtOO 139 00 |

Godbou! System support Boarrj 4KEPR0MGBTSVS! 350 00 |

Godbout System support board. 9511 math GBT-S9511 539 00 |

Dii.il iiysicms J clw-i'ir" t;- 1 bit D Anviv USC-A0M12 619.01

DualSystem 12 bir resoluiion. 32 ch A/D DSC-AIM12 629 00 I

MuilmsOpto -Isolator controis8ch MUL-ICB10 179 00 |

Mullms eilender board with logic & prooe MUL-TB4 7900 |

10 Technology wite wrap prototype I0T-W100 49 00

Artec Electronics wire wrap proiotype ART-WW100 25.00

Artec Electronics general purpose solder ART-GP100 25.00

MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS

Eclipse Data stainless 22 slot EDPtOO 695 00 I

Godbout Enclosure2. 20slOts GBT-MF20 675 00 1

California Computer 2200 12 slot CCS-2200 479 00 |

California Digital IB slot mother boatd CAL-MB18 35 00

GodBout 12 slot mother Board assembled GBI-MB12 149.00 [

CP/M SOFTWARE

AdaSofl CP/M

D-Base II

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Spellstar

Multiplan

Macro 80

ADA-445C 39500
ASH-015C 429 00
MPR-187C 309.00
MPR-392C 169.00
MPB-429C 169.00
MSF-483C 189.00
MSF-187C 139.00

Supersofl
MAC
CP/M 3.0
Despool
Pascal Plus
CP/M 86
MP/M II

MPR-309C 14900
DGR-401C 85.00
DGR-410C 249 00
DGR-367C 45.00
DGR-004C 429.00
DGR-186C 239.00
DGR-208C 379.00

Additional Software available for Apple, IBM/PC and
Atari. Please telephone for price and availability.

Telex 753607

VISA

Shipping: First five pounds $3.00, each additional pound $.50.
Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded.
California residents add 6'/2% sales tax. • COD s discouraged.
Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-
tions and companies with a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.
Retail location: 17700 Figueroa Street, Carson CA. 90248.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)217-0500

8 YEARS (1976)

COMPUTER MAIL

EXPERIENCE IN

ORDER BUSINESS

Six Pak Plus [Senal/Par/CIK/64K

Expands to 384KI 269.00

Six Pak Plus (Senal/Par/CLK/384K) ... 569.00

Meg-A-Plus (Senal/CLK/64K

Expands to 256K) 269.00

Meg A-Pak (Expands Meg-A-Plus

to 512K) 270.00

DC. HAYES

Smartmodem 1200B-Smartcom 2

w'soltware 389.00

Smartcom II 79.00

KEYTRONICS
Enhance your PC-with a superior

keyboard 210.00

MAYNARD

Floppy Controller 160.00

Floppy Controller (Serial) 230.00

Floppy Controller (PAR) 210.00

Sandstar MOD-FDC

MODULAR (for 5'. ' or 8' drivesi 205.00

ADD-ONS FOR Parallel MOD 60.00

SANDSTAR Serial MOD 79.00

MOD-FDC Clock Calendar MOD 69.00

Game Adapter MOD 49.00

Sandstar Multi-Function Bd (Holds up to

6 modular add-ons 82.00

NEW 10 MG Hard Disk (Internal)

w Controller 1.195.00

P.C. PRODUCTS CORP

Rainbow Color Card 375.00

• 4 Times Better Than IBM Color

• Expands to 128K RAM • PAR Port

• Serial Port • Game Adapter • Light Pen Intl

• Mono Output • Composite Output

PC Peacock 299.00

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

NEW PGS HX12-Hi-Res Color The Best 469.00

PGS-SR-12 NEW CALL

PGS-MAX 12 NEW CALL

QUADRAM

Ouadhnk— Allows Apple Software to be used in
IBM PC HAS 64K Ram-Game Port Display

Gen-Disk Intf w< software 450.00

Quadcolor 219.00

Ouadboard I w/64K CALL

Ouadboard II W/64K CALL

WM~0UJRBEST BUY

IBM UP-GRADE KIT

INCLUDES 9 EA 4164-200NS FOR EXPANSION
ON ALL IBM PRODUCTS WITH PARITY

| $48.00 per Set |

IBM COLOR CARDS

QUV-T8/1H (hobby) 49.95

OUV-T8/2 I (Industrial version) 68.9S

OUV-T8/2P (w/timer & safety switch) 97.50

MAIL ORDER TOLL FREE
1-800-545-2633

1-801-972-2717

CDC

CDC 5' a 9409 DS/DD 320K Quiest Drive 225.00

OUME

5'/' #142 - (40 TR) 320K '? HGT Belt Drive

w/ Brackets 200.00

PANASONIC — BEST BUY IN '/i HGT

5V JA-155 (40 TR) 320K >j HGT Direct Dirve
w/ Brackets 199.00 ea.

2 for 385.00
TEAC
5'/' F-55B (40TR) 320K ' i HGT Direct Drive
(For Sanyo & IBM) w/Brackets 199.00 ea.

2 for 385.00

SHUGART DISK DRIVES

SA455L- 1 '2 HGT 320K DS ' DD

w BRACKETS 200.00 ea.

2 for 385.00
TANDON DISK DRIVES

TM 100-2A 320K DS/DD 209.00

TM55-2 1/2 HGT 320K DS/DD 249.00 ea.

w BRACKETS 440.00 for 2

Hayes 300 219.00]

Hayes 1200 499.00 (

OUR BEST BUY

ANCHOR MARK XII

300/1200 Band Auto Answer/ Auto Dial Direct
Connect Intelligent Modem w/RS 232 Cable
Included 2 Telephone Jacks. Low Power (60 MA)
Dial Tone Detect 279.00

DISKETTE

15% Discount for Qty 100

FOR APPLE, ETC.

5V Soft Sector SS/DD 17.00/10

For IBM PC & PARTNERS

5'/ 4 " Soft Sector DS/DD 22.00/10

• Lifetime Warranty

• All have Hub Rings and PLASTIC CASE

OUR BEST BUY

MAXELL

Sgl side/dbl. den 5'/.". 48 TPI 24.00

Dbl side/dbl. den 5VJ", 48 TPI 36.00

Dbl side/quad den 5V4", 96 TPI 45.00

DATA CABLES

8" DSC 88-2SKT-for 2-8" drvs w/skt. conn, 20.00
5%" DSC55-2SKT-for 1 -5V." drvs

w/skt. conn 20.00

RS232MM-5' (male to male) 19.00

IBM to PAR or COLUMBIA to PAR 26.00

Osborne to PAR 26.00

Kaypro to PAR 26.00

Many Others Available

AC SURGE ELIMINATORS

Lemon (6AC outlets-3 prong) 44.00

Lime (5'-3 prong pwr cord w/on-off switch) 69.00
Orange-AC surge * EMI filter (6 outlets) . . 95.00

Peach (3 outlets) AC surge/EMI filter 69.00

Grizzly (200W) uninterruptible power system

+ surge protection 799.00

Grizzly (500W) uninterruptible power system

+ surge protection 1850.00

Prices subject to change without notice

CPM 3 Card 269.00

Z-Caid II 119.00

Smarterm 2 1 39.00

COOL TIME

Fan, Surge Protection Real Time Clock 2 Outlets
for Printer & Monitor 85.00

GENERIC

16K RAM Add-on 40.00

HAYES JOYSTICKS

Mach II (For II & HE) 33.95

Mach III (with firing button) 42.95

HAYES MODEM

Micro-Model HE w/terminal package . . 279.00
KENSINGTON

System Saver/ Fan & Surge Protection , . . 75.00
KOALA

Graphics Tablet 89.00

MICRO-MAX

View Max 80 (80 Col for II <■) 149.00

View Max 80E (80 Col W/64K Memory

Expands lo 128KI 139.00

ORANGE MICRO

Parallel Interlace (No Graphics) 61.00

Grappler * (Graphics Interface) 119.00

Grappler * 16K (Buffer and 5 lo 64K) . . 175.00

Buffer Board 135.00

TG PRODUCTS

Joy Stick— For Apple II • 38.00

Paddles 29.00

Selecta Port 38.00

VIDEX

Ultraterm 279.00

Videterm 1 79.00

STANDARD SIZE

Micro Sci A-2 (35TR)

OUR BEST BUY

Micro-Sci XL (35TR) ME « 179.00

Same as A-2 Except Plastic Case

</i SIZE

Super 5" "Green" Thmlme 163K 40TR

Belt Drive 189.00

Super 5 "Blue" Thmlme 163K 40TR

Direct Drive 199.00

Super 5 "Red" Thmlme t63K 40TR

Teac Drive 225.00

RANA

RANA 1 245.00

RANA 2 Dbl Sided 359.00

RANA 3 Quad Density 469.00

ALL DRIVES 1 YR. WARRANTY

APPLE DISK CONTROLLERS

Micro-Sci (35TR) 60.00

Generic (35TR) 50.00

Micro-Sci (40TR) 89.00

RANA 85.00

Minimum Shipping $3.00
in the Continental U.S.A.

TERMS
Open account to state supported universities &
companies with high Dun & Bradstreet rating.

Visa, MC, Check or Money Order
U.S. funds only.
Minimum order '15.00.

1780 West 2300 South Salt Lake City, Utah 84119

518 BYTE • JUNE 1984

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

I •OUU-040-^000

Monday - Friday 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.

(Sometimes much later)

SHUGART

5V<" SA400 (35 TR) 160K 169.00

5V." SA400L (40 TR) 190K 189.00

5'/4" SA455L (40 TR) 320K Vi HGT 200.00

8 " SA801R(SS/DD) 600K 355.00

QUME

5%" 142 (40 TR) 320K V, HGT 200.00

8" DT8 (842) 490.00

MITSUBISHI
8" M-2896-63 Thinlme 8" DS/DD 1 2 MG 419.00
8" M-2894-63(110V) Standard 8"

DS/DD 1 2 MG 419.00

CDC

5'/4" 9409-DS/DD 225.00

TANDON

5V." TM100-1 SS/DD 160K 150.00

5'/." TM100-2A DS/DD (320K)

FOR IBM-PC 209.00

TM101 -4 (96 TPI Quad Den) 339.00

8" TM848-2 (DS/DD) 1 2 MG 400.00

TM 100-4 (96 TPI Quad Den) 299.00

NEMAN'S

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 110V/ 801 R \ 169.00

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 220V\ Compatible ) 199.00

MPI

5'/4" B-51 40TR SS/DD 180K 169.00

5'/4" B-52 40TR DS/DD 320K

(FOR IBM PC) 180.00

8 CABINETS

8" DDC88V28 w/PS vertical for

2-8" drives 269.00

8" DDC88T-1 w/PS vertical-lor 2 or 4-8

thmlme drives 269.00

8" DDC88T-2 w/PS vertical for 2-8"

thmlme drives 155.00

8" DDC8V w/PS vertical lor 1 -8" drive . 249.00
8 DDC88H wPS Horizontal for

2-8" drives 269.00

5V." CABINETS
5"4" DDC5H w/PS honzontal-for

1-5' 4" drive 55.00

5'." DDC5V w/PS vertical-lor 1 ea 5V drive

50.00

5 1 i" DDC55V w; PS vertical -for 2-5' 4" drives (NEW)

85.00

NEW SLIMLINE" DRIVE CABINET
5'." DDC55H'? w/PS horizontal for 2 ea -

5' «" drive Specify DRIVE 75.00

All Cabinets Available with Extender Connector
Add '10.00 ea

" " " " 's.

GREEN

BMC 12AU (15MHZ) 80 Col/12" .. 80 00

USI PI- 1 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/9" 11900

USI PI-2 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/ 12" '. 129.00

AMBER
USI PI-4 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80-Col/9" 125 00

USI PI-3 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12" .. 119.00

COLOR

Amdek 1-12" Composite (For Apple) ' 259.00

Amdek I * Composite w/audio 275.00

Amdek 11-12 -RGB (For IBM-PC) w/audio 419.00

BROTHER

HR-25 25 CPS Daisywheel

HR-1A 17 CPS Daisywheel 3K Buff

DATA-SOUTH

DS 180 180CPS/Serial or Par/Tractor 1
DAISYWRITER

Daisywriter 2000-48K Buffer/20TO40CPS
Letter Quality Par or Serial 1

DIABLO

620 (25CPS/Sena

630 (40CPS/Multi-IF) 1

030 ECS/IBM 2

DYNAX
Dynax-15 Par-13CPS Daisywheel

2 color PTG-3K buff
Dynax 15 Serial-13CPS Daisywheel

EPSON
FX80 (160 CPS-Par 10'
FX100 (160 CPS-Par 15") ..

C. ITOH

Pro-writer I (8510A) Par 120 CPS

Pro-writer I (8510A) Serial 120 CPS

F-10 40CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1

F-10 55CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1

F10 Tractor

JUKI
6100-18CPS/Diablo Compatible

Par/ Daisywheel

MANNESMAN-TALLY

Spirit 80CPS Par 10"

160L (160CPS-40CPS Letter Quality 10")
180L (160CPS-40CPS Letter Quality 15")
NEC

NEC2010 20CPS Senal Daisywheel

NEC2050 20CPS for IBM Daisywheel . 1

NEC3550 35CPS for IBM 1

NEC7710 55CPS Serial Daisywheel ... 1
NEC7715 55CPS Diablo Compatible
Daisywheel 1

359.00
529.00
125.00
425.00
469.00

330.00
599.00
839.00

950.00
,050.00

,85000
,995.00

OUR BEST BUY

RITEMAN - Briefcase Size - 120 CPS -

Par Port - Epson Compatible 289.00

1 Year Warranty

OUR BEST BUY

OUR BEST BUY FOR APPLE
SAKATA SC-100 Best Composite Video for Apple
According to Creative Computing Analysis 275.00

OUR BEST BUY FOR IBM
Princeton HX-12-RGB (For IBM-PC) .... 469 00II

OKI-DATA

Microline 82A (SER & PAR-120CPS 10")
Microline 83A (SER & PAR-120CPS 15")
Microline 92 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-10") . .
Microline 93 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-15") . .
Microline 84P (PAR-200CPS-LTR-15") .
Microline 84S (SER-200CPS-LTR- 15"l .

STAR MICRONICS
Gemini 10X NEW VERSION

(PAR-120CPS-10")

Gemini 15X (PAR-120CPS- 15")

Gemini Delta 10 (Par-160CPS-10"

8K buffer serial)

Star Radix 10 (Coming Soon)

SILVER REED
EXP 550P-17CPS Daisywheel-PAR ....
EXP 550S-17CPS Daisywheel-Serial . . .

TOSHIBA
P1340 - Smaller version of 1350 / 10 Carr
1 1 2 CPS Draff Mode / 54 CPS Ltr Quality
(List Price $1395)
P-1350 — 192 CPS Draft Mode / 120 CPS

Ltr Quality / Specify Par or Serial

P-1351/1360 — Same as 1350 and has
Downloadable Font"

CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL

CALL
CALL

650.00
680.00

age /
CALL

CALL
CALL

IBM PC-1 — Includes 64K RAM, 1 ea. 320K Disk

Drive 1,995.00

IBM PC-2— Includes 64 RAM, 2 ea. 320K Disk

Drive 2,250.00

IBM PC-3— Includes 256K RAM, 2 ea. 320K
Disk Drive, IBM Mono Adapter, IBM Mono

Display 2,999.00

IBM PC-4— Includes 256K RAM, 2 ea, 320K
Disk Drive, Peacock Color Card, Princeton HX 12

Display 3,395.00

IBM-XT
• 128K RAM • 1 ea 320K F.D. • 1 ea.

10MG Hard Disk 4,695.00

8087 CPU 198.00

Minimum Shipping $3.00
TOLL FREE 1-800-545-2633

in the Continental U.S.A.

PC-2000 — Basic Mainframe 995.00

FEATURES • 5 Slot Mother Bd W/64K
(Expands to 256K)

• Power Supply w/Fan

• Lo-Profile Keybd - 96 Key

• 2 ea Serial • 1 ea PAR

• Space for 4 ea. '/; HGT Drives or
2 Full Size.

• Will run PC/DOS or MS/DOS

• Will run all MS/DOS Compatible
Software

PC-2001 — Includes 64K RAM, 1 ea.

320K F.D 1 ,395.00

PC-2002 — Includes 64K RAM, 2 ea.

320K F.D 1,650.00

PC-2003 — Includes 256K RAM, 2 ea. 320K F.D.,
Video CD. 12" 310A Mono Display .... 1,995.00
PC-2004 — Includes 256K RAM, 2 ea. 320K F.D.,
Color Cd, Princeton Color Monitor 2,499.00

£*

Apple" Apple Trademark oi Apple Compuler

IBM Trademark of Inicnahonai Busrieis Mac
CotipuP'o'' ComouPro Trademark ol Goabout Eie<

Prices subject to change without notice

1780 West 2300 South Salt Lake Citv. Utah 84119

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 519

64K DYNAMIC
200 ns

16K DYNAMIC
250 ns

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2101-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2125

2111

2111L
, 2112

2114

2114-25

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2
I TC5514

TC5516

2147
I TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

UPD410

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2
l TMS4016
| 2-6132

HM6264P-15

HM6264LP-1?

356 X
256 X
1024 x
1024 X
1024 x
1024 x
256 X
256 x
256 x
1024 x
1024 x
1024 x
1024 x
1024 x
1024 x
2046 x
4096x
4096 x
4096 x
4096 x
4096 x
1024 x
2048 x
2048 x
2048 X
2048x
2048 x
2048 x
2048 X
2048 X
2048 X
2048 X
4096 X
6192 X
8192 X

LP = Low Power

(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(250ns)
( 45ns)
(450ns)
(250ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(250ns)
(450ns)
(300ns)
(200ns)
(650ns)
(250ns)
( 55ns)
(450ns)
(300ns)
(200ns)
(100ns)
(100ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(100ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(120ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(120ns)
(200ns)
(300ns)
(150ns)
jlSOns)
Ostat =

(LP)
(LP)

(LP)

(cmos)

(cmos) (LP)

(cmos)

(Ostat)

(cmos)

Quasi-Static

1.95
3.95
.89
.99
1.49
2.95
2.49 !
2.95
2.99
8/9.95
8/10.95 ,
8/12.95
8/13.45
8/13.95
2.49
9.95
4.95
3.49
3.99
4.49
3.95
9.95
4.15
4.95
6.15
4.75 [
4.95
895
5.95
6.95
10.95
6.95
34.95
39.95 |
49.95

EPROMS

1702

I 2708

12758

I 2716-6
2716
2716-1
TMS2516
TMS2716
TMS2532
2732
2732-250
2732-200

I 2732A-4
2732A

I 2732A-2

12764

I 2764-250

1 2764-200

I TMS2564

1 MCM68764
MCM68766
27128-30
27128

1 5v Single 5

256x8
1024x8
1024x8
2046 x 8
2048 X 8
2048x8
2048 x 8
2048x8
4096x8
4096x8
4096 x 8
4096 X 8
4096 X 8
4096x8
4096 x 8
8192x8
8192x8
8192x8
8192x8
8192x8
8192x8
16384x8
16384x8
Volt Supply

(1us)
(450ns)
(450ns) (5v)
(650ns)
(450ns) (5v)
(350ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(250ns) (5v)
(200ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)(21vPGM)
(250ns) (5v)(21vPGM)
(200ns) (5v) (21 vPGM)
(450ns) (5v)
(250ns) (5v)
(200ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v) (24pin)
(350ns) (5v) (24pin)
(300ns) (5v)
(250ns) (5v)

21vPGM Program at

4.50

3.95

5.95

2.95

3.95

5.95

5.50

7.95

5.95

4.95

8.95

11.95

6.95

9.95

13.95 |

6.95

7.95

19.95

14.95

39.95

42.95

29.95

34.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

F* • • •HIGH-TECH* • • *1

SSI 263 SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

TMS4027
2107
MM5280
TMS4060
UPD411
TMS4050
MK4108
MM5298
4116-300
I 4116-250
4116-200
4116-150
4116-120
2116
MK4332
4164-200
4164-150
4164-120
MCM6665
TMS4164-15
TMS4416
41256

4096x1
4096x1
4096x1
4096x1
4096x1
4096x1
8192 X 1
8192x1
16384x1
16384x1
16364x1
16364x1
16364x1
16364x1
32766 X 1
65536 X 1
65536 X 1
65536x1
65536 X 1
65536 X 1
16364x4
262144x1

(250ns)

(200ns)

(300ns)

(200ns)

(250ns)

(300ns)

(250ns)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(120ns)

(150ns) (5v)

(200ns)

(200ns) (6v)

(150ns) (5v)

(120ns) (5v)

(200ns) (5v)

(150ns) (5v)

(200ns) I5v)

5v = Single 5 volt supply

6800

68000

6800

6802

6803

6808

6809E
16809
16810
16820
16821
16626
16840
16843
16844
I 6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6875

6880

6883

68047
| 66488
6800

49.95 I

2.95 I

7.95 I

19 95 I

13.90 I

14.95

11.95 I

2.95 I

4.35 I

2.95 I

14.95 I

12.95 I

34.95

25.95

14.95 I

11.95

3.25

5.75 1

7.95 1

6.95

2.25 I

22.951

24.95 1

19.95 |

1MHZ

r 6500 ^

1 MHZ

6502

4.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

6.95

6532

9.95

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

6.95

6522A

9.95

6532A

11.95

6545A

27.95

6551A

11.95

3 MHZ

l6502B

9.95^

DISC
I CONTROLLERS I

66800

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95

68B10

6.95

68B21

6.95

68B40

19.95

68B45

19.95

68B50

5.95

, 68B00

2 MHZ .

1771
1791
1793
1795
1797
2791
2793
2795
2797
6843
8272
UPD765
MB8876
MB8877
1691
121 43

16.95 1
24.95 I
26.95 I
29.95 I
49.95 I
54.95
54.95
59,95 I
59.95 1
34.95 I
39.95 I
39.95 I
29.95 I
34.95 I
17.951
18.95J

1.95 I

1.95

1.(

1.95

1.85

8/11.75

8/7.95

8/12.95

8(14.95

8/29.95

4.95

9.95

5.95

6.95

895

8.95

9.95

CALL

• MICROPROCESSOR COMPATIBLE
| * 5 8-BIT CONTROL REGISTERS
* ENHANCE YOUR MOCKINQBOARD OR BUILD
STEVE CIARCIA'S SWEET TALKER II QQ ft
(BYTE MARCH '84) 0<J-<J

l* • • • SPOTLIGHT • * * *j

* computer managed inventory
— uirtuaily no bacH orders!

* very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

Fast service — most orders
shipped within 24 hours!

r 8000 ^

8035

5.95

8039

5.95

INS 8060

17.95

INS 8073

49.95

8060

3.95

8085

4.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

24.95

8087

CALL

6088

29.95

8089

69.95

6155

6.95

8155-2

7.95

8156

6.95

8165

29.95

8185-2

39.95

6741

29.95

8748

24.95

18755

24.95

8200

CRT
I CONTROLLERS

6845

14.95

68B45

19.95

HD46505SP

15.95

6847

11.95

MC1372

6.95

68047

24.95

8275

29.95

7220

99.95

CRT5027

19.95

CRT5037

24.95

TMS9918A

39.95

.DP8350

49.95.

18202
18203
8205
18212
18214
18216
18224
18226
18228
18237
I 8237-5
18238
18243
18250
18251
18253
I 8253-5
18255
1 8255-5
18257
1 8257-5
18259
I 8259-5
18271
18272
18275
18279
1 8279-5
18282
18283
18284
18286
18287
18288
18289
L8292

24.95

39.95

3.50

1.80

3.85

1.75

2.25

1.80

3.49

19.95

21.95

4.49

4.45

10.95

4.49

6.95

7.95

4.49

5.25

7.95

8.95

6.90

7.50

79.95

39.95

29.95

8.95

10.00

6.50

5.50

6.50

25.00

49.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU

Z80-CTC

Z80-DART

Z80-DMA

Z80-PIO

Z80-SIO/0

Z80-SIO/1

Z80-SIO/2

Z60-SIO/9

3.95 I
3.95 I
10.95 I
14.95 I
3.95 I
11.95 I
11.95 1
11.95 I
11.95

4.0 Mhz

zeoA-cpu

4.49

Z80A-CTC

4.95

Z80A-DART

9.95

Z80A-DMA

12.95

Z80A-PIO

4.49

Z80A-SIO/0

12.95

Z80A-SIO/1

12.95

Z80A-SIO/2

12.95

Z80A-SIO/9

12.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU

Z80B-CTC

Z80B-PIO

Z80B-DART

Z80B-SIO/2

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95 I

9.95

12.95
12.95
19.95
39.95

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

3.95

1.8432

3.95

2.0

2.95

2.097152

2.95

2.4576

2.95

3.2768

2.95

3.579545

2.95

4.0

2.95

5.0

2.95

5.0688

2.95

5.185

2.95

5.7143

2.95

6.0

2.95

6.144

2.95

6.5536

2.95

8.0

2.95

10.0

2.95

10.738635

2.95

14.31818

2.95

15.0

2.95

16.0

2.95

17.430

2.95

18.0

2.95

18.432

2.95

20.0

2.95

22.1184

2.95

^2.0

2.95

CMOS

UARTS

IAY5-1013
1AY3-1015
JPT1472
ITR1602
12350
12651
IM6402
IM6403
INS8250

3.95
6.95
9.95
3.95
9.95
8.95
7.95
8.95
10.95

GENERATORS
BIT-RATE

11.95 1

11.95

12.95

16.95

10.95

MC14411
BR1941

14702

ICOM5016
COM8116

1 MM5307

FUNCTION

1 MC4024 3.95 I

LM566 1.49

I XR2206 3.75 I

18038 3.95 J

MISC.

I UPD7201

TMS99532

ULN2003

3242

3341

MC3470

MC3480

11C90

95H90

2513-001 UP
L.2513-002 LOW

29.95 I
29.95 I
2.49 I
7.95 I
4.95 I
4.95 1
9.00 I
13.95 I
7.95 I
9.95 I
9.95J

CLOCK
CIRCUITS

IMM5314

IMM5369

IMM5369-EST

IMM5375

IMM58167

IMM58174

L.MSM5832

4.95
3.95
4.25 I
4.95 I

12.95 I
11.95 I
3.95 I

14.95AZ8671

KEYBOARD
CHIPS

I AY5-2376 11.95 1

AYS-3600 11.95 1

LaYS-3600 PRO II.95J

4000

.29

4001

.25

4002

.25

4006

.69

4007

.29

4008

.95

4009

.39

4010

.45

4011

.25

4012

.25

4013

.38

4014

.79

4015

.39

4016

.39

4017

.69

4018

.79

4019

.39

4020

.75

4021

.79

4022

.79

4023

.29

4024

.65

4025

.29

4026

1.65

4027

.45

4028

.69

4029

.79

4030

.39

4034

1.95

4035

.85

4040

.75

4041

.75

4042

.69

4043

.85

4044

.79

4046

.85

4047

.95

4049

.35

4050

.35

4051

.79

4053

.79

4060

.89

4066

.39

4068

.39

4069

.29

4070

.35

4071

.29

4072

.29

4073

.29

4075

.29

4076

.79

4078

.29

4081

.29

4082

.29

4085

.95

4086

.95

4093

.49

4098

2.49

4099

1.95

14409

12.95

14410

12.95

14411

11.95

14412

12.95

14419

7.95

14433

14.95

4502

.95

4503

.65

4508

1.95

4510

.85

4511

.85

4512

.85

4514

1.25

4515

1.79

4516

1.55

4518

.89

4519

.39

4520

.79

4522

1.25

4526

1.25

.4527

1.95

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C244

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.191

.95 I

1.95 I

1.95 I
1.95 I
2.64 I

1.19 I

5.79 I

.95 I

1.95 I

.75 I

12.95 I

.35 I

.59 I

.35 I

1.29 I

1.99 I

.65 I

.80 I

1.95 I

.39 I

4.50 I

1.19 I

1.75 I

.99 I

.89 I

5.75 I

2.25 I

3.25 I

1.75 I

1.19 I

1.39 I

2.00 I

.79 I

1.19 I

1.19

1.49

1.49 I

1.39

5.75 I

1.75 I

2.25

2.45

.39

.85

10.95 I

.95

1.00 I

2.00 I

2.75 I

9.95

8.95 I

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95 I

19.95 A

Microdevices

i. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128
800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)
(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sa

Sat. 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order $10. For shipping and handling include
S2.50 for UPS Ground and S3. 50 for UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and
foreign orders may require additional shipping charges — please
contact our sales department for the amount. CA residents must
include 6% sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents include 6' Vo Prices
subject to change without notice. We are not responsible for
typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to
substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

520 BYTE • IUNE 1984

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

2764

8Kx8EPROM
450 ns

s 6 95 27128-30

16K x 8 EPROM
300 ns

$2995

BARGAIN HUNTERS CORNER

fc/vtA 350ns

• "A" VERSION PROGRAMS AT
21 VOLTS.

• FAST! 350ns ACCESS TIME

4.95 «... 100/4.45

ZIF SOCKETS

*CACH

Z-80 SPECIALS!

Z-80ACPU . . 2.95

Z-80A-CTC 'jjA.k |SV^ 2.95
Z-80A-PI0 f¥fM^\. . . . 2.95

SPECIALS END 7/31/84

TRANSISTORS ]

2N918

.SO

MPS3706

.15

MPS918

.25

2N3772

1.85

2N2102

.75

2N3903

.25 ]

2N2218

.50

2N3904

.10

2N2218A

.50

2N3906

.10

2N2219

.50

2N4122

.25

2N2219A

.50

2N4123

.25 1

2N2222

.25

2N4249

.25

PN2222

.10

2N4304

.75 I

MPS2369

.25

2N4401

.25 I

2N2484

.25

2N4402

.25 1

2N2905

.50

2N4403

.25

2N2907

.25

2N4857

1.00

PN2907

.125

PN4916

.25 I

2N3055

.79

2N5086

.25

30S5T

.69

PN5129

.25

2N3393

.30

PN5139

.25

2N3414

.25

2N5209

.25

2N3563

.40

2N6028

.35 I

2N3S65

.40

2N6043

1.75

PN3S65

.25

2N604S

1.75 I

MPS3838

.25

MPS-A05

.25

MPS3640

.25

MPS-A06

.25

PN3643

.25

MPS-A55

.25

PN3644

.25

TIP29

.65

MPS3704

.15

TIP31

.75 I

TIP32

.79J

He SOCKETS^

1-99 100

8 pin ST

.13 .11

14 pin ST

.1$ .12

16 pin ST

.17 .13

18 pin ST

.20 .18

20 pin ST

.29 .27

22 pin ST

.30 .27

24 pin ST

.30 .27

28 pin ST

.40 .32

40 pin ST

.49 .39

64 pin ST

4.25 cell

ST ■ SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW

.59 .49

14 pin WW

.69 .52

16 pin WW

.69 .58

18 pin WW

.99 .90

20 pin WW

1.09 .98

22 pin WW

1.391.28

24 pin WW

1.491.35

I 28 pin WW

1.691.49

40 pin WW

1.991.80

I WW = WIREWRAP

RF mODULATOR

(ASTEC UM1082) QUANTITIES LIMITED

* PRESET TO CHANNEL 3

* USE TO BUILD
TV-COMPUTER INTERFACE

* +5 VOLT OPERATION

NOW
ONLY

$695

ZIF =
Zero

Insertion !
Force

[ OPTOISOLATORS ]

4N26

1.00

MCA-7 4.25

4N27

1.10

MCA-255 1.75

4N28

.69

IL-1 1.25

I 4N33

1.75

ILA-30 1.25

I 4N3S

1.25

ILQ-74 2.75

4N37

1.25

H11C5 1.25

MCT-2

1.00

TIL-111 1.00

[MCT6

1.50

TIL-113 1.75 J

RESISTORS

'/4 WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .03

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .01

f BYPASS CAPS 1

.01 UF DISC

100/6.00

.01 UF MONOLITHIC

100/12.00

.1 UF DISC

100/8.00

L .1UF MONOLITHIC

100/15.00 J

1N751
1N759
1N4148
1N4004
KBP02
KBP04
. VM48

DIODES

5.1 volt zener
12.0 volt zener
(1N91 4) switching
400PIV rectifier
200PIV1.5amp bridge
400PIV1.5amp bridge
Dip- Bridge

f MUFFIN FANS

4.68 "Square

3.125'Square

14.95
14.95

HEAT SINKS

TO -3 style
TO-220 style

.95
.35

SWITCHES

SPDT mini-toggle
DPDT mini-toggle
I SPST mini-pushbutton

1.25

1.50

.39

LED LAMPS

LED DISPLAYS

JUMBO RED
JUMBO GREEN
JUMBO YELLOW
LED MOUNTING
. HARDWARE

HP 5082-7760

MAN 72

MAN 74

FND-357 (359)

FND-500 (503)
I FND 507(510)
lTIL-311 4x7

DIP

SWITCHES

HEX W/LOGIC 9.95 I

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION

i 8 POSITION

UNIT PRICE
5.95
5.95
7.95
8.95
10.95

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

6V 10V 15V 20V 25V

35V

.22uf

.40

.27

.40

.33

.40

.47

.35

.50

.68

.45

1.0

.40

.45

1.5

.45

.50

1.8

.75

2.2

.35

.40

.45

.65

2.7

.40

.45

.90

3.3

.45

.50

.55

.60

.65

3.9

.45

4.7

.45

.55

.80

.65

.85

6.8

.70

.75

.55

.65

.80

.85

.90

1.00

.65

.85

.90

.75

.85

.90

1.25

1.00

1.35

2.25

1.50

1.35

1.76

100

3.25

270

3.75

DISC

10pl 50V .05 470 50V .05

22 50V .05 560 50V .05

25 50V .05 660 50V .05

27 50V .05 620 50V .05

33 50V .05 .001 uf 50V .05

47 50V .05 .0015 50V .05

56 50V .05 .0022 50V .05

68 50V .05 .005 50V .05

82 50V .05 .01 50V .07

100 50V .05 .02 50V .07

220 50V .05 .05 50V .07

330 50V .05 .1 12V .10

.1 50V .12

MONOLITHIC

.1uf-mono 50V .18 .47ul-mono 50V .25
.047ul-mono 50V .15 .Olulmono 50V .14

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL
50V

14 1uf

25V .14 4.7

35V .15 10

50V .15 10

50V .15 22

35V .18 47

18V .18 100

35V .20 100

25V .30 150

16V .60 220

AXIAL

COMPUTER
GRADE

550
1000
1500
44,000ul 30V 3.95 6000

50V .14

16V .14

50V .16

16V .14

50V .20

15V .20

35V .25

25V .25

25V .30

16V .40

16V .42

16V :60

16V .70

16V .65

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat.

Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING
TERMS: For shipping Include $2 tor UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V a % Sales
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We wtll n
beat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

522

IUNE 1984

Circle 1 77 on inquiry card.

8Kx8EPROM
450 ns 24 PIN

$ 39" SSI 263

SPEECH
SYNTHESIZER

$3995

CABINETS FOR SVa"

DISK DRIVES
CABINET #1 s 29.95

* Dimensions 8% x 5'Vn x 3'¥n"

* Color matches Apple

* Fits standard 5% "drives, inc.
Shugart

* Includes mounting hardware and
feet

CABINET #2 $ 79.00

* Complete with power supply,
switch, line cord, fuse & standard
power connector

* Dimensions: 11% x 5% x 3'%."

* +5V @ 1 AMP, +12V @ 1.5 AMP

* Please specify gray or tan

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for
shipping on above items.

MICROCOMPUTER
HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95

Over 800 pages of manufacturers data
sheets on most commonly used IC's.
Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

• CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

• CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080,
8085, 8086/8

• MPU support & interface —
6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

TRANSFORMERS
FRAME STYLE

12.6VAC
12.6VAC CT
12.6VACCT
12.6VACCT
25.2VAC CT

2amp
2amp
4amp
8amp
2amp

4.95
5.95
7.95
10.95
7.95

PLUG CASE STYLE

12VAC 250ma 3.95

12VAC 500ma 4.95

12VAC lamp 5.95

12VAC 2a mp 6.95

DC ADAPTER

6, 9, 12 VDC selectable with
unlveral adapter 8.95

Please include sufficient amount
for shipping on above Items.

DISK DRIVES
TAN DON

TM100-1 5V'4"(FORIBM)SS/DD 199.00

TM100-25V4"(FORIBM)DS/DD 219.00

MPI

MP-525V4"(FORIBM)DS/DD 249.00

TEAC

FD-55B Vi "HEIGHT DS/DD 189.00

SHUGART

SA400L5V4*(40TRACK)SS/DD 199.95

8 "DISK DRIVE

FD 100-8 BY SIEMENS, SHUGART 801 EQUIV.
SS/DD — 10/S1 49 EA. $1 69.00

FD 200-8 BY SIEMENS, SHUGART 851 EQUIV.
SS/DO — 10/S220 EA. $239.00

TANDON SV4 '

TEAC HALF HEIGHT
Please Include sufficient amount for shipping on above Items.

{MasterCard]

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000

MSMSttEl^

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

(CAIIFORHID RESIDENTS)

CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 Ribbon Cable 36 Pin Male 8.95 I

IDCEN36/F Ribbon Cable 36 Pin Female 8.95

CEN36 Solder Cup 36 Pin Male 7.95 J

.50

.55

.65

.75

.98

1.32

1.38

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

BEST SELLING BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

I Apple II User'sGulde ,. 16.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

I CBASIC UserGuide 15.00

SYBEX

I Z-80 Applications 15.95

IBM PC PRO DOS Handbook 16.95

, Programming the 8086/8088 15.95

The Best of IBM PC Software 16.95

I Microprocessor Interfacing

Techniques 17.95

r EDGECARD

CONNECTORS

S-100ST

3.95

S-100WW

4.95

72 pin ST

6.95

72 pin WW

7.95

50 pin ST

4.95

44 pin ST

2.95

44 pin WW

4.95

DIP CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS
18 20 22

24 28

HIGH RELIABILITY

TOOLED ST IC

SOCKETS

AUGATxx-ST .99 .99

1.99 2.49 2.99

COMPONENT

CARRIERS
(DIP HEADERS)

.65

.75

1.00 1.25 1.25 1.35 1.50 2.10

RIBBON CABLE
DIP PLUGS (IDC)

IDPxx

1.45 1.65

2.50

4.15

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors'' below.

D-SUBMINIATURE

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS
25

SOLDER CUP

MALE

DPxxP

2.08

2.69

2.50

4.80

6.06

FEMALE

DBxxS

2.66

3.63

3.25

7.11

9.24

RT. ANGLE

MALE

DBxxPR

1.65

2.20

3.00

4.83

—

PC HOLDER

FEMALE

DBxxSR

2.18

3.03

4.42

6.19

—

IDC RIBBON CABLE

MALE

IDBxxP

3.37

4.70

6.23

9.22

—

FEMALE

IDBxxS

3.69

5.13

6.84

10.08

...

HOODS

BLACK

HOOD-B

...

1.25

...

GREY

HOOD

1.60

1.25

2.95

3.50

w tw ww ww ■ w i ry i

MOUNTING HARDWARE - $1 .00

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS
26 34

SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxS

.82

1.29

1.68

2.20

2.58

3.24

RT. ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxSR

.85

1.35

1.76

2.31

2.72

3.39

WW HEADER

IDHxxW

1.86

2.98

3.84

4.50

5.28

6.63

RT. ANGLE WW HEADER

IDHxxWR

2.05

3.28

4.22

4.45

4.80

7.30

RIBBON HEADER SOCKET

IDSxx

1.15

1.86

2.43

3.15

3.73

4.65

RIBBON HEADER

IDMxx

5.50

6.25

7.00

7.50

8.50

RIBBON EDGE CARD

IDExx

2.25

2.36

2.65

3.25

3.80

4.74

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part
^number listed. Example: A 10 pin right angle holder style header would be IDH10SR.

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

IUNE 1984 -BYTE 523

FOR APPLE COMPUTER USERS

JDR Microdevices

JDR 16K RAM CARD FOR APPLE II+

Use

Expand your 48K Apple to 64K
Fully compatible with Apple Language System
in place of Apple Language card
|* Highest quality card features: gold edge connector.

sockets for all IC's.
* 2 YEAR WARRANTY

Kit with Instructions $40.95 I

Bare PC Card $14.95

$4495

GET SLIM IN 1984!

JDR HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVE

I * 35 Track if used with
I Apple Controller
I * 40 Track Controller and DOS
Available (Call for Price)

$209 95

Mfl SVSTCMS

IFD-35DISK DRIVE

FfS" -

$199

I * Shugart Mechanism —

Made in U.S.A.
I * Direct Replacement for

Apple Disk II
| * Compatible with Apple

Controller or other Apple |

compatible controllers
I * Specially designed

electronics with low power |

consumption
I* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible |
* One Year Warranty

I CONTROLLER CARD

$69.95

MosterCard,

APPLE COItlPATIBLE
POWER SUPPLY

• Use To Power Apple
Type Systems

• +5V@4A + 12V@2.5A
-5V@.5A -12V@.5A

• Instructions and Apple
Power Connector Included.

$79 95

BMC
BmX-80 PRINTER

80 CPS Dot Matrix Printer
Prints Bi-Directional in 40, 80,
71 or 142 Columns in Normal,
Double Width or Compressed |
Text.

Print Superscript As Well As
Superb Graphics in Character|
or Bit Image

$279

VIEWMAX-80
NOW ONLY *-\59 95 \

I* 80 Column Card for Apple ll + |

• Video Soft Switch

• Inverse Video
I* 2 Year Warranty

VIEWMAX-80e
NEIV $ 129 95

I* 80 Column Card for Apple llel

• 64KRAMExpandableto128K
1 64K RAM Upgrade $4760

GRAPHMAX $ 129 95 |

• Hi Resolution Graphics

• Printer Card

• Centronics Parallel Interface

• Zoom, Rotation and More

Graphmax with Color
Option 149 95 "

NASHUA DISKETTES

5V." WITH HUB RING

I MD1 SOFT SECTOR, SS/SD 19.95 I

I MD1D SOFT SECTOR, SS/DD 26.25

MD2D SOFT SECTOR. DS/DD 30.75

MD2F SOFT SECTOR. DS/QUAD DENSITY 45.00

I MD110 10 SECTOR HARD. SS/SD 19.95

| MD210D 10 SECTOR HARD. DS/DD 30.75 |

8" WITHOUT HUB RING

I FD1 SOFT SECTOR. SS/SD 24.75 I

| FD1D SOFT SECTOR, SS/DD 30.00 I

FD2D SOFT SECTOR. DS/DD 36.75.J

UERBATIM

DATALIFE
DISKETTES

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR

$29.95

SS/DD 10 HARD SECTOR

$29.95

\5V*" DISKETTE]
FILE

| * ATTRACTIVE, FUNCTIONAL |
DISK STORAGE SYSTEM

| « 75 DISK STORAGE
CAPACITY

| * MOLDED FROM DURABLE |
SMOKED PLASTIC WITH
FRONT CARRY- e-4 COO I
ING HANDLE ID '

OTHER ACCESSORIES
FOR APPLE II

ITHUNDERCLOCK $129.95|

l * Real-Time Clock Calendar

Software Included

Mountain Software Compatible
I * BSR Control Options Available

[KRAFT JOYSTICK $39.95l

IVI0NIT0RS

BMC MONITOR STAND
MODEL PA-900
Your Display Will

Tilt a swivel s 29.95

MONOCHROME

|BMCbM12AUWGREEN12" S 89.95

BMC BM12EUY18MHZ AMBER S 1 39.95

BMC BM12EUN 18 MHZ HIGH RES GREEN S 1 1 5.00 I
NEC JB1201M-20MHZGREEN S 1 69.00

| ZEN ITHzVM-123- 15 MHZ GREEN NEW S 105.00|

COLOR

BMC BM-AU9191U COMPOSITE 13 . . . S 279.00 |

NO COO. ORDERS PLEASE

JDR Microdevices

S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128
800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)
(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Corporation

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

=»S: M-VV-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sa

Sat. 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order $10. For shipping and handling include
$2 50 lor UPS Ground and S3 50 lor UPS Air Orders over 1 lb. and
foreign orders may require additional shipping charges — piease
contact our sales department tor the amount. CA residents must
include 6% sales tai, Bay Area and LA residents include 6'/,%. Prices
subject to change without notice. We are not responsible for
typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to
substitute manufacturer. AM merchandise subject to prior sale.
(El Copyright 1984 JDR Microdevices

524 BYTE • IUNE 1 984

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

UNCLASSIFIED ADS

BYTE is concerned about software piracy. Unclassified
ads proposing exchanges of software must specify that the
software was written by the individual or is in the public
domain. BYTE reserves the right to reject any unclassified
ad that does not meet this criterion.

WANTED: Tax-exempt, nonprofit organization seeks
computer, disk drives, printers, or whatever
peripherals are available to institute listing and
cross-indexing of individuals needing food, clothing,
and shelter in their areas References and IRS infor-
mation available on request, lesse F. Estlock, 132
Franklin St., Tiffin. OH 44883.

WANTED: Nonprofit organization that provides in-
expensive, wholesome meals to the elderly and in-
capacitated in their own homes in the Germantown
area of Philadelphia, needs a donation of a small
computer to do payroll and inventory control. Help
in learning to use it also needed. IRS information
and references on request. Meals on Wheels Inc.,
c/o Margaret Steigner, 32A Brookside Dr., Lansdale.
PA 19446. (2151 362-6197.

WANTED: Teacher of 20 educable, mentally disabled
students with less than a $200 budget per year,
needs a computer to help teach students. George
Tassey. Windsor Forest High School. 12419 Largo
Dr., Savannah, GA 31499.

WANTED: Tax-exempt, nonprofit Chamber of Com-
merce seeks tax-deductible donations of computers,
modems, printers, and terminals. Certified receipts
can be furnished Indianola Chamber of Commerce,
201 West Salem, Indianola, IA 50125, (515)
961-6269. call Alan collect

WANTED: Apple lie or equivalent for church use.
Parts or complete system. Receive a tax deduction;
we pay shipping Rev. David Massey, First-Meridian
Heights Presbyterian Church, Indianapolis, IN
46205

NEEDED: The National Institute for Adult Education
in Yucatan, Mexico, will receive any hardware or
textbooks in English and Spanish to initiate com-
puter education Alan Handleman. Apartado Postal
#422, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

WANTED: An Apple users club in the vicinity of River-
ton. Wyoming. 1 cannot connect by modem. Rod
Ahlbrandt, 1104 Big Horn. Riverton, WY 82501.

WANTED: Student would greatly appreciate an un-
wanted, new. or used copy of 6502 Assembly language
Programming (L Leventhal) and/or a copy of Beneath
Apple DOS (Worth & Lechner). Willing to pay ship-
ping. Michael Whitman, American Embassy-
Buenos Aires. APO Miami, FL 34034.

FOR SALE: Wicat 150-3, three-user system, CRT,
floppy disk, ^-megabyte memory, graphics board.
MCS operating system. 10-megabyte disk, recently
upgraded, 90-day factory-warranty intact: 314,100
list, asking $10,000 or best offer. Ed Neugass, Apt.
A-1707. 1400 South loyce. Arlington. VA 22202.
(703) 892-422 5 evenings.

WANTED: BYTE #4 (December 1975) Gary Case, 585
Big Sky Court, Colorado Springs, CO 80919. (303)
599-0744

WANTED: Nonworking 9-wire printhead for Cen-
tronics 737/739 printer, I need the round magnet
that rotates under the Hall-effect transistor. Bob
Swirsky, POB 122, Cedarhurst, NY 11516, (516)
295-4344,

FOR SALE: Z-80 starter kit with manual and expan-
sion bus, very good condition: $200. Would also like
to correspond with other 6800 people, Robert
Smith, POB 41-10016, Michigan City, IN 46360.

WANTED: Would like to digitize pictures for educa-
tional applications. Have Shiba black-and-white
video camera (Model AVI 5) and an Apple He. Need
to know what hardware we need, and where and
how to get it. T Rapp, c/o Summit School Inc.. 611
East Main St., Dundee, IL 60118

FOR SALE: IBM 3101 terminal Two years old, ex-
cellent condition: $800. Dr. Neer, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Mineral Metabolism Unit. Bulfinch
4, Boston, MA 02114 (617) 726-3288.

WANTED: People to form an interna-
tional Apple III user group. George H. Buch. c/o
Buchan, Ravnsborggade 19, Copenhagen 2200 N.
Denmark.

FOR SALE: IBM Selectric typewriter. Model 745
(Redactron), complete with transistor drivers and
solenoids. Also includes 10-pitch type element. IBM
Selectric I/O typewriter manual, maintenance
manual, Redactron interface-building instructions,
and Redactron Interface EPROM. Selling for $375
or best offer. Dennis Kamin, 104 Timber Lane, Col-
linsville, CT 06022, (203) 693-0043 evenings,

FOR SALE: S-100 computer system, CP/M. 5-sIot, SD
Systems 3-card set, 64K. dual 8-inch drives, one
serial, Centronics parallel with manuals: $1 500. Also,
200-LPM-Tally 2200 Line Printers, full 132-column,
upper- and lowercase, ASCII, Centronics parallel in-
terface: both for $1500; one in perfect condition,
other needs work. Frank Bennett. 5758 East Willow-
view Dr.. Camarilla CA 93010. (8051 987-9879.

FOR SALE: Three unused Multi-Tech modems, Model
2I2A, 1200/300 switchable data rate, originate,
answer, auto-answer, full-duplex, synchronous, or
asynchronous. Over $700 each new, will sell for
$400 each. George F. Weiss. 127 Michael Dr., Red
Bank. NI 07701. (201) 530-9553.

WANTED: APL mathematics public-domain programs
that may be in cassettes for a recently acquired IBM
1 500 D with 64 K to solve polynomial equations with
complex coefficients that will plot simultaneous
equations (f(x,y)-0, plot x-f(t). and y=g(t)). Harry
D. Ruderman, 2624 Davidson Ave, New York, NY
10468, (212) 933-933-2650.

FOR SALE: Brother EP-20 personal electronic printer
(5 by 7 dot matrix, correction, extra ribbons, and
protective cover) brand new, barely used: asking
$125, negotiable Willing to exchange for Atari
equipment especially interface module or other
parallel printer interface or Votrax SC-01-based
speech-synthesis system. Ravi Subrahmanyan, Elec-
trical Engineering Department. Duke University,
Durham, NC 27706

WANTED: High school student wishes to buy new or
used Mountain Computer Music Boards for Apple.
Price negotiable. Also interested in other computer
and electronic music paraphernalia like music
boards, keyboards, and synthesizers I pay postage.
Eric Rose, 18 Floral Dr., Hastings-on-Hudson. NY
10706, (914) 478-1418 weekdays after 5 p.m.

FOR SALE: TI-99 and TI-99/4A cassette-interface
cables: $10. Send check or money order. Tim Ander-
son. 215 3rd Ave. S., Saint Cloud, MN 56301.

WANTED: Any unwanted computers or peripherals,
for Apple lie or a TRS-80 Model III. I will pay for
shipping and handling. Christopher C Caron,
Stonewall Lane. Madison. CT 06443.

FOR SALE: Seawell maxi-motherboard (hobby ver-
sion for AIM, SYM, SIM); Seawell 16K RAM board;
Seawell floppy-disk controller and Problem Solvers
8K Memory Board Will sell separately or as a pack-
age ($600) or will exchange for IBM PC boards. I.
Hofstee. Box 108, Windmill Point. Cornwall. Ontario
K6H 4Z1. Canada. (613) 933-6080 ext. 334,

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE 1977 through 1983
(volumes 2 through 8) except lanuary and
September 1979, and November 1982, All in ex-
cellent condition: $100 plus shipping. I E. Burch-
field. 6 Bonus Hill Dr., Scotch Plains, NI 07076, (201)
757-9441

FOR SALE: LNW computer Model II equivalent,
recently factory reconditioned. Two 5 ! /«-inch drives
(40t Lobo, 80t Tandon), dual Shugart 8-inch drives,
BMC KG-12C monitor, FACIT (Data Royal 9001)
printer, 5/8 switch: $3600, Bruce Armstrong, 42 3
South Poplar St.. Centralia, IL 62801. (618)
533-3009.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model II with 64K memory and
416K storage, plus Radio Shack Model 500 high-
speed printer: $3200 or best offer. Loren Chinea,
313 West 105th St.. New York, NY 10025. (212)
841-2475 days. (212) 866-5404 evenings.

WANTED: Information exchange with users of TRS-80
MC-10 computer |im Robinson. Apt. 220, 2915
Baseline Rd., Boulder. CO 80303. (303) 444-4437
after 2 p.m.

WANTED: High school student would like donated
computer equipment, cards, peripherals, and any
high-tech electronics. I will pay all postage. Bernard
Boivin. 691 Rue des Cormiers, Dolbeau, Quebec
G8L 1B4, Canada, (418) 276-2402.

WANTED: WordStar Customization Notes to buy or
borrow. Need to patch WordStar for Dvorak key-
board layout— change menus, echos on menu selec-
tions, and CTRL key entries. Ben Cohen, Box 1674
Chicago, IL 60690.

FOR SALE: HP 87 personal computer 288K RAM. 5-
megabyte Winchester disk drive, 5 14-inch floppy-disk
drive, dot-matrix printer, direct-connect modem.
RS-2 32C serial interface, plotter, and I/O ROMs
Covered by HP services contract. Originally over
$10,000. asking $6250. R. G. Adelson. Burlington
Woods Dr.. Burlington. MA 0180.3. (617) 229-2440
days.

FOR SALE: Four Tandon TM100-1 A disk drives. $88
each, any or all. Qume OVT-102 terminal, green
$475. Like new. L. Bassat. 9639 Dorothy Ave., South
Gate, CA 90280, (213) 567-8758.

FOR SALE: Optimal Technology EP-2A-88 stand-alone
EPROM programmer. Makes up to four copies of
a master EPROM. 2732 and 2732A modules in-
cluded; will program many other types: $400. Mar-
tin Kennedy. 309 Rena Dr.. Lafayette. LA 70503.
(318) 233-8240 ext 509.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE. 1976 to present: $1
per issue plus postage Available for 50C per issue:
interface Age. Kilobaud Microcomputing. QST Ham Radio.
and 73. Send SASE. loe Dubner. 865 South Haskett
St.. Mountain Home ID 83647, (208) 587-9383,

WANTED: College student seeks computer
and peripherals. Will pay shipping charges. Ed
Crowley. 602 College Ave. Columbia, MO 65201,
(314) 875-9061.

WANTED: Would like to trade noncopyrighted
software for the TRS-80 Model 100 or Model III.
Mark Deavult, Box 105, Churchview, VA 23032, (804)
758-2865.

FOR SALE: Heath H-27 floppy-disk subsystem: dual
8-inch drives, cabinet, power supply, controller, in-
terface board for DEC LSI-1 1 , cable: $200 freight col-
lect. Paul Abrahams. 214 River Rd.. Deerfield, MA
01342. (413) 774-5500.

FOR SALE: Apple II + , 48K, 16K (4116s) RAM card,
Apple drive with controller, DOS 3.3, manuals: $950
or will sell separately. Also, modified MEK 6800D2
kit, with 6802 MPU, 1-MHz crystal, 2716 EPROM
programmer, employing a 6846 counter-timer— I/O
and Z-l-F socket, fully buffered MPU board fully
socketed, fully documented revisions: $3 50. Nate
Wright, 3244 Blaisdell Ave S #202. Minneapolis, MN
55408, (612) 827-3314,

FOR SALE: Paper Tiger 440 dot-matrix printer plus
Apple II parallel-interface card. Includes printer rib-
bons, cables, and all documentation: $300 or best
offer. Also, Trendcom 100 thermal printer plus
Apple II interface card and cable: $100 or best offer
Art Mena, 10414 Rutgers Court. Cypress, CA 90630,
(714) 761-2585.

FOR SALE: Apple Extended 80-column cards for
Apple He: $99 each. 1 6K RAM cards with cable: $49
each. Dynamic RAMs 4164-200ns: $4.50 each
4116-200ns: $1 each. IC sockets 16-pin high-quality
solder-tail: 100/$ 10. All items are new and are in
original packages Ersin Caner, 2330 North Oliver
#516, Wichita, KS 67220, (316) 683-2619.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Vteaders who have
computer equipment to buy. sell, or trade or who
are requesting or giving advice may send a notice
to BYTE for inclusion in the Unclassified Ads
section. To be considered for publication, an adver-
tisement must be noncommercial and nonprofit
{individuals or bona fide computer clubs), typed
double-spaced, contain 60 words or less, and in-
clude name and address. This is a free service:
notices are printed as space permits. Your con-
firmation of placement is appearance in an issue
of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence.
Please allow at least four months for your ad
to appear. Send your notices to BYTE. Un-
classified Ads. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449.

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 525

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

ARTICLE*

PAGE

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187

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303

321

327

341

353

367

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405

ARTICLE AUTHOR(S)

The HP 110 Shapiro

Trump Card, Part 2: Software Ciarcia

Faster FORTH Greene

An Ada Language Primer, Part 1 Saib

Macintosh Pascal Vose

Build a Printer Buffer Bono

Apple FAX: Weather Maps on a Video Screen Sueker

Spreadsheet in BASIC Cerati

A Computer on Every Desk Osgood

Programming by Rehearsal Finzer.

Gould

Game Sets and Builders Piestrup

Cautions on Computers in Education Chorover

Languages for Students Masterson

Microcomputers in the Field Case

Kermit: A File-Transfer Protocol for

Universities. Part I: Design Considerations

and Specifications da Cruz,

Catchings

San Francisco's Exploratorium Markoff

Designing a Simulated Laboratory Peterson

Another Look at CP/M-80 C Compilers Kern

Archon Williams

The Chameleon Plus Krajewski

The Texas Instruments

Speech Command System Haas

Volition Systems' Modula-2 Eldred

Infoscope Bond

Computing at Chaos Manor:

A Superbusy Month Pournelle

BYTE West Coast: Lessons Learned Shapiro

THE WINS OF MARCH

lerry Poumelle's User's Column (beginning this
issue, retitled Computing at Chaos Manor),
"New Machines, Networks, and Sundry Soft-
ware," won top billing in BYTE's March tally. $100
will be delivered to the prolific author. The Cir-
cuit Cellar project on how to "Build a Third-
Generation Phonetic Speech Synthesizer"
placed second, providing Steve Ciarcia with the
$50 bonus. In third place is Peter R. S0rensen's
"Simulating Reality with Computer Graphics."
"Computer Simulation: What It Is and How It's
Done" by Richard Bronson placed fourth in the
March countdown, and in fifth place is Stan
Miastkowski's review on "Microsoft Flight
Simulator." BYTE congratulates these authors.

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526 BYTE • IUNE 1984

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No.

10
12
14
393
15
16
17

18
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24
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27
28
29
31

32
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35
36
37

38
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41
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43
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45
47
48
49

50
401

54
55
392
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

1st NATIONAL COMPUTER 479

1st PLACE SYSTEMS 62

800 SOFTWARE 69

A.ST. RESEARCH 25

A.T.&T. TECHNOLOGY 227

AT&T. TECHNOLOGY 228

A.T.6T. TECHNOLOGY 229

A.T.&T. TECHNOLOGY 230

AT&T. TECHNOLOGY 231

AT&T TECHNOLOGY 232

AB COMPUTERS 482

ACOM ELECTRONICS 492

ADDMASTER CORP. 461

ADV. ANALYTICS TECH 502

ADV. COMR PROD. 510. 511

ADV. SYS. CONCEPTS 408

ADV. TRANSDUCER DEVICES . . 451

ALF PRODUCTS, INC 40

ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 430

ALLENBACH INDUSTRIES 27

ALLOY COMPUTER PRODUCTS . 277

ALPHA NUMERIC INTL 322

ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER ... .66

AMARAY CORP 100

AMDEK CORP. 31

AMER. SQUARE COMR 440

AMPRO COMPUTERS INC 404

ANDERSON IACOBSON 80

ANDERSON-BELL 415

APPARAT INC 348, 349

APPLE COMPUTER INC CII. 1

APPLE COUNTRY LTD. 475

APPLEWARE. INC 454

APROPOS TECHNOLOGY 494

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD .... 417
ARTIFICIAL INTL. RESEARCH . . 496

AT&T LONG LINES 437

AVOCET 205

B & C MICROSYSTEMS 451

B&B ELECTRONICS 314

BASF SYSTEMS 47

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC 74

BELL. IOHN ENGR 496

BETATOOL SYSTEMS 418

BG COMPUTER APPLICATIONS . 494

BINARY TECHNOLOGY 498

BIZCOMP 310

BORLAND INTL 72, 73

BORLAND INTL 95

BOTTOM LINE. THE 85

BOTTOM LINE. THE 359

BYTE BACK ISSUE 178

BYTE COMPUTER SHOW . . 252, 253
BYTE ADV. MESSAGE. 350, 351, 386

BYTE IBM ISSUE 442

BYTE INTL ADV SECTION 382

BYTE SUBSCRIBER NOTICE .... 390

BYTEK COMR SYS. CORP. 170

BYTEWRITER 226

C WARE 370

C-SYSTEMS 494

C. ITOH 335

C.S.D INC 238

CALIF. DIGITAL 516, 517

CALIF. MICRO COMR 182

CAPITAL EQUIPMENT CORP.. . .260

CDR SYSTEMS 451

CENNA TECHNOLOGY 87

CHROMOD ASSOC 498

CMA MICRO COMR DIV 438

COGITATE, INC 502

COM-TEC SERVICES, INC 490

COMMAND SERVICES CORP. . . 462
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS SYS. . . 476

COMMON LANGUAGE 197

COMR COMPNTS UNLTD 499

COMR COMPNTS. UNLTD. . 500, 501

COMPETITIVE EDGE 102

COMPUADD 492

COMPUADD 494

COMPUMAX 488

Inquiry No.

Page No.

358
70

74
75
76
77
78
79

80
81
82
83
386
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

398

379

190

377

365

366

102

368

369

397

104

105

106

107

110
111
112
113
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

COMPU-MEDIA SUPPLIES 502

COMPUPRO 106. 107

COMPUPRO 395

COMPUSERVE 316, 317

COMPUTER CHANNEL 478

COMPUTER CONNECTION INC. . 480
COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. . . 477

COMPUTER FRIENDS 259

COMPUTER HUT OF N.E 203

COMPUTER INNOVATION 438

COMPUTER MAIL ORDER . 426, 427

COMPUTER PRICE CLUB 102

COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 195

COMPUTER-MATE, INC 251

COMPUTERS AND MORE 139

COMPUTERS FOR LESS 490

COMPUVIEW PROD. INC 263

COMPUVIEW PROD. INC 455

CONDOR COMR CORP. 135

CONROY-LAPOINTE 212, 213

CONTROL DATA 273

CORONA DATA SYS. 36, 37

COSMOS 81

CRE WHOLESALE PROD 492

CREATIVITY UNLTD 461

CROMEMCO 5

CUESTA 355

CUMANA LTD 439

CUSTOM COMR TECH 497

DAISY NET INTL 18

DANA COMPUTER DISCOUNT ... 82

DATA ACCESS CORP 447

DATA SPEC 167

DATA SPEC 210

DATA TRANSLATION 384

DATASHIELD 209

DATASOUTH COMR CORP. 70

DATASOUTH COMR CORP. .... 401

DAVIDGE CORP. 428

DAYFLO SOFTWARE 298

DAYFLO SOFTWARE 299

DEVI COMPUTER 355

DHL WORLDWIDE COURIER ... 389

DIGISOFT COMPUTERS INC 189

DIGITAL LABORATORIES 268

DIGITAL RESEARCH 28. 29

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMR 465

DIRECT SOFTWARE 419

DISKETTE CONNECTION 436

DISKWORLD INC 410

DISKWORLD, INC 490

DISKWORLD INC 492

DISKWORLD. INC 494

DISPLAY TELECOMMNCTNS. . . 495

DMA 222

DOKAY COMR PROD. INC . 508, 509

DOSS INDUSTRIES 262

DWIGHT CO., INC 454

DYNAX. INC 183

EASI SOFTWARE 496

EASTERN ENTERPRISES 403

ECOSOFT 156

EDGE MICRO SYSTEMS 451

Inquiry No.

Page No.

399 EDUCATIONAL MICROSYSTEMS 355

125 ELCOMP 460

126 ELECTRADE CO 494

127 ELECTRADE CO 496

128 ELLIS COMPUTING INC 171

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRR 282

131 EPSON AMERICA 324, 325

132 EXPERT COMPUTERS 489

133 EXPOTEK 493

134 EXTENDED PROCESSING 270

135 EXXON OFFICE SYS. 337

136 FABRICATION CONCEPTS INC. . 492

137 FALCON SAFETY PROD. 396

138 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING .... 269

139 FLOPPY DISK SERV. INC 485

381 FORTRON. INC 480

382 FORTRON, INC 480

141 FOX & GELLER INC 261

142 FUMTSU AMERICA 207

143 FUTECH INTL. CORP. 176

144 GENERAL TECHNOLOGY 149

395 GEOTEC 355

146 G&G ENGINEERING 377

146 GIFFORD COMR SYS ■ . 377

147 GILTRONIX. INC 454

148 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP . 518, 519

149 GTEK INC 46

• H&E COMPUTRONICS 105

131 HANDWELL CORP. 481

407 HANDWELL CORP. 488

152 HASCO, INC 502

153 HAYES MICROCOMR PROD. .32. 33

• HAYES MICROCOMR PROD. ... 411
155 HEATH COMPANY 206

374 HELIX SYS. & DEVLP. CORP. ... 258

375 HELIX SYS. & DEVLP. CORP. ... 258

157 HITECH INTL. INC 490

158 HOLIDAY INNS. INC 338, 339

159 HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE .... 496

160 HP BOOKS 453

161 HUMAN DESIGNED SYSTEMS . . 315

371 I.B.C 17

372 I.B.C 17

163 IBM INSTRUMENTS 242

164 IBM NDD-SYS. SUPPLIES 302

405 IMAGE CORP. 416

376 INFOCOM 168, 169

• INMAC 97

• INMAC 449

• INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE (INSERT)

320 A-F

165 INTEGRAND 84

• INTEL CORP 20,21

166 INTERACTIVE STRUCT 345

404 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 416

167 INTERFACE INC 250

168 INTERFACE INC 250

169 INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE . . 283

170 INTERTEC DATA SYS 15

171 IQ TECHNOLOGIES 175

172 IVIE COMPUTER CORP. 408

173 IADE COMP PROD. 503

174 IADE COMP. PROD. 504, 505

175 IAMECO ELECTR 140. 141

176 IDR MICRODEV1CES INC. . . 520. 521

177 IDR MICRODEVICES INC. . . 522. 523

178 |DR MICRODEVICES INC 524

TO GET FURTHER information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill
out the reader seryice card with your name and address. Then circle
the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add
a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you
gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the
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The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who
assumes no liability for errors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with
company.

Inquiry No,

Page No.

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180
181
182
183
184

185
186
187
188
189
383
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
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200
201
400
387
202
203
205
204
206
207
391
208
209
394
210
211
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213
380
214
389
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218

219
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224
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338
226

227
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229
230
406
231
232
233
235
236
237
238
378
239
240

IUKI INDUSTRY OF AMERICA . . 352

KAYPRO 363

KERN PUBLICATIONS 270

KEY TRONIC CORP. 48. 49

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS 211

KOALA TECHNOLOGIES CORP. . 308
KORSMEYER ELECTR. DESIGN . . 34

LABORATORY MICROSYS 219

LANGLEY-ST. CLAIR 248

LAWSON LABS 490

LEADING EDGE PROD CIII

LIBERTY ELECTRONICS 271

LIBERTY GROUP INC 420

LOCKHEED-GETEX 373

LOGICAL DEVICES 26

LOGICAL DEVICES 496

LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER ... 104

LOGITECH INC 86

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 173

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 254

LYBEN COMP. SYS 430

LYBEN COMP. SYS 498

LYCO COMPUTER 487

MACRCTECH INTL 391

MACROTRON SYS 355

MACROTRON SYS 428

MANDINGO COMPUTER 434

MANX SOFTWARE SYS 23

MARKEL SERVICE. INC 436

MARON ENGINEERING LTD. ... 404

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 498

MAYNARD ELECTRONICS 103

McGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE ... 433

MC-P APPLICATIONS 179

MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. . 444, 445

META SYSTEMS 490

MET-CHEM INTL. CORP. 459

MFI ENTERPRISES INC 378

MICRO AGE COMP STORES INC. 366

MICRO CRAFT CORP. 409

MICRO DATA BASE 247

MICRO DESIGN INTL 45

MICRO EQUIPMENT CORP. 210

MICRO FOCUS 185

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS 432

MICRO MART INC 284, 285

MICRO MINT 286

MICRO RIM 124, 125

MICRO-TAX 235

MICRODYNAM1CS 490

MICROMAIL 483

MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. . .492

MICROSOFT CORP. 58, 59

MICROSOFT CORP. 240, 241

MICROSOFT CORP. 291

MICROSOFT CORP. 293

MICROSOFT CORP. 295

MICROSTUF, INC 201

MICROTECH EXPORTS 172

MICROTIME 76

MICROWARE 421

MID-AMERICA WHOLESALERS. .451
MID-AMERICA WHOLESALERS . 462
MIDWEST MICRO-PERIPHERALS . 22

MITSUBA 376

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 157

MOUSER ELECTRONICS 498

MULTIMATE INTL 220. 221

MULTI-TECH SYSTEMS 383

MUSYSCORR 431

NATIONAL COMPUTER LTD. ... 101

NEC HOME ELECTR. USA 307

NEC HOME ELECTR. USA 309

NEC HOME ELECTR USA 311

NEC INFORMATION 425

NETWORK 490

NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY 83

NORTH HILLS CORP. 462

NORTH HILLS CORP. 498

NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS 181

IUNE 1984 'BYTE 527

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No.

242 O HANLON COMR SYS 407

243 OKIDATA 63

244 OKIDATA 265

245 OLYMPIA U.S.A. INC 413

246 OPEN SYSTEMS INC 88. 89

384 OREGON SOFTWARE 123

247 ORYX SYSTEMS 466, 467

248 PACIFIC EXCHANGES .... 451, 458.
459. 460. 461. 494. 496. 498. 502

249 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC 502

250 PANASONIC SENIOR PARTNER . . 77
252 PC PIPELINE 490

• PERSONALIZED COMR PAPER . . 226

373 PERSYST 144, 145

254 PIPELINE COMPUTER .... 506. 507

255 P.I.S 459

256 PLUM HALL INC 174

257 POLAROID CORP 158, 159

260 PRACTICAL PERIPH 61

261 PRACTICAL PERIPH 249

262 PRACTICAL PERIPH 429

263 PRECISION DATA 494

264 PRENTICE HALL INC 152. 153

265 PRIMAGES INC 93

266 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS 320

267 PRIORITY ONE 512, 513

267 PRIORITY ONE 514, 515

268 PRO MICROSYSTEMS 496

269 PROFESSIONAL DATA SERV. ... 502

270 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 333

271 PURCHASING AGENT. THE 432

272 PURPLE COMPUTING 494

273 QANTEX DIV. 340

274 QUADRAM CORP. 19

275 QUADRAM CORP. 114

Inquiry No.

Page No.

276

QUADRAM CORP

245

•

277

QUANT SYSTEMS

460

309

278

QUARK INCORPORATED

.57

310

279

QUBIE DISTRIBUTING

. 347

311

280

QUCES

312

281

RADIO SHACK

CIV

313

390

RCA

272

457

317

283

RELMS

319

284

RING KING VISIBLES. INC. . . .

•

285

RINGER PRODUCTS

321

286

RIXON

. 189

322

287

ROGERS LABS

180

323

288

ROLAND CORP.

324

289

S-100 DIV. 696 CORP.

.491

325

290

S-100 DIV. 696 CORP.

.491

332

SAFEWARE

.219

327

291

SAGE COMP TECH

177

•

292

SAKATA

.130

388

•

SCM CORP.

328

•

SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS

329

294

SEEQUA COMP. CORP.

. .7

330

295

SEMIDISK SYSTEMS

.326

•

296

SENTINEL TECHNOLOGIES. . .

423

•

SILICON SPECIALTIES

297

SLR SYSTEMS

458

402

•

SOFTLINE CORP.

208

331

298

SOFTRENT

. 355

129

299

SOFTWARE ARTS

•

303

SOFTWARE SERVICES

.451

334

304

SOFTWARE SERVICES

496

335

305

SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS INC. .

239

336

306

SORD COMPUTER OF AMERICA . 67

337

•

SPERRY

272

•

SRI DATA SYSTEMS

.416

339

308

STARBUCK DATA CO.

498

340

Inquiry No.

Page No.

STARSHINE INC 420

STRICKLY SOFTWARE 372

SUNNY INT'L 476

SUNTRONICS 478

SUPER COMP INC 484

SUPERSOFT 266, 267

SYSGEN INC 361

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT ASSOC214

SYSTEMS STRATEGIES 440

TALLGRASS TECH 65

TATUM LABS 451

TAVA CORP. 393

TAXAN. CORP. 399

TDI SYSTEMS 78

TDK ELECTRONICS 380, 381

TEKTRONIX INC 186

TELEBYTE TECH 456

TELETEK ENTERPRISES. INC. ... 39

TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS 98, 99

TERRAPIN INC 458

TEXAS COMP. SYS. 138

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. . . II, 12, 13

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 331

THINKER SOFT 275

THREE M COMPANY 191

T1GERTRONICS 502

TINNEY ROBERT GRAPHICS306, 398

TITAN TECHNOLOGY 379

TOPAZ, INC 193

TOSHIBA AMERICA INC 312

TOSHIBA AMERICA INC . 313

TRANS WORLD AIRLINES . 318. 319

U.S. ROBOTICS 51

UNIPRESS SOFTWARE INC 134

Inquiry No.

Page No.

341 UNIQUE SUPPLIES & ACCESS . 502

342 UNISOURCE 53

343 VEN-TEL INC 237

344 VERTEX SYSTEMS 259

345 VIDEX 4

346 VISUAL AGE 268

347 VISUAL TECH. INC 375

• VLM COMPUTER ELECTR 492

385 VOLITION SYSTEMS 278

349 WADSWORTH PROFSSNL SFTW . 257

370 WANG ELECTRONIC PUB 24

130 WAREHOUSE, THE 96

• WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 16

350 WASHINGTON COMP. SYS 434

351 WESTERN UNION 435

352 WESTICO INC 68

353 WHEATLAND DESIGN LAB ... . 492

354 WHITESMITHS LTD 90

355 WILLIAMS. MARK CO 397

356 WINTEK CORP 451

357 WOOLF SOFTWARE 101

359 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 199

360 X.D.S 486

362 XEROX CORP (AMERICARE|41, 42, 43

363 XEROX EDUCATION PUBL 297

• Correspond directly with company

INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING SECTION

600 AMER BUYING & EXPORT. . . 352B

601 SORD COMPUTER CORP. .... 352A

No domestic inauiries. please.

C*gU

QtB^i

BYTE will offer a revolutionary
computerized program to
service our subscribers and
our advertisers.

■ Teamed with Berkshire
Computer Processing Center
of Pittsfield, MA, BYTE can
assist in information turn-
around from advertiser to
reader within a few days' time.

■ The system— Automated
Inquiry Management System
(AIMS)— works by Touch-Tone
phone. Subscribers can phone
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■ The standard reader service
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BYTE

528 B YTE • JUNE 1984

- } I

HALF THE SPEED, FOR HALF THE MONEY.

First there was the
Starwriter 40 CPS I

Now, there's the
Starwriter 18 CPS

The

s per
alon

But t the

ig-in

annoui I the

y linclud-

But
thing '

A full-yt
And I
tti ;

the

l-80(
(617) I

HC f DC C

Circle IS8 on inquiry card

The New Tandy 2000

Meet the incredible new
Tandy® 2000 Personal Com-
puter. A truly remarkable
machine that you should
get to know. Why? Be-
cause the Tandy 2000
offers more than other
MS-DOS computers on
the market.

For instance, it's faster
than the others. It offers
more disk storage, and
more detailed graphics.
Expansion couldn't be
easier. Even the IBM PC
can't compare.

With the Tandy 2000,
you get to choose from the

"Simply-
Incredible."

most popular and advanced
MS-DOS software around,
from word processing to
electronic filing to spread-
sheet analysis.

The beautiful, ergonomic
design makes the Tandy
TRS-80 Model 2000 a won-
der to look at and a breeze
to use. And don't forget
Radio Shack's extensive
service network.

Ultra-High performance
Tandy TRS-80® Model 2000
systems start at $2999.
Incredible? You bet!

Available at over 1100

Radio Shack Computer Centers and at

participating Radio Shack stores and dealers

Radio /hack

COMPUTER CENTERS

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and participating stores and dealers. MS is a registered trademark of Microsoft. IBM isa registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

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